METHODS OF PLANT PROPAGATION j.

Plant each in a plastic pot of mixed

garden soil and river sand.
Plant propagation – is a method of
k. Return them to the enclosed
growing new plants from seeds or from
chamber for a week of recovery.
parts of existing plants.
Gradually open the chamber during
a. Sexual propagation – plans propagate the succeeding 3 weeks. This will
sexually through seeds enable them to adjust to the outside
conditions.
b. Asexual propagation – the process of
l. Transfer the potted cuttings in the
reproducing plants from the parts that grow
hardening area. After 4-8 months,
from the mother plant like the bulb, sucker,
they are ready for outplanting.
tuber, rootstock, slip, and rhizome.

2. Grafting- connecting two pieces of

1. Cutting- easiest and simplest of all
living tissues together so that they
methods. This can be done by
unite and eventually grow and
snipping off a young shoot, a piece of
develop as one plant. It is also used
stem or root, or even a piece of leaf.
to: haste reproductive maturity of
Steps in rooting stem cuttings: seedlings; establish clonal seed
orchards, clonal test, and clonal
a. Collect young shoots or cuttings for
banks; and obtain benefits of
rooting and trim off their leaves into
rootstocks.
half.
There are several types of grafting:
b. Place them in a pail with water.
cleft, saddle, splice, and whip or
c. Cut them into two-nodal cuttings.,
tongue.
d. Sterilize them by soaking in fungicide
solution for 30-60 minutes. Follow
Steps used in grafting:
the direction indicated in the label.
a. Remove the leaves but retain the
e. Scrape the basal portion of the
buds or nodes in the scion.
cutting.
b. Split-out the top end of the
f. Treat them immediately with rooting
selected stock.
hormones, such as Indole Butyric
c. Sharpen the base of the scion.
Acid (IBA), Naphthalene Acetic Acid
d. Insert the scion between the split-
(NAA), and Indole Acetic Acid (IAA)
cut of the stock.
using the recommended
e. Apply wax over the cut portion to
concentration.
prevent loss of water.
g. Plant the treated cuttings in hiko
f. Tightly wrap the grafted part with
trays or plastic bags.
a plastic sheet. Do not cover the
h. Place them inside a non-mist
nodes.
propagation chamber. Keep them air-
g. Cover the grafted portion loosely
tight for 2-5 months.
with a plastic bag.
i. Once rooted, lift the cuttings and dip
h. Remove the plastic bag when
in water to gently remove the soil
young leaves appear but leave
from the roots.
the plastic sheet.
 i. Remove the plastic wrapping after
5 months.
j. Cut the grafted portion and plant
the graft.
3. Marcotting- includes the
development of roots on a stem while
it is still attached to the parent plant.
Steps in marcotting;
a. Select branch that is 0.5-3
centimeters in diameter.
b. Remove 3 centimeters of bark
around the branch. The exposed
part must be 15-30 centimeters
from the tip of the branch.
c. Clean thoroughly the exposed
portion with a knife.
d. Cover the exposed portion with
moistened rooting medium, such
as sphagu with small amount of
rich, loose soil.
e. Cover the rooting medium with
plastic. Tie both ends with string
to prevent seeping of too much
water.
f. Cut the marcotted branch below
the wrapped portion when the
roots are fully developed.
g. Remove the plastic and plant the
marcot. Keep the soil moist.
4. Budding- done when the scion is
reduced in size to contain only one
bud and a small portion of the bark,
with or without wood.
Types of budding
 Shield Budding (used on
citrus plants)
a. Make a horizontal cut in the
rootstock, 2-3 centimeters
long, as deep as the bark.
b. Make a vertical cut below the
horizontal cut forming a T.
c. Slice a shield of bud from the
bud stick about 2.5 centimeters
under the bud to 2 centimeters
above.
d. Open the bark of the T-shaped
cut in the rootstock.
e. Insert the shield by pushing it
downwards under the two flaps
of bark.
f. Tie securely with a tape but
leave the bud exposed. Don’t
press the tape too firmly
against the inserted bud. This
will destroy the growing bud.
 Patch budding
a. Remove a rectangular piece of
bark from the rootstock.
b. Slice a rectangular patch
containing the bud from the
budstick.
c. Insert the patch with the bud in
the cut on the rootstock. The
inserted patch should fit the cut
tightly.
d. Wrap the part with the inserted
bud with plastic, tape, or
waxed cloth leaving the bud
exposed.
e. Trim off the upper portion of
the rootstock, just above the
patched bud.
f. Cover the stem portion of the
grafted bud with a clear plastic
bag to reduce transpiration.
g. Water the rootstock daily.
h. Remove the plastic cover once
the grafted buds sprout.

5. Inarching- the scion is made to unite
the rootstock as it grows
independently.
6. Layering- a branch or short part is
introduced into the soil and fed by
the parent plant.
TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT IN PLANT
PROPAGATION
1. Shovel- used to turn over soil and
dig up plants for propagation and
harvesting purposes.
2. Spade- used to dig, plant, hoe, and
shovel.
3. Rake- used to remove dried leaves
and other garbage from the soil
surface and break the soil.
4. Grub hoe- used to dig and till the
soil.
5. Trowel- a hand tool with a short
handle and a curved tapering blade
used to make holes to put plants and
seedlings in and for other light
digging works.
6. Hand shears- used to prune plants
and seedlings.
7. Pail- used to carry garden tools and
sustain water from.
8. Hand cultivator- Used to cultivate
the garden plot by loosening the soil
and eliminating the weeds around
the plants.
9. Watering can- used to water plants
and seedlings.
10. Spading fork- used to loosen
soil and dig out root crops.
WATERING AND FERTILIZING TREE
CROPS
WATERING – this is to provide the needed
nutrients as the roots cannot yet go deep
enough to suck the moisture
Plants get water in different ways-
1. Through surface irrigation
This is commonly used in vegetable
crops. Water is poured on the
surface the soil and allowed to flow
from the furrows along the rows of
growing crops.
2. Through subsurface irrigation
The equipment in this method is
expensive and needs technical
knowhow. Water is sprayed and
distributed through overhead pipes
(like artificial rain) attached to a post
high enough to allow the farmer to
work under them.
FERTILIZATION- fertilizers are enriching
materials needed by crops to increase their
productivity.
Types of Fertilizers
1. Organic fertilizers
It comes in the form of animal
manures, blood washing, or humus,
which is the product of composting
and decomposting of plant residues
and legumes.
2. Inorganic fertilizers
It comes from nitrate of soda, surface
of ammonia, ammonium nitrate,
urea, and others.
METHODS IN APPLYING FERTILIZERS
TO CROPS
1. Band application- fertilizers is
applied near the seeds or seedlings.
 2. Broadcast application- fertilizer is spray is available over-the-counter at
scattered in the field in all directions agricultural stores.
by hand or machine.
3. Foliar application- applying the right
amount of mixed fertilizer and water
4. that is thoroughly sprayed on the
leaves or foliage of the plants rather
than on the soil. FRUIT AND TREE CROP DISEASES
5. Top dressing- done by broadcasting
Fruit and tree crop diseases are basically
fertilizer over growing crops.
caused by fungi or virus and bacteria.
Fungus differs from the other plants
because it has no chlorophyll thus cannot
CONTROLLING PESTS AND DISEASES
manufacture food for itself.
OF TREES
Types of Insect Pests
CONTROLLING INSECTS OF FRUIT
1. Chewing insects (chewers)-
TREES
caterpillars, beetles, grasshoppers,
and grubs belong to this class. They 1. Mango tree fruit fly- this is a
have hard, horny jaws or mandibles common oriental fly that destroys
to bite off and swallow portions of mango fruits. The flies suck on the
stems, leaves, buds, and fruits. mango fruit making it no longer
These insects can be killed by marketable, or it lowers the market
treating the fruit with arsenic. value of the fruit. To reduce the
2. Sucking insects- aphids, plant lice, damage caused by this insects,
and San Jose scales are examples practice orchard sanitation and clean
of these insects. These insects have culture. If the trees are heavily
beaks containing four bristles united infested, use chemical solution like
into a slender tube. When feeding, Azodrin following the instruction in
these insects use the tip of their the label for its use.
beaks to suck the surface of a plant 2. Mealy bugs- these insects are
to extract its plant juices. common among the fruit trees and
3. Lapping insects- possess mouth other commercial crops. They suck
parts which allow them to lop or lick the fruit juice and foliage. To control
out liquid from the surface of object these insects, use commercial
on which they feed. Arsenical poison insecticides like Chlordane
is used to control this class of Metaldehyde.
insects. Arsenic should be sprayed 3. Snails- they destroy seedlings and
when the fruits are just starting to eat portions of leaves forming ragged
appear. Do not harvest fruits for at holes. Snails are controlled by
least five months after the spraying spraying them with metaldehyde
to provide enough time for the poison liquid suspension.
to be washed away. This arsenic 4. Lepidopteran insects- they are
similar to moths and butterflies. The
 larvae of these insects are stem
bores oor foliage feeders. They can
be controlled by using insecticides
such aAzodrin, Bordeaux mixture,
and other commercially non-selective
insecticides.
TECHNIQUES IN HARVESTING,
STORAGE, AND MARKETING FRUITS
2. BROKER- they are agents between
buyers and seller
3. SELLING IN BULK –fruits may be
loaded and shipped to the market in
boxes
4. COOPERATIVE AGENCIES – these
are runs by person of the same
community of farmers
5. SELLING BY AUCTION – fruits are
placed with facilities for displaying

Fruits are harvested before they are ripe

but must also be mature to make them fit
for consumption. When fruits are picked
green, the quality suffers because they
loose their good flavor. Tropical fruits or
Philippine fruits like mango and avocado
become ripe in 6-10 days from the time of
harvest.

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGIES

1. CURING – this is the process of
toughening and healing the bruises
and skinned areas
2. WAXING –the application of a thin
film of coating on the surface of fruits
and vegetables to delay deterioration
3. REFRIGIRATED STORAGE AND
TRANSPORT –removes heat from
the fruit fast in order to reduce
changes in fruit
4. QUARANTINE – quarantine
treatment and pests harvest control
of insects

MARKETING FRUITS
1. RETAILER – may be fruit vendors
fruit stand owners and groceries
AP
LESSON 1
 IPINASA NG KONGRESO NG US ANBG
SUMUSUNOD NA MGA BATAS PARA SA
KASARINLAN NG PILIPINAS:ANG BATAS
NG PILIPINAS NG 1902,BATAS JONES NG
1916,BATAS HARE HAWES CUTTING
NG 1933 AT BATAS TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE
NG 1934
 ANG PATAKARANG PILIPINASYON SA
PAMAHALAAN AY SUMIGLA SA
PAMAMAHALA NI GOBERNADOR
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON
 ANG MGA MISYONG PANGKALAYAAN
NG MGA PILIPINO AY NAGTUNGO SA US
NG MAGKAKAHIWALAY NA PANAHON
UPANG HILINGIN SA KONGRESO ANG
PAGSASARILI NG PILIPINAS
 ANG BATAS TYDING MCDUFFIE NG 1934
AY NAGTAKDA NG MGA PROBISYON
PARA SA PAGKAKAMIT NG KASARINLAN
NG PILIPINAS
 ANG 1935KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS
AY NAGTAKDA NG PAG IRAL NG
PAMAHALAANG COMMONWEALTH SA
LOOB NG SAMPUNG TAON KUNG SAAN
MAGSANAY ANG MGA PILIPINO SA
SARILING PAMAMAHALA
IDENTIFICATION:
BATAS GABALDON – BATAS NA LUMIKHA SA ASEMBLEA
NG PILIPINAS
DECLARATION OF PURPOSE –BATAS NG MAGBIBIGAY
NG KASARINLAN SA MGA PILIPINOKUNG MATATAG NG
PAMAHALAAN
BATAS HARE HAWES CUTTING – BATAS NA NAGTAKDA
NG 50 PILIPINONG MAKAKAPASOK SA US TAON – TAON
BATAS NA MAGBIBIGAY NG KASARINLAN- BATAS NA
MAGBIBIGAY NG KASARINLAN NG PILIPINAS PAGSAPIT
NG HULYO 4,1946
1935 KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS – BATAS NA
NAGPAIRAL NG PAMAHALAANG COMMONWEALTH AT
BATAS NA NGATAKDA NG PLEBISTO PARA SA 1935
KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS
BATAS NG PILIPINAS NG 1902 – UNANG BATAS NA
PINAGTIBAY NG KONGRESO NG US
BATAS ORGANIKO – BATAS NG PILIPINAS NG 1902
SERGIO OSMENA – NAHALAL NA SPEAKER
NG PAMBANSANG ASEMBLEA NOONG 1907
KORTE SUPREMA – PILIPINONG KUMATAWAN SA
WASHINGTON
SENADO – MATAAS NA KAPULUNGAN NG LEHISLATURA
NG PILIPINAS
FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON – PILIPINASYON AY
NAISAKATUPARAN NI FRANCIS BURTON HARRISON
BATAS HARE HAWES CUTTING – BATASNA NAIUWI NG
MISYONG OSROX
BATAS TYDINGS MCDUFFIE – BATAS NA BUNGA NG
PAGSISIKAP NI MANUEL QUEZON
CLARO M. RECTO – NAGING PANGULO NG
KOMBENSIYONG KONSTISYONAL NG 1934
LESSON 2
 ANG BALANGKAS NG PAMAHALAANG
COMMONWEALTH NG PILIPINAS AY ITINAKDA
NG 1935 KONSTITUSYON NG PILIPINAS
 NAGSAGAWA NG REORGANISASYON SA
PAMAHALAAN SI PANGULONG MANUEL L. SA
PAGSISIMULA NIYA SA PANUNUNGKULAN
 ANG PAMAHALAAN AY NAGSAGAWA NG MGA
PROGRAMA PARA SA PAGBUBUTI SA MGA
BAGAY NA NAUUKOL SA TANGGULANG
PAMBANSA , POPULASYON , MORALIDAD AT
KULTURA, WIKANG PAMBANSA,KABUHAYAN ,
REPORMANG , PANG EDUKASYON AT
REPORMANG PAMPOLITIKA
 PAGTATAG NG KONGRESO NG PILIPINAS
KAPALIT NG PAMBANSANG ASAMBLEA
 PAGPAPAHABA NG PANAHON NG
PANUNUNGKULAN PANGULO AT
PANGALAWANG PANGULO
 PAGTATAG NG KOMISYON SA ELEKSIYON
{COMMISION ONELECTIONS O COMELEC}
IDENTIFICATION:

NATIONAL DEFENSE ACT – UNANG BATAS NA IPINASA

NG PAMBANSANG ASAMBLEA

HEN.DOUGLAS MCARTHUR- NAGING TAGAPAYONG

MILITAR NI PANGULONG QUEZON

8 NA ORAS – PAGGAWA PARA SA MGA MANGGAGAWA

JAIME C DE VEYRA – UNANG DIREKTOR NG SURIAN NG

WIKANG PAMBANSA

PILIPINO – NAGING BATAYAN SA PAGBUO NG WIKANG

PAMBANSA NG PILIPINAS

DOUBLE SINGLE SESSION – TINUTUKOY NA PAGKAKA

ROON NG DALAWANG TINUTURUANG KLASE NG ISANG
GURO

COMELEC – ITINATAG PARA MAMAHALA SA LAHAT NG

ELEKSIYON SA BANSA

PISO – BATAS SA PINAKAMABABANG SAHOD AY

NAGTAKDA NG PINAKAMABABANG SAHOD SA
MANGGAGAWA BAWAT ARAW

ELISA ROSAL OCHOA –UNANG BABAENG KONGRESISTA

NG PILIPINAS