Math World

Mathematics – is science of numbers, problem

solving, theorem solving, science of measuring,
science of patterns.
- Format system for recognizing classifying
and expecting patterns.
- To organize and systemize about
patterns.
- The simplest mathematical objects are
numbers.
- The simplest of nature patterns are
numerical.
What Is mathematics for?
Levels of Measurements
- Understand patterns
a. Nominal – Variable with no inherent order
- Organize underlying patterns
can be ( I, ii, iii) is enumeration category.
- To protect the natures behavior
b. Ordinal – Rank or Order ex. Mild, Moderate.
- To control nature
Can be compared for equality but not how
- To make practical use of what we
much greater or less.
learned about our world.
c. Interval – Variable are ordered as in ordinal,
Complex number systems differences between values. Calendar dates
and temperatures, Celsius,
a. Natural Numbers – Positive integers
addition&subtraction, cognitive skills, test
(whole numbers)
score..
Symbol: N
d. Ratio – Variables with all properties (zero
Example: (1, 2, 3, 4 . . . . )
point, kelvin, age, +, -, x, ÷ (possible zero)
b. Whole Numbers – Numbers without
fractions
Example: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . ) The Nature of Mathematics
c. Integers – a whole number that can be
Fibonnaci – he discovered the pattern of the
positive, negative or zero.
sequence of numbers from the set
Example: (…. -2 ,-1, 0, 1, 2 …)
(1,1,2,3,5,8,13….)
d. Rational Numbers – Fractions,
terminating and repeating decimals. Leonardo Pisano (Real Name of Fibonacci in
e. Irrational Numbers – Non – terminating Italian)
and non – repeating decimals; pie
- Means Leonardo of Pisa, because he was
f. Real Numbers – Rational, Integers,
born in Pisa, Italy around 1175.
Whole and Natural
g. Imaginary Numbers – i, 2i, -3-7i, etc (i = Fibonacci – shortened word for the Latin term “filius
𝜋) Bonacci” which stands for “son of Bonaccio”
Set of Numbers Guglielmo Bonaccio – father of Leonardo
Johannes Kepler – German Mathematician and
Astronomer
 - Observed that dividing a Fibonacci
number by a number immediately
before it in the ordered sequence yields
a quotient approximately equal to
1.6180339887… or approximately 1.618
this is called Golden Ratio and denoted
by a symbol 𝜑 (phi).
Divine Proposition or Golden Mean – other name
for Golden Ratio
Golden Rectangle – A rectangle can be drawn of
such a shape that if it is cut into square and a
rectangle, the smaller rectangle will be similar in a
shape to the larger rectangle.
Iteration – repeated application of an operation on
a given function over and over again.
Mathematical Language and Symbols
Mathematical Language – precise w/c means it is
able to make very fine distinctions or definitions
among a set of mathematical symbols.
∑ - The sum of
ⱻ - There exists
ꓯ - For every (for any)
∈ - element of (or member of)
- not an element of
⊆ - subset of
⇒ - if…, then
⇔ - if and only if
R – set of real numbers
N – set of natural numbers
Z – set of integers
Q – set of rational numbers
∞ - infinity
*Mathematical Language can describe a subset of
the real world using only the symbols above.
Left Brain Hemisphere – responsible for controlling
language and part of the brain in change of tasks
involving mathematics.
Mathematical Sentence – must state a complete
thought.
Mathematical Expression – is a name given to a
mathematical object of interest.
Truth of Sentence- mathematical sentence may
either be true or false but not both.
Example 1. Write as English sentence and say
whether they are true or false.
𝑎. ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
- For any real number x, its square is
greater than or equal to 0. TRUE
b. ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
- For any real numbers x and y, the square of
their sum is equal to the sum of their squares plus
twice their product. TRUE
c. ∃𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍, 𝑚 − 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚 + 𝑛
- There exist integers m and n such that m
minus n is less than or equal to m plus n. TRUE
d. ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ 𝑄, 𝑎𝑏 = 0 ⇒ a = 0 ⋁ 𝑏 = 0
- For any rational numbers a and b, if their
product is zero then either a or b equals O. TRUE
e. ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑍 + , ∃𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑦 2 = 𝑥
- For every positive integer x, there exists a
real number y, such that 𝑦 2 = 𝑥. TRUE
Example 2. Write as mathematical sentence.
a. Ten is the square root of 100.
√100 = 10
b. Ten is greater than 9.
10 > 9
c. Ten is an even number.
10 ∈ (2𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁)
d. Ten is a multiple of 5.
10∈ (5𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁)
Is – could mean equality, inequality, or membership
in a set.
Type of Numbers
a. Cardinal Numbers – are used for counting
and answer the question “how many?”.
b. Ordinal Numbers – tell the position of a
thing in a term of first, second, third, etc.
c. Nominal Numbers – are used only as a name
or to identify something.
Unary Operation – involve only one value.
Binary Operation – take two values, and include
the operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, and exponentiation.
Properties of Binary Operations
a. Closure of Binary Operations – the product
and the sum of any two real numbers is also
a real number.
Ex: ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅 and (𝑥)(𝑦) ∈ 𝑅
b. Commutativity of Binary Operations –
addition and multiplication of any two real
numbers is commutative.
Ex:
x + y = y + x (addition)
(x)(y) = (y)(x) (multiplication)
c. Associativity of Binary Operations – Given
any three real numbers you may take any
two and perform addition or multiplication
as the case maybe and you will end with the
same answer.
Ex:
(1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3)
(2)(3)4 = 2(3)(4)
d. Distributivity of Binary Operations –
Distributivity applies when multiplication is
performed on a group of two numbers
added or subtracted together.
Ex:
𝑧𝑥 ± 𝑧𝑦
e. Identity Elements of Binary Operations – is
the number that you add to any real number
and the result will be the same real number.
The only number that satisfies this property
is the number 0 for addition.
Ex:
5+0=0+5=5
f. Inverse of Binary Operations
Ex:
x + (-x) = -x + x = 0
1 1
𝑥 (𝑥) = (𝑥) 𝑥 = 1
Logic – Allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.
- Illustrate the importance of precision
and conciseness of the language of math.
Propositions – is a statement which is either True of
False.
- Must express a complete thought.
- A declarative.
Example:
a. 9 is a prime number.
- False. Prime numbers have no other
factors than 1 itself. 9 can be expressed
as 3(3).
b. 5 + 3 = 8
- TRUE
c. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ≥ 0
- TRUE
d. 10 < −3
- False. A negative number is always less
than a positive number.
Truth table – is a table that shows the truth value of
a compound statement for all possible truth values
of its simple statements.
Negation – A statement is a negation of another if
the word is not introduced in the negative
statement. (¬)
Example: What is the negation of the ff. statements?
a. P: √2 is a rational number.
- √2 is not a rational number or √2 is
irrational. In symbols, ¬P.
b. R: 6 is an odd number.
 - 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even d. Pres. Duterte is not a good president
number. In symbols, ¬R. if and only if government officials are
corrupt and the people are not
Logical Connective – is the mathematical equivalent
happy.
of a conjunction in English. The most common
conjunctions in mathematics are “and” and “or” Answer:
which are denoted by ∧ and ∨.
1. P ⇒ ¬Q
Conjunction: P ∧ Q, (P and Q) 2. ¬Q⇔R
3. P∧R⇔¬Q
Disjunction: P ∨ Q (P or Q)
4. ¬ P ⇔ (Q ∧ ¬ R)
Implication: P⇒Q
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive:
Implications - Logical implication is a type of
Given: If P then Q
relationship between two statements or sentences.
Inverse: If not P then not Q
P – called premise
Converse: If Q then P
Q – called conclusions
Contrapositive: If not Q then not P
Other ways of reading P ⇒ Q are:
Example: Give the converse, inverse and
P implies Q
contrapositive of the following implications:
Q if P
a. If this movie is interesting, then I am
P is implied by Q watching it.
b. If p is a prime number, then it is odd.
Q only if P
Answer:
Bi Implication or Biconditional – it is the more
complicated form of implication denoted by the a. Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then
symbol ⇔. I am not watching it
Converse: If I am watching this movie, then
Example: Write the following in symbolic form using
it is interesting.
P, Q, and R for the statements and the symbols ¬, ∧,
Contrapositive: If I am not watching this
∨, ⇒ and ⇔ where
movie, then it is not interesting.
P: Pres. Duterte is a good president. b. Inverse: If p is not a prime number, then it is
not odd.
Q: Government officials are corrupt.
Converse: If p is an odd number, then it is
R: People are happy. prime.

a. If Pres. Duterte is a good president, Contrapositive: If p is not odd, then it is not

then government officials are not a prime number.
corrupt.
Quantifiers – are used to described the variables in
b. If government officials are not
a statement.
corrupt, then the people are happy.
c. If Pres. Duterte is a good president Types:
and people are happy, then
1. Universal Quantifier – usually written in
government officials are not corrupt.
English language as “for all” or “for every”. It
is denoted by the symbol ꓯ.
 2. Existential Quantifier – expressed in words
as “there exists” or “for some”. This
quantifier is denoted by ⱻ.
PROBLEM SOLVING
The primary goal of problem solving is making sense
of mathematics.
Problem Solving – means engaging in a task for
which the solution method is not known in advance.
- It encompasses exploring, reasoning,
strategizing, estimating, conjecturing,
testing, explaining and proving.
Problem – is a task that requires the learner to
reason through a situation that will be challenging
but not impossible.
- Is a situation that confronts the learner,
that requires a resolution, and for which
the path to the answer is not
immediately known.
Exercise/Drill – is a set of number sentences
intended for practice in the development of a skill.
- PROBLEMS CAN BECOME EXERCISES.
George Polya (1888-1985)
- THE FATHER OF PROBLEM SOLVING
- Four step process for problem solving.
The most famous study of problem
solving techniques was developed by
George Polya.
1. Understand the Problem (Preparation)
2. Devise a plan (thinking time)
3. Carry out the plan (Insight)
4. Look Back (Verification)
Problem Solving Strategies
 Guess and check
 Look for a pattern
 Make an orderly list
 Draw a picture or diagram
 Solve a simpler problem
 Use a model
 Work backwards
 Use direct reasoning
 Use formula
 Solve an equation
 Use common sense
Inductive Reasoning – type of reasoning that uses
specific examples to reach a general conclusion of
something.
Conjecture – conclusion formed by using inductive
reasoning. A conjecture is an idea that may not be
correct.
Example: Use inductive reasoning to predict the
next number in each of the ff lists.
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ?
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
Answer:
a. Each successive number is 5 units larger than
the preceding number. Thus, it can be
predicted that the next number in the list is
5 units larger 25, which is 30.
b. Observe that all the numbers are perfect
squares. 1 = 12 , 4 = 22 , 9 = 32 , 16 =
42 , 25 = 52 . Thus it can be predicted that
the next number to be is 36 = 62 .
Deductive Reasoning – is the process of reaching a
general conclusion by applying general
assumptions, procedures or principles.
Ex: Use deductive reasoning to make a conjecture.
Consider the ff. procedure: Pick a number. Multiply
the number by 10, add 8 to the product, divide the
sum by 2 and subtract by 4.
Solution:
Let n represent the original number.
Multiply n by 10: 10n
Add 8 to the to the product: 8 = 10n
8+10𝑛
Divide the sum by 2: = 4 + 5n
2
Subtract the quotient by 4: 4+5n – 4 = 5n
Ex: e. Students who like Chemistry or Physics
Answer: 25 + 15 = 40
The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 75.
f. Students who like Calculus only
Find the largest integer.
Answer: 10
Sol:
Let
x = 1st odd integer
x+2 = 2nd odd integer
x+4 = 3rd odd integer
x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 75
3x + 6 = 75
3x = 5+75 – 6
3x = 69
X = 23
Therefore, the largest off integer is 23 + 4 = Ex:
27
There was a jar of chocolate chip cookies on the
table. James and Monica were very hungry because
they hadn’t had anything to eat since breakfast, so
Ex:
they ate half of the cookies. He ate one-third of what
An Engineering Professor conducted a survey was left in the jar. Sharon, who was waiting around
among SEA students in the campus regarding their nearby, decided to take one-fourth of the cookies
subjects. The data gathered ae as follows: 60 left in the jar. Then Tiffany came rushing up and took
students like Chemistry, 50 like Calculus, 45 likes one cookie to munch on in her class. When Valerie
Physics, 30 students like both Chemistry and looked at the cookie jar, she saw there were two
Calculus, 25 students both like Calculus and Physics, cookies left. How many cookies were in the jar to
20 students like both Chemistry and Physics. Only 15 begin with.
students like all the three subjects. If there were 100
Sol:
students who participated in the survey, determine
the following: Let x = total of the cookies

a. The number of students who do not like any 1 𝑥

𝑥− 𝑥=
of the three. 2 2
Answer: 5 𝑥 1 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
b. The number of students who like only one − ( )= =
2 3 2 6 3
subject.
𝑥 1 𝑥 3𝑥 𝑥
Answer: 25 + 10 + 15 = 50 − ( )= =
3 4 3 22 4
c. Students who like at least one subject
𝑥 𝑥
Answer: 100 – 5 = 95 − 1 = 2, = 3
d. Students who like at most two subjects 4 4
Answer: 100 – 15 = 85 X = 12x