Math World

Mathematics – is science of numbers, problem solving, theorem

solving, science of measuring, science of patterns.
- Format system for recognizing classifying and expecting
patterns.
- To organize and systemize about patterns.
- The simplest mathematical objects are numbers.
- The simplest of nature patterns are numerical.
What Is mathematics for? ​ ​ ​
- Understand patterns
- Organize underlying patterns
- To protect the natures behavior
- To control nature
- To make practical use of what we learned about our world.
Complex number systems
a. Natural Numbers – Positive integers (whole numbers)
Symbol: N
Example: (1, 2, 3, 4 . . . . )
b. Whole Numbers – Numbers without fractions
Example: (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . )
c. Integers – a whole number that can be positive, negative or zero.
Example: (…. -2 ,-1, 0, 1, 2 …)
d. Rational Numbers – Fractions, terminating and repeating decimals.
e. Irrational Numbers – Non – terminating and non – repeating decimals; pie
f. Real Numbers – Rational, Integers, Whole and Natural
g. Imaginary Numbers – i, 2i, -3-7i, etc (i = )
Set of Numbers

Levels of Measurements
a. Nominal – Variable with no inherent order can be ( I, ii, iii) is enumeration category.

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 b. Ordinal – Rank or Order ex. Mild, Moderate. Can be compared for equality but not how much greater
or less.
c. Interval – Variable are ordered as in ordinal, differences between values. Calendar dates and
temperatures, Celsius, addition&subtraction, cognitive skills, test score..
d. Ratio – Variables with all properties (zero point, kelvin, age, +, -, x, (possible zero)

The Nature of Mathematics

Fibonnaci – he discovered the pattern of the sequence of numbers from the set (1,1,2,3,5,8,13….)
​Leonardo Pisano (Real Name of Fibonacci in Italian)
- Means Leonardo of Pisa, because he was born in Pisa, Italy around 1175.
Fibonacci – shortened word for the Latin term “filius Bonacci” which stands for “son of Bonaccio”
Guglielmo Bonaccio – father of Leonardo
Johannes Kepler – German Mathematician and Astronomer
-
Observed that dividing a Fibonacci number by a number immediately before it in the ordered
sequence yields a quotient approximately equal to 1.6180339887… or approximately 1.618 this is
called Golden Ratio and denoted by a symbol (phi).
Divine Proposition or Golden Mean – other name for Golden Ratio
Golden Rectangle – A rectangle can be drawn of such a shape that if it is cut into square and a rectangle, the
smaller rectangle will be similar in a shape to the larger rectangle.
Iteration – repeated application of an operation on a given function over and over again.

Mathematical Language and Symbols

Mathematical Language – precise w/c means it is able to make very fine distinctions or definitions among a set
of mathematical symbols.
- The sum of
- There exists
ꓯ - For every (for any)
- element of (or member of)
- not an element of
- subset of
- if…, then
- if and only if
R – set of real numbers
N – set of natural numbers
Z – set of integers
Q – set of rational numbers
∞ - infinity

*Mathematical Language can describe a subset of the real world using only the symbols above.
Left Brain Hemisphere – responsible for controlling language and part of the brain in change of tasks
involving mathematics.
Mathematical Sentence – must state a complete thought.
Mathematical Expression – is a name given to a mathematical object of interest.
Truth of Sentence- mathematical sentence may either be true or false but not both.
Example 1. Write as English sentence and say whether they are true or false.

- For any real number x, its square is greater than or equal to 0. TRUE
b.
​- For any real numbers x and y, the square of their sum is equal to the sum of their squares plus twice

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 their product. TRUE
c.
​- There exist integers m and n such that m minus n is less than or equal to m plus n. TRUE
d.
​- For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is zero then either a or b equals O. TRUE
e.
-​ For every positive integer x, there exists a real number y, such that . TRUE
Example 2. Write as mathematical sentence.
a. Ten is the square root of 100.

b. Ten is greater than 9.

10
c. Ten is an even number.
10
d. Ten is a multiple of 5.
10
Is – could mean equality, inequality, or membership in a set.
Type of Numbers
a. Cardinal Numbers – are used for counting and answer the question “how many?”.
b. Ordinal Numbers – tell the position of a thing in a term of first, second, third, etc.
c. Nominal Numbers – are used only as a name or to identify something.
Unary Operation – involve only one value.
Binary Operation – take two values, and include the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, and exponentiation.
Properties of Binary Operations
a. Closure of Binary Operations – the product and the sum of any two real numbers is also a real number.
Ex: and
b. Commutativity of Binary Operations – addition and multiplication of any two real numbers is
commutative.
Ex:
x + y = y + x (addition)
(x)(y) = (y)(x) (multiplication)
c. Associativity of Binary Operations – Given any three real numbers you may take any two and perform
addition or multiplication as the case maybe and you will end with the same answer.
Ex:
​(1 + 2) + 3 = 1 + (2 + 3)
​(2)(3)4 = 2(3)(4)
d. Distributivity of Binary Operations – Distributivity applies when multiplication is performed on a
group of two numbers added or subtracted together.
Ex:
​
e. Identity Elements of Binary Operations – is the number that you add to any real number and the result
will be the same real number. The only number that satisfies this property is the number 0 for addition.
Ex:
5+0=0+5=5
f. Inverse of Binary Operations
Ex:
​x + (-x) = -x + x = 0

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 ​
Logic – Allows us to determine the validity of arguments in and out of mathematics.
- Illustrate the importance of precision and conciseness of the language of math.
Propositions – is a statement which is either True of False.
- Must express a complete thought.
- A declarative.
Example:
a. 9 is a prime number.
- False. Prime numbers have no other factors than 1 itself. 9 can be expressed as 3(3).
b. 5 + 3 = 8
- TRUE
c.
- TRUE
d.
- False. A negative number is always less than a positive number.
Truth table – is a table that shows the truth value of a compound statement for all possible truth values of its
simple statements.
Negation – A statement is a negation of another if the word is not introduced in the negative statement. (¬)
Example: What is the negation of the ff. statements?
a. P: is a rational number.
- is not a rational number or is irrational. In symbols, ¬P.
b. R: 6 is an odd number.
- 6 is not an odd number or 6 is an even number. In symbols, ¬R.
Logical Connective – is the mathematical equivalent of a conjunction in English. The most common
conjunctions in mathematics are “and” and “or” which are denoted by and .
Conjunction: ​ ​P Q, (P and Q)
Disjunction: ​ ​P Q (P or Q)
Implication: ​ ​PQ
Implications - Logical implication is a type of relationship between two statements or sentences.
P – called premise
Q – called conclusions
Other ways of reading P Q are:
​P implies Q
​Q if P
​P is implied by Q
​Q only if P
Bi Implication or Biconditional – it is the more complicated form of implication denoted by the symbol .
Example: Write the following in symbolic form using P, Q, and R for the statements and the symbols ¬, , ,
and where
P: Pres. Duterte is a good president.
Q: Government officials are corrupt.
R: People are happy.
a. If Pres. Duterte is a good president, then government officials are not corrupt.
b. If government officials are not corrupt, then the people are happy.
c. If Pres. Duterte is a good president and people are happy, then government officials are not

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 corrupt.
d. Pres. Duterte is not a good president if and only if government officials are corrupt and the
people are not happy.
Answer:
1. P ¬Q
2. ¬ Q R
3. P R ¬ Q
4. ¬ P (Q ¬ R)
Converse, Inverse, Contrapositive:
Given: ​ ​ ​If P then Q
Inverse: ​ ​If not P then not Q
Converse: ​ ​If Q then P
Contrapositive: ​ I​ f not Q then not P
​
Example: Give the converse, inverse and contrapositive of the following implications:
a. If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.
b. If p is a prime number, then it is odd.
Answer:
a. Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then I am not watching it
Converse: If I am watching this movie, then it is interesting.
Contrapositive: If I am not watching this movie, then it is not interesting.
b. Inverse: If p is not a prime number, then it is not odd.
Converse: If p is an odd number, then it is prime.
Contrapositive: If p is not odd, then it is not a prime number.
Quantifiers – are used to described the variables in a statement.
Types:
1. Universal Quantifier – usually written in English language as “for all” or “for every”. It is denoted by
the symbol ꓯ.
2. Existential Quantifier – expressed in words as “there exists” or “for some”. This quantifier is denoted by
.
PROBLEM SOLVING
The primary goal of problem solving is making sense of mathematics.
Problem Solving – means engaging in a task for which the solution method is not known in advance.
-
It encompasses exploring, reasoning, strategizing, estimating, conjecturing, testing, explaining and
proving.
Problem – is a task that requires the learner to reason through a situation that will be challenging but not
impossible.
- Is a situation that confronts the learner, that requires a resolution, and for which the path to the answer
is not immediately known.
Exercise/Drill – is a set of number sentences intended for practice in the development of a skill.
- PROBLEMS CAN BECOME EXERCISES.
George Polya (1888-1985)
- THE FATHER OF PROBLEM SOLVING
- Four step process for problem solving. The most famous study of problem solving techniques was
developed by George Polya.
1. Understand the Problem (Preparation)
2. Devise a plan (thinking time)
3. Carry out the plan (Insight)

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 4. Look Back (Verification)
Problem Solving Strategies
• Guess and check
• Look for a pattern
• Make an orderly list
• Draw a picture or diagram
• Solve a simpler problem
• Use a model
• Work backwards
• Use direct reasoning
• Use formula
• Solve an equation
• Use common sense
Inductive Reasoning – type of reasoning that uses specific examples to reach a general conclusion of
something.
Conjecture – conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning. A conjecture is an idea that may not be correct.
Example: Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the ff lists.
a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ?
b. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ?
Answer:
a. Each successive number is 5 units larger than the preceding number. Thus, it can be predicted that the
next number in the list is 5 units larger 25, which is 30.
b. Observe that all the numbers are perfect squares. Thus it can be predicted that the next number to be is
Deductive Reasoning – is the process of reaching a general conclusion by applying general assumptions,
procedures or principles.
Ex: Use deductive reasoning to make a conjecture.
Consider the ff. procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 10, add 8 to the product, divide the sum by 2
and subtract by 4.
Solution:
Let n represent the original number.
Multiply n by 10: 10n
Add 8 to the to the product: 8 = 10n
Divide the sum by 2: = 4 + 5n
Subtract the quotient by 4: 4+5n – 4 = 5n
Ex:
The sum of three consecutive odd integers is 75. Find the largest integer.
Sol:
Let
st
x = 1 odd integer
nd
x+2 = 2 odd integer
rd
x+4 = 3 odd integer
x + x + 2 + x + 4 = 75
3x + 6 = 75
3x = 5+75 – 6
3x = 69
X = 23
​Therefore, the largest off integer is 23 + 4 = 27
Ex:

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 An Engineering Professor conducted a survey among SEA students in the campus regarding their subjects. The
data gathered ae as follows: 60 students like Chemistry, 50 like Calculus, 45 likes Physics, 30 students like both
Chemistry and Calculus, 25 students both like Calculus and Physics, 20 students like both Chemistry and
Physics. Only 15 students like all the three subjects. If there were 100 students who participated in the survey,
determine the following:
a. The number of students who do not like any of the three.
Answer: 5
b. The number of students who like only one subject.
Answer: 25 + 10 + 15 = 50
c. Students who like at least one subject
Answer: 100 – 5 = 95
d. Students who like at most two subjects
Answer: 100 – 15 = 85
e. Students who like Chemistry or Physics
Answer: 25 + 15 = 40
f. Students who like Calculus only
Answer: 10

Ex:
There was a jar of chocolate chip cookies on the table.
James and Monica were very hungry because they
hadn’t had anything to eat since breakfast, so they ate
half of the cookies. He ate one-third of what was left
in the jar. Sharon, who was waiting around nearby,
decided to take one-fourth of the cookies left in the jar.
Then Tiffany came rushing up and took one cookie to
munch on in her class. When Valerie looked at the
cookie jar, she saw there were two cookies left. How
many cookies were in the jar to begin with.
Sol:
Let x = total of the cookies

X = 12x

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