1.

Define measurand and resolution

2. What are the different ways of expressing an error
3. Bismuth has a = b = c = 4.74 Aand angles α=β = γ = 60o
What is its crystal structure
4. Define space lattice and basis.

5. What is meant by local field in a solid dielectric?

6. Classify the types of errors with examples

7. Define error?
8. Write a shot note on Ambiguity error
9. Distinguish between primitive cell and unit cell
10. Define coordination number and Lattice parameters
11. What is meant by polarization in a dielectric material?
12. Define accuracy?
13. Define lattice parameters.
14. Write a note on hexagonal crystal system
15. Write the formula for lattice constant
16. Distinguish between a dielectric material and an insulator
17. Define noise?
18.What is a systematic error?
19.Explain how the Miller indices are determined
20.Distinguish between crystalline and amorphous solids
21.Find the electric susceptibility of dielectric gas having Dielectric constant of
1.000041.
22. In an experiment, the time period of an oscillating object in five successive
measurements is found to be 0.52s, 0.56s, 0.57s, 0.54s, 0.59s. The least count of the
watch used for the measurement of time period is 0.01s. What is the percentage error
in measurement of time period T.
23.a) The force exerted by a gas on a piston of radius (8.0 ± 0.4) mm is
measured to be (30 ± 2) N. Calculate
i) the uncertainty in the area of the piston, and
ii) the maximum percentage uncertainty in the calculated value of the gas pressure
in the cylinder.
b) Discuss the propagation of errors (sum and difference) .The volumes of two
bodies are measured to be V 1 = (10.2 ± 0.02) cm 3 and V 2 = (6.4 ± 0.01) cm 3 .
Evaluate sum and difference in volumes with error limits.

24. a) Iron crystallizes in BCC structure. Calculate the lattice constant

given that the atomic Weight and density are 55.85and 7860kg/ m3
respectively
b) Distinguish between orthorhombic and monoclinic crystal systems with
examples.

25. a) Describe the construction and working of a powder diffraction camera.

 b) Solve the glancing angle of (111) plane of a cubic crystal having axial length
0.19 nm corresponding to the second order diffraction maximum for the X-rays of
wave length 0.058nm.

26.a) Derive an expression for internal field for a cubic dielectric crystal

b) Distinguish between ionic and electronic polarizations.

27.a) A rectangular board is measured with a scale having accuracy of 0.2 cm the
length and breadth are measured as 35.4 cm and 18.4 cm respective. Find the relative
error and percentage error of the area calculated.

b) What is meant by precision? Can instruments with high precision be accurate?

Justify your answer

28.a) Write a note on Miller indices and discuss the steps in finding Miller indices.

b) Sketch the following atomic planes in a simple cubic structure (100), (110) and
(111).

29.a) Calculate the glancing angle on the cube (345) of a copper crystal which
crystallizes in FCC structure with atomic radius 1.27 A 0 corresponding to the first
order maxima of X-rays of wavelength 0.84 A0.

b) Distinguish between tetragonal and tri clinic crystal systems .

30.a) Obtain the miller indices of a plane which intercepts at 2a,3b and 6c is a simple
cubic unitcell. Draw a neat diagram showing the plane

b) Distinguish between Laue method and powder method

31.a) What is electronic polarization? Derive the expression for αe

b) Among all the polarizations which polarization depends on temperature

explain in detail.

32.a) How can you minimize the errors?

b)Write a short note on Dynamic error

33. a) Explain the variance with example

b) The radius of sphere is measured to be (2.1 ± 0.5) cm. Calculate its surface
area with error limits.

34.a) Derive an expression for the inter-planar spacing in the case of cubic
structure.
 b) Lithium crystallizes in BCC structure. Calculate the lattice constant given
that the atomic weight and density for lithium are 6.94 and 530 kg/m3
respectively.
35.a) Monochromatic X-rays reflected from a silver crystal give rise to first order
diffraction of the (111) plane at a Bragg angle of 19 0 21’.Silver has FCC structure
and its densities and atomic weight are 10500kg/m3 and 107.87 respectively. Find
the wavelength of these x-rays
b) Discuss powder diffraction method with neat diagram .

36.a) Derive Clausius-Mosotti relation in dielectrics subjected to statics fields

b) What are piezo and ferro electric materials.

37.a) The resistance of a circuit is measured five times with the results R = 5:9;
5:0; 6:2; 5:4; and 6:3 The random errors are clearly larger than the 0:1 inherent in
your measuring device, possibly due to the influence of external electric fields.
i)What is your best guess at the true resistance of the circuit?
ii)What is the Uncertainty on each individual measurement?
b) Discuss the different sources of errors with examples.
38. a) How errors are propagated or combined?
b) The mass and density of a solid sphere are measured to be(12.4 ± 0.1) kg and(4.6 ±
0.2)kg/m3 . Calculate the volume of the sphere with error limits.

39.a) In certain material, the lattice parameters a,b,c are 2A0 ,2A0 , 1A0 respectively ,
calculate the interplanar separation for a set of planes represented by miller indices (345).
b)Show that FCC is most closely packed crystal structure among all crystal structures.
40.a) Explain Bragg’s law.
b) Compare the packing fraction of S.C., B.C.C., F.C.C. structures.
41.a) The dielectric constant of Helium gas at NTP is 1.0000684.
Calculate the electronic Polarizabilityof He atoms if it contains
2.7X1025 atoms per m3 .
b) Distinguish between ionic and electronic polarizations .