Mathematics in Modern World ( MIMW)

- It deals with the nature of Mathematics

- appreciation of its practical
- intellectual
- aesthetic dimensions
- application of mathematical tools in daily life

The Nature of Mathematics

1. Mathematics in our World

Mathematicians in History

Leonardo Pisano

- The most Talented Western Mathematician of the MiddleAges

- better known by his nickname—Fibonacci
Which may mean good-for-nothing or a traveller.
Discovery:
Pattern for the number of Petals in flowers.
Famous by his liber Quadratorum ( Book of Square Numbers)

Johannes Kepler
- Discovered the three laws of planetary motion happened on 1609 and
1619 ( published)
- Proved that the Golden Ratio is the limit of the ratio of consecutive
fibonacci numbers. He describes it as a “Precious Jewel”.
- He is an imperial mathematician together with Tyco Brahe

Carl Friedrich Gauss

- German Mathematician
- Known as “ calculating prodigy”
- “ one of the greatest mathematicians for all time”
- He contributed in Probabilities.
 Sir Isaac Newton
- English Physicist and Mathematician
- Culminator of the scientific figure of the revolution in 17th century.
- He was known for his three laws: The formulation of universal gravitation.
- He was also discoverer of the Infinitesimal Calculus.

Albert Einstein
- German born Physicist that developed the special and general theories of
Relativity
- Won in the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the
Photoelectric Effect.
- Generally considered the most influential Physicist of the 20th century.

1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

Patterns – regular, repeated, or recurring forms or designs.

Example:
Layout of floor tiles
Designs of skycrapers
Arrangements of stems, leaves and petals of flowers

Symmetry
-indicates that you can draw an imaginary line across the object, results to
mirror images of each other equally distributed
Example: Starfish, face and Leonardo da Vinci’s Vituvian Man

Order of rotation
-a figure has a rotational symmetry of order n ( n-fold rotation symmetry)
Unchanged even if you rotate it
Angle of rotation= 360 degree / n
Example: Snowflakes, Starfish etc…
Packing Problems
-involve finding the optimum method of filling up a given space such as a
cubic or spherical container.

Ex. Square packing and Hexagonal Packing ( Honeycomb Beehive)

Patterns are also can see in tigers’ stripes and hyenas’ spots.

1.2 The Fibonacci Sequence

Sequence is an ordered list f numbers, called terms, that may have

repeated values. The arrangement of these terms is set by a definite rule.
0 + 1= 1
1 + 1= 2
1 + 2= 3
2 + 3 =5
3 + 5= 8
5 + 8= 13

1,1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181,
6765…………….
50th term of Fibonacci = 12, 586, 269, 025

Fibonacci numbers approach the number (Phi), also known as Golden Ratio

Golden Ratio - divine ratio

by Dr. Kendra Schmidt
Can be measured by some parts of human body
 Length of the arm
 Height of the distance of fingertips to elbow

The value is 1.618032787.

2. Mathematical Language and Symbols
Language
- A systematic means communicating oof ideas or feelings and understood
meanings

Characters of Mathematical Language

 Precise - distinction
 Concise- express sentences briefly
 Powerful-express complex thoughts with ease

Familiarize the Useful Mathematical Tools and Symbols ( in Google

classroom)
Universal Statement – a certain property is true for all elements in a set
Ex. All positive numbers are greater than zero.

Conditional Statement – if one thing is true then some other thing also
has to be true.
Ex. If 378 is divisible by 18, them 378 is divisible by 6.

Existential Statement – there is at least one thing for which is true ( a

property that may or may not be true).
Ex. There is a prime number that is even.

Numbers
Cardinal- used for counting and answer the question how many?
Ordinal-tell the position of a thing
Nominal-used only as a name or to identify something
Expression Vs. Sentences

Expression—name given to a mathematical object of interest.

Sentence – complete thought

Written as English transform into Mathematical sentence.

1. 70 is greater than 7
70 > 7
2. Two times the variable x is less than to two
2 (10) < 2

Unary Operations
-accepts only one value or operand
Ex. 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, -10, -21

Binary Operations
*Accepts two or more operand
Two value and perform an operation
5 x 3= 15

i. Closure Binary 3 x 1/3 = 1

ii. Commutativity of Binary operations a+b= b+a
iii. Associative of Binary Operations ( a*b) * c = a* (b*c) ( 5 x2)x 3=
10x 3 = 30 and 5 x (2x3)= 5 x 6 = 30
iv. Distributivity of Binary Operations a *( b*c) = (a*b)(a*c)
v. Identify Elements of Binary operations
vi. Inverses of Binary Operations ( elements are said to be Inverses of
each other like reciprocal)
3.Logical in Mathematical Language

Propositions
- a declarative sentence that is either true or false, but not both true and
false.
 True
 False
 Sometime True, Sometimes False ( ST,SF)

Logical Connectives
- Mathematical equivalent of a conjunction in English Language
- ^ “and”
- V “or”
- - “not”

Negation
- If the word is not introduced in negative statement.
- Let P be a proposition. The negation of P is “ not P”
P / ~P
Ex.
P= Ellie Goulding is an operasinger
~P= Ellie Goulding is ‘not’ an opera singer

P= The fire engine is not red

~P= The fire engine is red.

CONJUNCTION
If the statement is both true or false.
Using the word (and) -symbol ^
Ex.
P=Today is Friday
Q=It is raining
P^Q= Today is Friday “and” it is raining.

DISCONJUNCTION
If the statement is either true or false, neither true nor false
P: The dress is short
Q: The dress is pink
PvQ: The dress is short “or”the dress is pink

IMPLICATIONS
- It has a premise and an implication
- Using the word “ If…then
- Symbol= —>
Ex.
P: It rains
Q: I bring my umbrella

P—>Q : If it rains, then I bring my umbrella.

BI- IMPLICATIONS/EQUIVALENCE
Two propositions are equal.
Symbol: <—>
 Word: If and only if

( Please study the truth tables of each logical connectives)

QUANTIFIERS
These are used to describe the variable (s) in a statement
Universal – for all or for every
Existential - there exists or for some

4.Problem Solving and Reasoning

Inductive Reasoning
- The process of reaching a general conclusion by a examining specific
examples.
Conjecture
- The conclusion formed by inductive reasoning.

Example:
5, 10, 15, 20, 25…
What is next? 30, 35, 40 (added by 5)
1,2, 5, 10, 17, 26…
Ans: 37, 50, 65
Sequence: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 13 , 15
COUNTEREXAMPLE
- A method of disproving a statement is to give a counterexample.
- ( If you can find one case for which a statement is not true, then the
statement is a false statement.
Ex. I X I > 0
Let x =0 . Then I 0 I = 0.Bec0is not greater than 0 , we have found a
counterexample. Thus for all numbers x, I x I > 0 is a false statement.

Deductive Reasoning
- is the process of reaching a conclusion by applying general, assumptions,
procedures or principles.
Consider the ff: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 10, add 8 to the
product , divide the sum by 2, and subtract 4.

10n
10n + 8
10n+8/ 2= 5n+4
5n+4-4
=5n
0–0
1–5
2 – 10
3 – 15
4 – 20
5 – 25
6 – 30
And so on….

Other example :
 All footballers are fit and healthy
 All famous sports players are footballers
Given the sentences, which of the following is the logical deduction?

1.All footballers are famous sports people

2. All famous people are fit and healthy
3. All famous sports players are fit and healthy.
4. All fit and healthy people are footballers
5. All football players are men
Problem Solving with Patterns
Please study the applications and equations using the formula.
Binet’s formula ( this formula can help you to find the higher term in fibonacci
sequence)
Pascal’s Triangle—always expand
(x+y)^2 = x^2 + 2xy + y^2
(x+y)^3= x^3 + 3x^2y + 3xy^2 + y^3