3
Looking ahead
Words and phrases
Lead in
3.1 likelihood /"laIklihUd/ (n)
chance of sth happening ◆ Peter
doesn’t have any qualifications
so there’s little likelihood of him
getting a highly paid job.  likely
(adj)
3.2 the chances are (that)
/D@ "tSA:nsIz %A:/ (idm)
it is likely (that) L A shorter
version is also used, especially
informally: Chances are, we will
never discover life on another
planet.
3.3 inevitable /In"evIt@bl/ (adj)
that cannot be avoided or prevented
◆ Our neighbours always copy us
so when we bought a new car it
was inevitable that they would
soon get one.  the inevitable (n),
inevitability (n), inevitably (adv)
3.4 bound (to do/be sth)
/baUnd/ (adj)
certain or likely to happen, do or be
◆ Could you answer the phone? It’s
bound to be Sally. She always calls
this late.
Reading
Space tourism
3.5 terrestrial /t@"restri@l/ (adj)
related to the planet ◆ Earth – Some
terrestrial life forms look so weird,
you’d almost think they were from
outer space!
3.6 fleet /fli:t/ (n)
group of planes, buses, taxis, etc.
travelling together or owned by
the same organisation ◆ My cousin
operates a fleet of taxis in the city.
3.7 underway /%Vnd@"weI/ (adj)
already started (or with get: about
to start)
3.8 (as) a matter of course
/@z @ %m&t@r @z "kO:s/ (idm)
(as) the usual or correct thing to do
◆ You’ll have to pre-order a
vegetarian meal if you want one,
the airline doesn’t offer one as a
matter of course.
3.9 aspiring /@"spaI@rIN/ (adj)
wanting to start the career or
activity mentioned; more generally,
be successful  aspiration (n),
aspire (v)
3.10 sign up /%saIn "Vp/ (phr v)
sign a form or persuade sb to sign
a form, which says that you agree
to do sth, e.g. take on a job or
become a soldier ◆ The company
has signed up three top models for
the fashion show.
3.11 out of this world
/%aUt @v DIs "w3:ld/ (idm)
used to emphasise how good sth is
3.12 exaggerated
/Ig"z&Ù@reItId/ (adj)
made to seem larger, better, worse
or more important than it really
is or needs to be ◆ She said she’d
never set foot in my house again.
It was of course an exaggerated
statement, but I was deeply hurt.
 exaggerate (v), exaggeratedly
(adv), exaggeration (n)
3.13 tycoon /taI"ku:n/ (n)
someone successful in business or
industry who has become rich and
powerful as a result
3.14 commit /k@"mIt/ (v)
spend money or time on sth/sb
◆ The school library is a joke! They
need to commit more funds to
books and other materials.
L Also: promise sincerely that
you will definitely do sth, keep to
an agreement  committed (adj),
commitment (n), committee (n)
3.15 orbit /"O:bIt/ (v)
move in a curved path round sth
much larger, e.g. a planet, the Sun,
etc.  orbit (n), orbital (adj), in
orbit (phr)
3.16 prohibitive /pr@"hIb@tIv/ (adj)
so high (a cost or price) that
it prevents people from buying
or doing sth  prohibit (v),
prohibitively (adv)
3.17 junk /ÙVNk/ (n)
things that are considered of little
value, rubbish
3.18 futurologist
/%fju:tS@"rQl@dZIst/ (n)
expert in the study of how people
will live in the future  futurology
(n)
3.19 claim /kleIm/ (v)
say that sth is true although it has
not been proved and other people
may not believe it ◆ The class
claimed they knew nothing about
the broken window – but someone
must have seen who did it.  claim
(n), claimant (n)
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3.20 cell /sel/ (n)
smallest part of an animal or
plant that can exist on its own
◆ Scientists took a single cell
from another animal to create
the genetically identical Dolly the
sheep.
3.21 hook up /%hUk "Vp/ (phr v)
connect sb/sth to a piece of
equipment ◆ I went to see Mike
in hospital today. He’s better, but
he’s still hooked up to all those
machines. L Often used in the
passive.  hook-up (n)
3.22 nerve /n3:v/ (n)
one of the long threads that carry
messages between the brains and
parts of the body so that you can
move, feel pain, etc.  nervous
(adj): nervous system
3.23 sensation /sen"seISn/ (n)
feeling that you get when sth
affects your body ◆ Lying in the
sun might be a pleasant sensation
for some people, but not for me.
L Also: very great surprise,
excitement, or interest among a lot
of people. The adj and adv forms
refer to this meaning.  sense (n,
v), sensational (adj), sensationally
(adv)
3.24 tiny /"taIni/ (adj)
very small in size or amount
3.25 transmitter /tr&ns"mIt@(r)/ (n)
piece of equipment that sends
electronic signals  transmission
(n), transmit (v)
3.26 fingertip /"fINg@tIp/ (n)
the end of your finger that is furthest
from your hand, usu. meaning the
fleshy part, not the nail
… in virtual space
3.27 virtual /"v3:Íu@l/ (adj)
made to appear to exist by the use
of computer software ◆ ‘The Sims’
computer game allows players to
build up an entire virtual world.
L Also: almost or very nearly the
thing described, so that any slight
difference is not important. Only
used before nouns.  virtually (adv)
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3.28 sceptical (about/of)
/"skeptIkl/ (adj)
having doubts that a claim or
statement is true or that sth will
happen ◆ I am a little sceptical
about the real reasons behind Neil’s
resignation.  scepticism (n)
3.29 interact (with) /%Int@r"&kt/ (v)
communicate with sb, especially
while you work, play or spend
time with them ◆ Sarah’s job as a
receptionist allowed her to interact
with a huge variety of people.
 interaction (n), interactive (adj),
interactively (adv)
3.30 flourish /"flVrIS/ (v)
develop quickly and be successful
or common ◆ During the Second
World War the black market
flourished in many British cities.
 flourish (n), flourishing (adj)
3.31 retailer /"ri:teIl@(r)/ (n)
person or business that sells goods
to the public ◆ ‘Zara’ is one of
Europe’s biggest clothes retailers.
L Compare with wholesaler:
sb who buys goods in large
quantities, especially so they can
be sold again to make a profit.
 retail (n, v, adj)
3.32 cramped /kr&mpt/ (adj)
not having room to move freely
◆ The theatre was far too small,
and we felt very cramped in our
seats.  cramp (v)
3.33 window-shop
/"wInd@U %SQp/ (v)
look at the goods in shop windows,
usually without intending to buy
anything ◆ I’m not really planning
to buy anything today, I’m just
going to window-shop.  window-
shopping (n)
3.34 replica /"replIk@/ (n)
very good or exact copy of sth
◆ Do winning teams actually take
home the real World Cup or is it
just a replica?  replicate (v)
3.35 socialise /"s@US@laIz/ (v)
meet and spend time with people
in a friendly way, in order to enjoy
yourself ◆ They’re not very friendly
at my new company. We hardly
ever socialise together after work.
 (un)social (adj), socially (adv),
society (n)
Nanotechnology
3.36 molecule /"mQlIkju:l/ (n)
smallest unit, consisting of a group
of atoms, into which a substance
can be divided without a change in
its chemical nature  molecularity
(n), molecular (adj), molecularly
(adv)
3.37 precision /prI"sIZn/ (n)
the quality of being exact, accurate
and careful ◆ In our chemistry lab
we had some precision scales which
could weigh even fractions of a
gram!
3.38 in layman’s terms
/In "leIm@nz %t3:mz/ (phr)
in simple language ◆ I don’t really
understand all this technical
language. Can you put it into
layman’s terms?
3.39 manipulation
/m@%nIpju"leISn/ (n)
control or use of sb/sth in a skilful
way ◆ The manipulation of this
kind of data can only really be
done by computer. L Also: control
or influence of sb/sth, often in
a dishonest way so that they do
not realise it.  manipulate (v),
manipulator (n), manipulative (adj)
3.40 hence /hens/ (adv)
for this reason ◆ The project is
much bigger than expected, hence
the need for extra staff.
3.41 substantial /s@b"st&nSl/ (adj)
important, large in amount or
value ◆ It was surprising that
after all those years there was
no substantial change in her
appearance.  substantially (adv)
3.42 purify /"pjU@rIfaI/ (v)
remove substances that are
dirty, harmful or not wanted
◆ We always purify the water
here because it contains a lot of
chemicals.  purification (n), (im)
purity (n), (im)pure (adj)
3.43 drawback /"drO:b&k/ (n)
disadvantage or problem that
makes sth a less attractive idea
◆ The main drawback of our new
house is the noise from the street.
3.44 rumour /"ru:m@(r)/ (n)
piece of information, or a story,
that people talk about, but that
may not be true ◆ No one really
knows what happened that night;
most of what we know is based on
rumour.  rumoured (adj)
3.45 genetically modified food
/Ù@%netIkli %mQdIfaId "fu:d/ (n)
foods whose genes have been
altered so that they develop
different qualities
3.46 pose /p@Uz/ (v)
create, e.g. a danger, problem or
threat that has to be dealt with, or,
e.g. a question that needs serious
thought
3.47 regulation /%regj@"leISn/ (n)
official rule made by a government
or some other authority L More
legal authority than a rule, but
commonly found in the expression
rules and regulations  regulate
(v), regulatory (adv)
Vocabulary
3.48 put up /%pUt "Vp/ (phr v)
let sb stay overnight at your house
3.49 set up /%set "Vp/ (phr v)
start, e.g. a business  set up (n)
3.50 bring down
/%brIN "daUn/ (phr v)
make sb lose power
3.51 break up /%breIk "Vp/ (phr v)
make people leave sth or stop sth,
esp. by using force ◆ Our neighbours
were furious about the loud music
and came round to break the party
up.
3.52 turn down
/%t3:n "daun/ (phr v)
reject or refuse an offer
3.53 bring up /%brIN "Vp/ (phr v)
mention a subject or start to talk
about it
3.54 break down
/%breIk "daUn/ (phr v)
lose control of your feelings and
start crying
3.55 no wonder
/%n@U "wVnd@(r)/ (idm)
it’s not surprising that
3.56 put sb down
/%pUt ... "daUn/ (phr v)
make sb look or feel stupid, esp.
in front of other people  putdown
(n)
3.57 set down /%set "daUn/ (phr v)
write as an official record of, e.g.
rules
Grammar
3.58 spontaneous
/spQn"teIni@s/ (adj)
not planned or arranged, but done
because you suddenly want to
 spontaneity (n), spontaneously
(adv)
3.59 pull out /%pUl "aUt/ (phr v)
move away or make sb move away
from sth or stop being involved
in it ◆ When I fell and broke my
leg, I had to pull out of the dance
competition.
3.60 wasp /wQsp/ (n)
black and yellow flying insect that
can sting
Listening
3.61 monument /"mQnjum@nt/ (n)
building or other structure that has
special historical importance
 monumental (adj)
3.62 blend in with
/%blend "In wID/ (phr v)
be similar to its surroundings usu.
in an attractive way that does not
spoil how sth looked before
3.63 landscape /"l&ndskeIp/ (n)
everything you can see when you
look across a large area of land,
esp. in the country ◆ Living near
mountains and lakes is great for
photographers, with beautiful
landscape wherever you look.
 landscaping (n), landscape (v)
3.64 air /e@(r)/ (n)
particular feeling or impression
that is given by sth/sb
3.65 ” unduly /%Vn"dju:li/ (adv)
more than is reasonable or
necessary  undue (adj)
3.66 ” prestigious
/pr@"stIdZ@s/ (adj)
respected and admired as very
important or of good quality
 prestige (n)
3.67 ” backing /"b&kIN/ (n)
support  back (v)
3.68 ” in the pipeline
/%In D@ "paIplaIn/ (idm)
being discussed, planned or
prepared to happen or exist soon
3.69 ” thunder (on) /"TVnd@(r)/ (v)
communicate approval or
disapproval loudly or impressively
 thunder (n)
3.70 ” revenue /"rev@nju:/ (n)
money that an organisation
receives from its business
◆ Because of my company’s
increased revenue this year, every
member of staff is receiving a
generous bonus.
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3.71” money-spinning
/"mVni %spInIN/ (adj)
used to describe sth that earns sb
a lot of money L This can have a
slightly critical meaning of getting
money from people very easily,
perhaps without much effort.
 money-spinner (n)
3.72 ” alluring /@"ljU@rIN/ (adj)
attractive and exciting in a
mysterious way  allure (n),
alluringly (adv)
3.73 ” (a) must /(@) "mVst/ (n)
sth that you must do, see, buy, etc.
3.74 ” overwhelm /%@Uv@"welm/ (v)
be so great (in number, size, etc.)
that sb/sth cannot deal with it
◆ We were overwhelmed by the
response to our recent advert
for an office assistant. It’ll take
weeks just to finish reading the
applications. L Often used in the
passive.  overwhelming (adj),
overwhelmingly (adv)
3.75 ” interpretation
/In%t3:prI"teISn/ (n)
particular way of understanding
or explaining sth  interpreter (n),
interpret (v)
3.76” tuck /tVk/ (v)
put sth into a small space esp. to
hide it ◆ Can you tuck my wallet
into your pocket? I don’t want to
walk around with it in my hand.
3.77 ” dominate /"dQmIneIt/ (v)
be the most noticeable, powerful
or important thing in a place
 domination (n), dominance (n),
dominant (adj)
3.78 ” exorbitant /Ig"zO:bIt@nt/ (adj)
too expensive  exorbitantly (adv)
3.79 ” make a dash (for)
/%meIk @ "d&S/ (phr)
go somewhere quickly, esp. if you
want to be amongst the first to get
there ◆ The children made a dash
for the chocolate biscuits but the
sandwiches were left untouched.
L dash (v) has a more general
meaning of go quickly.  dash (n, v)
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3.80 ” aura /"O:r@/ (n)
feeling or particular quality that
seems to surround a person or
place ◆ There was such an aura of
confidence about the salesman that
we believed every word he said.
3.81” numerous /"nju:m@r@s/ (adj)
existing in large numbers
3.82 ” round/around the corner
/%raUnd, @%raUnd D@ "kO:n@(r)/ (idm)
about to happen
3.83 ” intact /In"t&kt/ (adj)
complete and not damaged
◆ When media reports were proved
to be untrue, the star avoided a
scandal and came out with his
reputation intact.
Speaking
3.84 make your mark
/%meIk jO: "mA:k/ (idm)
become famous or successful in
sth ◆ Paul McCartney’s daughter
Stella has made her mark as a
fashion designer.
3.85 put your heart and soul into
sth /%pUt jO: %hA:t @n "s@Ul/ (idm)
do sth with a lot of energy and
enthusiasm
3.86 sacrifice /"s&krIfaIs/ (n)
act of giving up sth important or
valuable to you in order to get or
do sth else that you feel is more
important ◆ Having children means
making personal sacrifices and
putting their needs first.  sacrifice
(v), sacrificial (adj)
Use of English
3.87 deterioration
/dI%tI@ri@"reISn/ (n)
state of becoming worse
◆ Following the earthquake there
was a serious deterioration in
standards of hygiene and medical
services.  deteriorate (v)
3.88 gerontologist
/%dZerQn"tQl@dZIst/ (n)
person who studies the process of
people growing old  gerontology
(n)
3.89 smugly /"smVgli/ (adv)
looking or feeling too pleased with
yourself or sth you have done
or achieved ◆ ‘I got all ‘A’s.’ Ian
announced smugly, knowing very
well that Rob would have struggled
to pass a single exam.  smugness
(n), smug (adj)
3.90 carry out /%k&ri "aUt/ (phr v)
do sth, esp. tests, experiments or
research
3.91 project /pr@"dZekt/ (v)
present sb/sth in a particular way
◆ In her interview for a job as a
babysitter, Lara tried to project
herself as reliable and caring. L
Also: send or throw sth outwards
or upwards.  projection (n)
3.92 provoke (sb into doing sth)
/pr@"v@Uk/ (v)
do or say sth that annoys sb so
that they react in an angry way
◆ The lawyer claimed that his
client was provoked into fighting
by the defendant. L Also: provoke
means to cause a particular
reaction or have a particular effect,
for example to provoke a reaction
or a discussion.  provocation (n)
3.93 prompt (sb into doing sth)
/prQmpt/ (v)
make sb decide to do sth, usu.
because they think it is right
 prompt (n)
3.94 incite (sb to do sth) /In"saIt/ (v)
encourage sb to do sth violent,
illegal or unpleasant, esp. by
making them angry or excited.
 incitement (n)
3.95 token /"t@Uk@n/ (n)
sth that is a symbol of a feeling, a
fact or an event ◆ As a token of my
appreciation for your help, please
accept this gift.
3.96 blur /bl3:(r)/ (v)
become less clear  blur (n),
blurry (adj)
Writing
3.97 principal /"prIns@pl/ (n)
person who is in charge of a
college or a university
3.98 terminate /"t3:mIneIt/ (v)
come to an end or make sth end
◆ This train terminates at the
next stop. Please ensure you take
all your belongings with you
when leaving.  termination (n),
terminal (n)
3.99 stand /st&nd/ (n)
piece of equipment or furniture
that you use for holding a
particular type of thing
3.100 how/where/what, etc. on
earth /"haU, "we@, "wQt Qn %3:T/
(idm)
used to emphasise questions to
suggest there is no easy or obvious
answer ◆ I thought I’d shut the
gate. How on earth did the dog get
out into the street?
3.101 drastic /"dr&stIk/ (adj)
extreme in a way that has a
sudden, serious or violent effect on
sth  drastically (adv)
3.102 measure /"meZ@(r)/ (n)
official action that is done in order
to achieve a particular aim ◆ Our
local council is taking measures
to solve the problem of rush-hour
congestion.
3.103 plain /pleIn/ (adv)
absolutely, completely ◆ What you
said was plain stupid! Now you
have no chance of getting the job.
3.104 cutback /"kVtb&k/ (n)
reduction in sth, often financial
 cut back (phr v)
Review
3.105 bargain for /"bA:gIn/ (phr v)
expect sth to happen and be
prepared for it L Commonly found
in the expression more (...) than
you/he, etc. bargained for.
3.106 negotiation /nI%g@USi"eISn/ (n)
formal discussion between
people who are trying to reach
an agreement  negotiator (n),
negotiate (v)
3.107 riot /"raI@t/ (n)
situation in which a group of
people behave in a violent way in
a public place, often as a protest
 rioter (n), riot (v)
3.108 spell /spel/ (n)
a period of time during which
sth lasts, esp. weather or in a
particular job ◆ After a spell as
an actress in her younger days,
Kylie Minogue has carved out a
successful career for herself as a
singer.
3.109 investment /In"vestm@nt/ (n)
act of investing money in sth, or
the money or thing that you invest
in  investor (n), invest (v)
3.110 knock /nQk/ (v)
criticise sb/sth, esp. unfairly or
repeatedly L Informal
3.111 marketing /"mA:k@tIN/ (n)
activity of presenting, advertising
and selling a company’s products
in the best possible way  market
(n, v)
3.112 strategy /"str&t@dZi/ (n)
plan intended to achieve a
particular purpose, often in the
context of business or war
 strategic (adj), strategically (adv)
3.113 senior citizen
/%si:ni@ "sItIzn/ (n)
older person, esp. sb who has
retired from work, often used in
the context of rights and benefits
◆ Senior citizens may apply for a
free bus pass in London.
3.114 grant /grA:nt/ (n)
sum of money given by
the government or another
organisation to be used for a
particular purpose  grant (v)
3.115 campaigner
/k&m"peIn@(r)/ (n)
person who leads or takes part in a
series of activities, esp. designed to
bring political or social change
 campaign (n, v)
3.116 arms /A:mz/ (n pl)
weapons, esp. as used by the
armed forces  armoury (n),
armour (n), arm (v), armed (adj)
3.117 petition /p@"tISn/ (n)
written document signed by a large
number of people that asks sb in
a position of authority to do or
change sth ◆ If you are concerned
about health care in this town,
please sign our petition against the
closure of Millom Hospital.
 petition (v)
3.118 confess (to sth) /k@n"fes/ (v)
admit, esp. formally to the police,
that you have done sth wrong or
illegal  confession (n)
3.119 outrageous /aUt"reIdZ@s/ (adj)
very shocking and unacceptable
 outrage (n), outrageously (adv)
3.120 vending machine
/"vendIN m@%Si:n/ (n)
machine from which you can buy
snacks, cans of drink, cigarettes,
etc.
3.121 grossly /"gr@Usli/ (adv)
extremely, used in a critical way
◆ The recent claims about poor
teaching have been grossly
exaggerated, although it’s clear
that there are some areas for
improvement in schools.  gross
(adj)
3.122 reluctant /rI"lVkt@nt/ (adj)
hesitant, not keen to do sth
 reluctance (n), reluctantly (adv)
3.123 relocate /%ri:l@U"keIt/ (v)
move to a new place to work or
operate  relocation (n)
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3.124 catering /"keIt@rIN/ (n)
work of providing food and
drinks in, e.g. schools, hospitals,
businesses L cater for (v) also has
a more general meaning: provide
the things that a particular person
or situation needs. ◆ Our local
theatre doesn’t really cater for
disabled people as it has so many
stairs and no lifts  caterer (n),
cater (v)
3.125 premises /"premIsIz/ (n pl)
building and land near it that a
business owns or uses ◆ Notice to
all staff: Smoking is not allowed
anywhere on the premises.
3.132 expenditure
/Ik"spendIÍ@(r)/ (n)
amount of money spent on sth
◆ The government are making
plans to increase expenditure on
health and education.
3.133 insufficient /%Ins@"fISnt/ (adj)
not large, strong or important
enough for a particular purpose
◆ We’ll need to upgrade our PC;
its insufficient memory makes it
difficult for many programmes
to run.  sufficient (adj) (in)
sufficiently (adv), suffice (v)
Calling all inventors!
3.134 smoke detector
Extract from a novel
3.141 tumble /"tVmbl/ (v)
move (or fall) in a relaxed or
uncontrolled way ◆ My Dad’s put a
waterfall in our pond. It was meant
to tumble gently down over the
rocks but it shoots straight out of a
pipe instead!  tumble (n, v)
3.142 rear /"rI@(r)/ (adj)
at or near the back of sth ◆ There
are both front and rear toilets on
the plane.
3.143 spread-eagled
/%spred "i:gld/ (adj)
in a position with your arms
and legs spread out ◆ Simon lay
spread-eagled on the deck of the

Workbook /"sm@Uk dI%tekt@(r)/ (n)

piece of equipment for discovering
boat, soaking up the sunshine.

Reading
Life on Mars?
3.126 former /"fO:m@(r)/ (adj)
that used to exist in earlier times
◆ Charles Robson, the former
Olympic athlete, will be giving a
speech on motivation.
3.127 stream /stri:m/ (n)
small narrow river
3.128 breeze /bri:z/ (n)
light wind
3.129 draw up /%drO: "Vp/ (phr v)
prepare and write a plan, list or
other document
3.130 critic /"krItIk/ (n)
person who expresses disapproval
of sb/sth, esp. publicly  criticism
(n), criticise (v), critical (adj),
critically (adv)
3.131 muck up /%mVk "Vp/ (phr v)
do sth badly so that you fail to
achieve what you wanted ◆ I was
trying to fix the TV, but I’ve really
mucked it up. It won’t even turn on
now. L Informal.
3.144 compartment
the presence of smoke
/k@m"pA:tm@nt/ (n)
3.135 shuttle /SVtl/ (n)
any vehicle that travels regularly
one of the separate sections which
a railway carriage or aircraft is
between two places ◆ A shuttle divided into
service runs between Terminal A
3.145 tilt /tIlt/ (v)
and Terminal B every five minutes
move, or make sth move, into
at this airport. L A space shuttle
a position with one side or end
travels between Earth and, e.g. a
higher than the other ◆ The lorry
space station taking supplies or
tilted noticeably as it went round
equipment.
the bend in the road.
3.136 crew /kru:/ (n)
3.146 bank /b&Nk/ (v)
all the people working on a ship,
travel with one side higher than
plane, etc
the other when turning ◆ The
3.137 cordless /"kO:dl@s/ (adj) plane banked sharply before the
(of a telephone or an electrical pilot guided it safely over the
tool) not connected to its power mountain.
supply by wires
3.147 craft /krA:ft/ (n)
3.138 power drill /"paU@ %drIl/ (n) aircraft or spacecraft
electrical tool with a pointed end
3.148 puffy /"pVfi/ (adj)
for making holes
(of clouds, etc.) looking soft, round
3.139 adapt (to) /@"d&pt/ (v) and white
change your behaviour in order
3.149 buffeting /"bVf@tIN/ (adj)
to deal more successfully with a
knocking or pushing sb/sth
new situation ◆ At first Chris found
roughly from side to side ◆ Jim
it difficult to adapt to his new
walked out of the hut into the
school, but he soon made friends
buffeting gale.  buffeting (n)
and settled down.  adaptor (n),
adaptation (n), adaptability (n),
adaptable (adj)

3.140 entrant /"entr@nt/ (n)

person or animal that enters a race
or a competition

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3.150 incredulously
/In"kredj@l@sli/ (adv)
in a way that reveals your inability
to believe sth ◆ He opened the
small box and took out a diamond
ring. Diane just looked at him
incredulously.  (in)credulous
(adj), (in)credulity (n)
3.151 atoll /"&tQl/ (n)
island shaped like a ring with a
lake of sea water in the middle
3.152 concentric /k@n"sentrIk/ (adj)
(of circles) having the same centre
◆ The planet Saturn is surrounded
by concentric rings.
3.153 lush /lVS/ (adj)
(of plants) growing thickly and
strongly in an attractive way,
covered in healthy grass and plants
◆ Your new lawn is growing well.
It’s starting to look very lush.
3.154 dip /dIp/ (v)
go downwards or to a lower level
◆ It was getting dark and the sun
had just dipped below the horizon.
 dip (n)
3.155 level /"levl/ (v)
bring or come to a horizontal
position ◆ The plane levelled once
it had reached its cruising altitude.
 level (n)
3.156 slipstream /"slIpstri:m/ (n)
stream of air behind a vehicle that
is moving very fast
3.157 juddering /"ÙVd2@rIN/ (n)
violent shake  judder (v)
3.158 vibrate /vaI"breIt/ (v)
move or make sth move from side
to side very quickly and with small
movements ◆ Every time a train
went past the walls vibrated.
 vibration (n)
3.159 frame /freIm/ (n)
supporting structure of a building,
vehicle, etc. that gives it its shape
◆ The frame of the house is
wooden, although the walls are
made of concrete.
3.160 lean /li:n/ (v)
bend or move from an upright
position ◆ For safety reasons, you
are not allowed to lean out of the
windows.
Vocabulary
3.161 till /tIl/ (n)
machine used in shops, banks, etc.
that has a drawer in it for keeping
money
3.162 delegate /"delIg@t/ (n)
person who is chosen to represent
the views of a group of people
and make decisions for them ◆
Delegates attending the conference
should register at the desk in the
main reception hall. delegate (v),
delegation (n)
3.163 leaflet /"li:fl@t/ (n)
printed sheet of paper or a few
printed pages that are given free
of charge to advertise or give
information about sth
Grammar
3.164 sell out /%sel "aUt/ (phr v)
(for a concert, football game, etc.)
sell all of the tickets
3.165 playwright /"pleIraIt/ (n)
person who writes plays for the
theatre, television or radio L The
word wright is not connected with
the word write but is an old word
meaning ‘sb who makes’. Playwright
is the only word still in common
use; older words include shipwright,
wheelwright and cartwright.
3.166 improvise /"Impr@vaIz/ (v)
invent the words in a play, a
statement, etc. while you are
performing or speaking, instead of
planning it in advance
 improvisation (n)
3.167 cast /kA:st/ (n)
all the people who act in a play or
film
3.168 run /rVn/ (n)
series of performances of a play or
film
3.169 on the point (of)
/"Qn D@ %pOInt @v/ (phr)
about to ◆ I was just on the point
of phoning you when you rang.
Listening
3.170 challenge /"Í&lInÙ/ (v)
test sb’s ability and skills, esp.
in an interesting way ◆ The final
ascent of the mountain challenged
the climbers to the limit of
their abilities.  challenge (n),
challenging (adj)
3.171 terrain /t@"reIn/ (n)
used to refer to an area of land
when you are mentioning its
natural features, for example, if it is
rough, flat, etc. ◆ The mountainous
terrain of Tibet makes it difficult for
older people to visit.
3.172 dispirited /dI"spIrItId/ (adj)
having no hope or enthusiasm
◆ After failing my exam, I felt tired
and dispirited.  spirit (n), spirited
(adj)
3.173 supplies /s@"plaIz/ (n pl)
things such as food, medicines,
fuel, etc. that are needed by a
group of people ◆ After ten days
in the jungle, we decided to return
because our supplies were running
out.  supply (v)
3.174 interfere (with)
/%Int@"fI@(r)/ (phr v)
prevent sth from succeeding or
from happening as planned
◆ She never allows her personal
feelings to interfere with her work.
 interference (n)
3.175 abandon /@"b&nd@n/ (v)
stop doing sth, esp. before it is
finished ◆ She was so stubborn that
her husband finally abandoned
any further attempt to make her
change her mind. L Also: leave
sb or a place with no intention of
returning  abandonment (n)
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3.176 ” catch up (with)
/%k&Í "Vp/ (phr v)
reach sb who is ahead by going
faster ◆ Sally couldn’t catch up
with the running man.
3.177 ” embark upon
/Im"bA:k @%pQn/ (phr v)
start to do sth new or difficult
◆ When we embarked upon this
journey we didn’t realise how
difficult it would be.
3.178 ” proportions
/pr@"pO:Snz/ (n pl)
measurements of sth, its size and
shape ◆ Due to severe weather
conditions the situation could reach
crisis proportions.
3.179 ” swamp /swQmp/ (n)
area of ground that is very wet or
covered with water and in which
wild plants and trees grow L The
verb swamp can have the literal
meaning to fill or cover with water,
but is more often found as swamp
sb with sth = to make sb/sth have
more of sth than they can deal
with: As soon as they stepped out
of the stage door, the band were
quickly swamped with fans.
 swampland (n), swampy (adj)
3.180 ” hazardous /"h&z@d@s/ (adj)
involving risk and danger, esp.
to sb’s health or safety ◆ It was a
hazardous journey along narrow
cliff roads and round tight bends.
 hazard (n)
3.181 ” alarming /@"lA:mIN/ (adj)
causing worry and fear
 alarm (n, v), alarmingly (adv)
3.182” perilous /"per@l@s/ (adj)
very dangerous L Formal.
 peril (n), perilously (adv)
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3.183 ” inhospitable
/%InhQ"spIt@bl/ (adj)
a place that is difficult to stay or
live in, esp. because there is no
shelter from extreme weather
L With people, not giving a
friendly or polite welcome to
guests. The adverb only refers to
this meaning.  inhospitably (adv)
3.184 ” wind chill /"wInd %ÍIl/ (n)
effect of low temperature combined
with wind on sb/sth ◆ Wind chill
can make it seem much colder than
the temperature would suggest.
3.185 ” dubious (about)
/"dju:bi@s/ (adj)
doubtful, not knowing whether sth
is good or bad ◆ Amanda hates
classical music, so I’m a bit dubious
about her decision to come to the
concert with me.  dubiously (adv)
3.186 ” en route /%Qn "ru:t/ (adv)
on the way ◆ Since you live near
me, why don’t we share a taxi and
drop you off en route?
3.187 ” starve /stA:v/ (v)
suffer or die because you do not
have enough food to eat
◆ A diet doesn’t mean you should
starve!  starvation (n)
3.188 ” strand /str&nd/ (v)
leave sb in a place from which
they have no way of leaving
◆ When the airline announced
the cancellation of our flight, 250
people were stranded at the airport.
3.189 ” frostbite /"frQstbaIt/ (n)
medical condition in which parts
of the body, esp. the fingers and
toes, become damaged as a result
of extremely cold temperatures
Use of English
3.190 evolve /I"vQlv/ (v)
develop gradually, esp. from a
simple to a more complicated form
◆ ‘The Body Shop’ started as a small
shop in England and quickly evolved
into a multinational company. 
evolution (n), evolutionary (adj)
3.191 adverse /"&dv3:s/ (adj)
harmful, not positive  adversity (n)
3.192 immune system
/I"mju:n %sIst@m/ (n)
system in your body that produces
substances to help it fight infection
and disease
3.193 conductor /k@n"dVkt@(r)/ (n)
person who stands in front of
an orchestra and directs their
performance
3.194 sole /s@Ul/ (adj)
only, single My sole reason for
coming here was to see you.
3.195 uphold /Vp"h@Uld/ (v)
support sth that you think is right,
fair, etc. and make sure that it
continues to exist ◆ We all have a
duty to uphold the law.  upholder
(n)
3.196 defend /dI"fend/ (v)
say or write sth in support of sb/
sth that has been criticized ◆ How
can you possibly defend such an
irrational attitude?  defender (n),
defence (n), defensiveness (n),
defensive (adj), defensively (adv)
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3.197 fetch /feÍ/ (v)
go to where sb/sth is and bring
them/it back ◆ Just a minute, I’ve
got to fetch my keys.

3.198 appliance /@"plaI@ns/ (n)

machine that is designed to do a
particular thing in the home, such as
preparing food, heating or cleaning

3.199 influence (on) /"Influ@ns/ (n)

effect that sb/sth has on the way
a person thinks or the way that
sth works or develops ◆ One of the
biggest problems nowadays is the
influence of television on children.
 influence (v), influential (adj)

3.200 draw to a close

/%drO: tu @ "kl@Uz/ (phr)
end, finish ◆ After six hours of
negotiations the meeting was
drawing to a close.

3.201 session /"seSn/ (n)

period of time spent doing a
particular activity L Often found
in a similar context to class/lesson,
but usu. with greater emphasis on
enjoyment than instruction.

3.202 diverse /daI"v3:s/ (adj)

very different from each other and
of various kinds ◆ What I really
like about universities is that people
with diverse cultures come together.
 diversity (v) diversify (v)

3.203 roam /r@Um/ (v)

walk or travel around an area
without any definite aim or
direction ◆ On our first day in
Prague, we just took a couple of
hours to roam the historic centre.

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