Chapter 4. Beams.

Built-up beams.

Dimensions of the section.

Wreq M SD
h = 1 .2 where Wreq = and t w, Min = 8 mm
tw fy
γ Mo
h
Try that ≤ 69ε
tw
Wreq ht w
b fl = − use t w ≤ t fl ≤ 3t w ; t fl , Max = 40 mm . Try that c/tfl satisfies Class 1 or 2 conditions.
ht fl 6t fl
Now, with all the dimensions defined:
twd 3
Iy = + 2b fl t fl d12
12
t fl b3fl
Iz = 2
12
2I y
Wel , y = and W pl , y = 1.12Wel , y
h
I z h 2f
Warping Constant I w =
4
biti3 dhw3 b fl t 3fl
Torsion Constant I t = Σ = +2
3 3 3
Thickness of the plates multiples of 2 mm.
Width of the plates multiples of 20 mm.
Values for Mcr.
For beams with doubly symmetric cross-sections and with no end fixity.
π 2 EI z ⎡ I w L2GI t ⎤
M cr = C1 ⎢ + ⎥
L2 ⎣ Iz π 2 EI z ⎦
Factor C1 depends on the loading conditions (see table 4.12 and 4.13 of EBCS-3)

C1 = 1.88 − 1.44ψ + 0.52ψ 2 ≤ 2.7 , But the most commons values for C1 are as follows:
Example Nr 1.
Design a simple supported beam of Fe 430 steel grade. The span of the beam is 5.00 m. The top flange is embedded
in a reinforced concrete floor providing sufficient restraint against lateral-torsional buckling. The beam carries a
uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m permanent load and 20 kN/m imposed load.
Solution:
The factored loads are: Imposed load: 1.6 x 20 = 32 kN/m
Permanent load: 1.3 x 20 = 26 kN/m.
Step 1: Maximum bending moment.

Step 2. Required plastic modulus.

M 181.3x106 N − mm
W pl = = = 7.25 x105 mm3 = 725 cm3
fy 275 / 1.1
γ Mo
Step3: Selection of the profile: Try 310 x 52 W Shape.

h = 317 Mass = 0.52 kN/m

b = 167 Wy,el = 747 cm3
tfl = 13.2 mm Wy,pl = 837 cm3
tw = 7.6 mm Iy = 11800 cm4
d = 257 mm

167
235 2 = 6.33 < 9.5ε 257
Class of the section: ε= = 0.92 and = 33.82 < 83ε OK
275 13.2 7.6
Satisfies conditions for Class 2.

Step 4. Resistance moment.

W pl f y 837 x103 x 275
M pl , Rd = = = 209.25 kN − m > 181.3 kN − m OK .
γ Mo 1.1
Check of the self-weight of the beam.
w = 0.52 kN/m; additional factored dead weight moment = 1.3 x 0.52 x 52 / 8 = 2.11 kN-m
Total moment: MSd = 181.3 + 2.11 = 183.41 < Mpl,Rd OK.

Step 5: Check for shear.

Maximum shear force is 145 kn + 1.3 x 5/2 = 146.69 kN.
Shear resistance of section. Un stiffened web: shear buckling resistance must not be verified if d/tw ≤ 69ε.
d/tw = 257/7.6 = 33.82 < 69 x 0.92
 ⎛f 3 ⎞
Therefore: V pl , Rd = Av ⎜⎜ y ⎟ Av = 1.04hwt w
γ Mo ⎟ where
⎝ ⎠

Av = 1.04 x317 x7.6 = 2506 mm 2 then V pl , Rd =

(
2506 275 3 ) = 361.7 kN
1.1
Effect of shear force on the resistance moment.
VSd 146.69
= = 0.41 < 0.5 Therefore no reduction of design resistance moment required.
V pl , Rd 1.1

Step 6. Check for deflection.

5 wL4
For a simple span uniformly loaded beam δ =
384 EI
0.52
Deflection due to un factored load w = 20 + 20 + = 40.10
5
5 x 40.10 x103 x50004
δ = = 13.17 mm
384 x118 x106 x 2.1x105
Assumption: - beam is not pre-cambered.
-beam is carrying a reinforced concrete floor.
Limiting values for vertical deflections (see Table 5:1 EBCS-3)
1. Total deflection of the span: δ max = L 250 = 5000 250 = 20 mm > 13.17
2. Live load deflection at span (δ2): δ max = L 300 = 5000 350 = 14.3 > 12 mm

Step 7. Check for lateral-torsional buckling.

Since the reinforced concrete floor provides sufficient restraint against lateral movement, the beam is not checked
for lateral-torsional buckling.

Step 8. Check for resistance of web to transverse forces.

The beam must be checked at the support. Suppose the support as follows:

8.1 Check for web crushing: R y , Rd =

(Ss + S y )tw f y, w where Ss = 70 mm (length of stiff bearing) and
γ M1
⎡ 2⎤
1⎢ ⎛ bf ⎞⎛ f yf ⎞⎛ σ f , Ed ⎞ ⎥
S y = 2t f ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
2⎢ ⎜t ⎟⎜ f ⎟⎜1 − f ⎟ ⎥
at the end Ss is half .
⎝ w ⎠⎝ yw ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎥
⎣⎢
yf
⎦
bf = 167 mm < 25 x 13.2 = 330 mm OK
tw = 7.6 mm
fyf = fyw = 275 N/mm2
σf,Ed = 0 (at the support there is no moment)
 1⎡ ⎛ 167 ⎞ ⎤ (70 + 62)x7.6 x 275 = 250 kN > 146.69 OK
Sy = ⎢2 x13.2 ⎜ ⎟(1)(1) ⎥ = 62 mm ⇒ then R y , Rd =
2 ⎣⎢ ⎝ 7.6 ⎠ ⎦⎥ 1.1

8.2 Check for web crippling.

⎡ tf ⎛ t ⎞⎛ S ⎞⎤
Ra , Rd = 0.5t w2 Ef yw ⎢ + 3⎜ w ⎟⎜ s ⎟⎥ / γ M 1 but Ss / d = 70 / 257 = 0.27 therefore take Ss / d = 0.2
⎢⎣ t w ⎜ t f ⎟⎝ d ⎠⎥
⎝ ⎠ ⎦
⎡ 13.2 ⎛ 7.6 ⎞ ⎤
Ra , Rd = 0.5 x7.62 2.1x105 x 275 ⎢ + 3⎜ ⎟(0.2)⎥ / 1.1 = 332 kN > 146.69 OK
⎣ 7.6 ⎝ 13.2 ⎠ ⎦
8.3 Check the web buckling: Un stiffened web at the point where concentrated load (reaction acts).

⎡ h 2 + S 2 − 70 ⎤ ⎡ 317 2 + 702 − 70 ⎤
a=⎢ s
⎥=⎢ ⎥ = 127.32
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦
beff = 70 + 127.32 = 197.32 mm.
Therefore; the virtual compression member for the web is:

Assumptions: Web is partially fixed at top and bottom; thus the effective length is taken no less than 0.75 d
l = 0.75 x 257 mm = 193 mm.

I beff t w3 t2 t 7 .6
Radius of gyration of the web is i = = = w = w = = 2.19 mm
A 12beff t w 12 12 12
Web slenderness ratio = 193/2.19 = 88.19 and λ1 = 93.9 ε = 93.9 x 0.92 = 86.39
Relative slenderness ratio λ = 88.19 86.39 = 1.02
Using curve c of table 4.9 of EBCS-3; the reduction factor χ = 0.48
Hence; the buckling resistance of the web is:
χβ A Af y
Rb, Rd = ; β A = 1; A = beff t w = 197.32 x7.6 = 1499.6 mm 2 ; f y = 275 N mm 2 and γ M 1 = 1.1
γ M1

0.48 x1x1499.6 x 275

Rb, Rd = = 180.2 kN > 146.69 kN OK
1.1
Step 9: Check for flange induced buckling.

⎛ ⎞ Aw
The ratio d ≤ k⎜ E ⎟
tw
⎝ f yf ⎠ A fc
167
Since c = 2 = 6.33 < 8.5ε = 8.5 x0.92 = 7.82 , the flange is Class 1; therefore, k = 0.3
tf 13.2
d =
257
= 33.81 ? 0.3⎛⎜ 2.1x10
5 ⎞⎟ (257 x7.6 )
tw 7 .6 ⎝ 275 ⎠ 167 x13.2
33.81 < 215.6 OK