SEMINAR REPORT

ON
“Intelligent sensor based monitoring
system for underwater pollution”

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Prof. R.S BHATIA TANMAY TIWARI

PRASHANT SINGH ROLL NO.:11610251

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

N.I.T KURUKSHETRA

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1 :
INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Underwater Communication System 1

1.2 Need for underwater communication 2
1.3 Underwater wireless sensor network 2

CHAPTER 2:
UNDERWATER POLLUTION 4

CHAPTER 3:
WORKING PRINCIPLES OF SENSORS 5

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSORS 5

SENSOR BASED UNDERWATER MONITORING SYSTEM 7

CONCLUSIONS 8

REFERENCES 10

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CHAPTER 1:
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Under water communication system
Underwater wireless communications play an important role in marine
activities such as environmental monitoring, underwater exploration, and scientific
data collection. Underwater wireless communications still remain quite challenging,
due to the unique and harsh conditions that characterize underwater channels. These
conditions include for example severe attenuation, multipath dispersion, and limited
resource utilization. Nonetheless advanced communication techniques using acoustic,
electromagnetic and/or optical waves have emerged to tackle fundamental and
practical challenges of underwater wireless communications. Recently, many
academic and industrial researchers have paid attention to the development of state-
of-the-art solutions for future underwater wireless communications and networks.
Figure 1 presents three carriers, namely acoustic waves, microwaves, and
optical waves, all of which are applicable for underwater communication, but also
exhibit specific practical problems. Among these, the underwater acoustic wave
(UWAC) system can be applied only in low-noise environments for low-speed
content. This is because of its strong attenuation in seawater, exhibiting inverse
proportionality to the wavelength, as well as its significant propagation delay and
the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of data in the context of background ocean
noise.

Fig1: Schematic of underwater communications

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1.2. Need for underwater communication
The Earth is a water planet, two-thirds of which is covered by water. With the
rapid developments in technology, underwater communications has become a fast
growing field, with broad applications in commercial and military water based
systems. The need for underwater wireless communications exists in applications
such as remote control in the off-shore oil industry, pollution monitoring in
environmental systems, collection of scientific data from ocean-bottom stations,
disaster detection and early warning, national security and defence (intrusion
detection and underwater surveillance), as well as new resource discovery. Thus, the
research of new underwater wireless communication techniques has played the most
important role in the exploration of oceans and other aquatic environments.

1.3. Underwater wireless sensor network

Underwater wireless sensor networks are the enabling technology in the
underwater communication systems, and it is the fusion of wireless sensor networks.
Underwater communication mainly done with a set of nodes for transmitting of data
between their nodes and sink node to transfer the sensed data to the nearby base
station which may situated in the coastal area for monitoring and control station.
Under water pollution are the major problems arising in the oceanic area.
.Nowadays, underwater sensor networks can find many applications as following:
1. Underwater sampling: Underwater sensor networks can perform underwater
sampling for ocean environment protection, which can improve the ability of
people to observe the characteristics of the oceanic environment.
2. Underwater environmental monitoring: For example, underwater sensor
networks can perform sea pollution monitoring, can monitor ocean currents, detect
climate change, and predict the effect of human activities on marine ecosystems,
etc.
3. Undersea resource explorations: Underwater sensor networks can help
detecting underwater oilfield, valuable minerals, etc, which cannot be detected by
general methods.

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4. Disaster warning: Underwater Sensor networks can provide disaster warnings
of tsunami, submarine earthquakes, etc, which can cause many belongings loss
and death.
5. Underwater intrusion surveillance: Underwater sensors can collaboratively
monitor a given area. For example, underwater sensor networks system equipped
with mechanical, radiation, magnetic and acoustic microsensors can detect and
classify submarines, autonomous underwater vehicles(AUV), compared with
sonar systems, underwater sensor networks can reach a higher accuracy, and
detect and classify low signature targets by combining characteristics from
different types of sensors.
As shown in Figure 2, UWSNs are composed of several components: onshore
sink, surface buoy, underwater sink node, and underwater sensor nodes.
Moreover, satellite, vessel, and autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) can be
used to expand the sense and communication range. Underwater sensor nodes
monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as pressure, sound,
temperature, etc. and cooperatively transmit data to the underwater sink node. The
data are transmitted to a surface buoy via wired link, and finally received at an
onshore sink or surface sink via radio communication.

Fig2: Underwater wireless sensor network architecture

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CHAPTER 2:

UNDERWATER POLLUTION
The underwater environment is entirely differ from terrestrial sensor communication
in terms of its energy consumption, channel propagation, attenuation, limited bandwidth,
mobility in floating sensors nodes and corrosion etc. Our planet is nearly around by 70%
of seawater. In that plenty of natural and precious resources were lies down in the water.
Which is to be explored by a successful exploration technology is known as underwater
wireless sensor acoustic communication technology. UWSN is a set of autonomous
sensor nodes which were spatially distributed or submerged in the underwater to sense the
aquatic related application. Nowadays the WSNs to the UWSNs have emerged new
potential as these networks are allows the deployment of intelligent, reconfigurable and
fault tolerance identification sensing nodes that have the similar merits as the terrestrial
WSNs. In recent times, there has been an extensive interest regards with use and
finemodification of underwater wireless sensor networks that may able to support various
ocean applications such as: underwater data collection, seismic waves monitoring, sea
water pollution measurement, assessment of water quality, supporting unbiological
monitoring, and security. Figure 3 below shows the increase in acidification levels of the
marine waters.

Fig3: Acidification levels of marine water

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 CHAPTER 3:
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SENSORS
Detection and monitoring of marine pollution using remote sensing techniques are
very much depends on the type of pollution. The amount of pollutant and its
characteristics determine the choice of platform and sensor(s). Remote sensors work by
detecting either of these properties of the sea surface:
1. The sea water colour
2. Threshold for the reflectance
3. Warmth range
4. Bumpiness limit
A pollutant can be identified on the surface of water when it changes one or more of these
above mentioned properties. Oil, for example, dampens surface waves and can therefore
be detected as a ‘lower roughness' signal in comparison to the sea water around it.

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENSORS

Active sensors send out electromagnetic waves in order to track pollutants in the sea.
The signal is changed on the water surface and the reflected signal is detected by the sensor.
Depending on the type of sensor, active systems can be used at night and under ‘bad weather’
conditions. Radar-based systems can, for example, penetrate clouds and fog. Passive sensors
measure radiation that has been emitted or reflected from the sea surface or the pollutant
respectively. Different types of sensor used in the sensors based underwater pollution
monitoring system are as follows:

4.1.Temperature Sensors:
The temperature sensing device senses the temperature and converts the analog
temperature value into digital value. It also capable of sensing the data in the wet
environment with the variable bit segment of temperature readings. All the data
are locally processes by a microcontroller before sending to the sensor data
collector.

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4.2.Humidity Sensors:
Humidity in the dry and wet portion should be measured for the underwater
application. It uses a sensing element which looks like a bulb to sense the dry and
wet element. This process is carried out using hygrometers. It helps to absorb the
humidity of the dry and wet region.

4.3.Pressure Sensors:
The amount of pressures influences in the movement of objects and particles. The
data obtained from the pressure sensor is in the form of analog electric signals.
The received signal should be converted in to digital signal before getting in to
the pre-processing stage. The main aspect is here the electrical signal is converted
into sensing element.

4.4.Wind Sensors:

The flow and the direction of the air should be measured to identify the speed and
direction which make the devices to move in which direction. Wind sensor is
used to find the intensity of the wind with the flow direction. It provides the input
to find the air pollution element and spreading direction.

4.5.Chemical Sensors:

The chemical substance presence in the water should be sensed in the continuous
manner, the task was carried out by the chemical sensors. It also measures the
various elements mass and chemical propositions in it. The sensed data are
refined into useful format for analysis in the pre-processing stage.

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SENSOR BASED UNDERWATER MONITORING SYSTEM

The intelligent sensor based monitoring system is designed to monitoring underwater

pollution in an automated and intelligent manner. It hold the temperature sensors, humidity
sensors, pressure sensors wind sensors and chemical sensors.

Fig4: Sensors based underwater monitoring system

n1-Temperature Sensor, n2-Humidity Sensor, n3-Pressure Sensor, n4-Wind Sensor, n5-
Chemical Sensor.

It collect the data from various sensors, the sensed data is communicated to sensor
data collect in a real time basis which segregates and refines the data, then it transfers it to
sensor based monitoring system. The sensor based monitoring classifies the data based on the
reference values it uses to identify the abnormality. If any abnormality is found it
communicates and alarmsthe nearby base monitoring centre.

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CONCLUSIONS

The results of the sensor based underwater pollution monitoring system are compared
with the conventional method.Intelligent sensor based underwater monitoring systems
efficiency is tested comparing with existing monitoring system with the following
parameter's Identification of chloride, water level, water pressure, pH of water, temperature,
toxins. The intelligent based underwater monitoring system will procedure the accurate
results in the form of pollution detection accuracy, false alarms rates, networks /area size in
fault detecting accuracy levels. The accuracy levels are given by a graphical representation

6.1. Pollution Detection Accuracy: The method shows the accuracy level
comparison of pollution detection between the intelligent sensors based
underwater monitoring system and the previous method which can be used for
monitoring underwater pollution; here in Fig5 the graph shows the range of high
accuracy levels in the intelligent sensor based underwater monitoring system.

Fig5: Pollution detection accuracy

6.2. False alarm rates: From that Fig6 we conclude that the false alarms rate will
be low with the intelligent sensor based underwater monitoring system then other
pollution monitoring systems.

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 Fig6: False alarm rates

IMPORTANT POINTS

1. Need for effective monitoring system.

2. Results proved that the efficiency of the intelligent sensor based underwater
monitoring is higher.
3. In many specific purposes sensors are available for effective monitoring and it
guarantees the future monitoring will not be designed without sensors.

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