MODULE 2

Mathemati cs as Language,
Problems, Reasons and
Soluti ons in Mathemati cs

At the end of the module, the student will be able to:

a. explain the nature of mathematics as a language;

b. recognize that mathematics is a useful language;

c. demonstrate abilities of reason and logic to arrive at a solution;

d. analyze information to develop reasoning skills;

e. distinguished inductive reasoning from deductive reasoning;

f. utilize inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning to solve various problems;

g. identify and distinguish the classification of data;

h. effectively organize data;

i. calculate the measures of central tendency and measure of dispersion;

 j. realize the importance of measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion; and

k. describe and interpret data using tables and graphs.

LESSON 1: THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS

The use of language in mathematics is far from ordinary speech. It can be learned but

needs a lot of efforts like learning a new dialect or language. The following are the

characteristics of the language of mathematics: precise, concise, and powerful.

You learned in your English subject that expressions do not state a complete thought, but

sentences do. Mathematical sentences state a complete thought. On the other hand, mathematical

expressions do not. You cannot test if it is true or false.

Mathematical Expression Mathematical Sentence

26.14 -11 + 7 = 4
5+2 1 – 4 = -3
x + √2 1.x=x

The common symbol used for multiplication is x but it can be mistakenly taken as the

variable x. there are instances when the centered dot ( . ) is shorthand to be used for

multiplication especially when variables are involved. If there will be no confusion, the symbol

may be dropped.

It is conventional to write the number first before the letters. If in case the letters are more

than one, you have to arrange the letters alphabetically.

 Sets are usually represented by uppercase letters like S. the symbols R and N represent

the set of real numbers and the set of natural numbers, respectively. A lower case near the end of

the alphabet like x, y or z represents an element of the set of real numbers. A lowercase letter

near the middle of the alphabet particularly from i to n may represent an element of the set of

integers.

Sets

Uppercase letter represents a set. A set is a collection of any object. It is a mathematical

expression in which a name is given to some collection of objects. Elements or member refer to

the objects in a set. If the number of elements in a set can be enumerated, then it is called a finite

set. Otherwise, infinite set. A set that has no members is called the empty set which is denoted

using {} or .

Functions and Relations

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. Element A function is a relation in which the element

of the first set (domain) corresponds to only one element of the second set (range). A funcyion

may also be many to one correspondence.

Binary Operations
 A unary operation is for a single number and assigns another number to Addition(+),

subtraction(-), multiplication(x) and division() are examples of binary operations. The word

binary means composition of two pieces.

Study the following properties of addition and multiplication, as binary operations on the

set of real numbers:

I. Closure Property

Addition: The sum of any two real numbers is also a real number.

Multiplication: The product of any real numbers is also a real number.

II. Commutative Property

Addition: For any two real numbers, x and y, x + y = y + x

Multiplication: The product of any two real numbers is also a real number.

III. Associative Property

Addition: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z

Multiplication: For any two real numbers x, y and z, x . (y . z)= (x . y) . z

IV. Identity Property

Addition: For any real number x, x + 0 = x. The number “0” is called additive identity.

Multiplication: For any real number x, x . 1 = x. The number “1” is called the

multiplicative identity.
V. Distributive Property of Multiplication Over Addition

For any two real numbers x, y and z, x(y + z) = xy + xz

VI. Inverse of Binary Operations

Addition: For any real number x, x + (-x) = 0

1
Multiplication: For any real number x, x . = 1
x

LESSON II: ELEMENTARY LOGIC: CONNECTIVES, VARIABLES, QUANTIFIERS, ANG

NEGATIONS

Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to discriminate correct from

incorrect reasoning.

Connectives

A declarative sentence is a sentence whose main verb is indicated. A statement is a

declarative sentence that is either true or false but cannot be both. A statement can be simple or

compound.

To create
 MODULE 3
Data Management Tools,
Commercial Mathemati cs
and Mathemati cs of
Graphs

MODULE 4
Linear Programming and
Logic