SPEED CHECKER TO DETECT

RASH DRIVING ON HIGHWAYS

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ABSTRACT
 The system basically comprises two laser IR sensor
pairs, which are installed oppositely on the highway.
 This sensed speed is fed to the Microcontroller which
displays the time taken by the vehicle in crossing the
required distance from one pair to the other from and
also the speed of the vehicle.
 In case the vehicle speed crosses the limits a buzzer
gives beeps to indicate that the vehicle has crossed
the speed limit. A relay is also activated when any
vehicle crosses the speed limit.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
 TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
 RECTIFIER
 FILTER
 MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89C51)
 IR LEDs
 PHOTODIODES
 LCD
 PIEZO-BUZZER
 RELAY
 BC547
 LED
 1N4007
 RESISTORS
 CAPACITORS
 POWER SUPPLY
230 V AC 12V step down
50 Hz Bridge rectifier Filter(470µf) 5v Regulator
transformer

5V DC
DESCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY
 The circuit uses standard power supply comprising of a
step-down transformer from 230v to 12v and 4 diodes
forming a Bridge Rectifier that delivers pulsating dc
which is then filtered by an electrolytic capacitor of about
470microf to 100microF.
 The filtered dc being un regulated IC LM7805 is used to
get 5v constant at its pin no 3 irrespective of input dc
varying from 9v to 14v.
 The regulated 5volts dc is further filtered by a small
electrolytic capacitor of 10 micro f for any noise so
generated by the circuit.
 One LED is connected of this 5v point in series with a
resistor of 330ohms to the ground i.e. negative voltage
to indicate 5v power supply availability.
 MICROCONTROLLER

 It is a smaller computer
 Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports...

CPU RAM ROM

A single chip
Serial
I/O Timer COM Microcontroller
Port
Port
 INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF A MICRO
CONTROLLER-AT89S52/51
External interrupts
On-chip Timer/Counter
ROM for
Interrup On-chip Timer 1 Counter
program
t RAM Inputs
code
Control Timer 0

CPU

Bus Serial
4 I/O Ports Port
OSC Control

P0 P1 P2 P3 TxD RxD
Address/Data
MICROCONTROLLER(AT89S52)
 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP)
Flash Memory
 Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
 Watchdog Timer
 Dual Data Pointer
 Fast Programming Time
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
 PHOTO DIODE
A photodiode is a type of photo detector
capable of converting light into either current or
voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular
semiconductor diodes except that they may be
either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays)
or packaged with a window or optical fibre
connection to allow light to reach the sensitive
part of the device.
IR LED
 An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a
special purpose LED that transmits infrared
rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength.
 Such LEDs are usually made of gallium
arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They,
along with IR receivers, are commonly used
as sensors.
 The appearance is same as a common LED.
Since the human eye cannot see the infrared
radiations, it is not possible for a person to
identify whether the IR LED is working or not,
unlike a common LED.
 To overcome this problem, the camera on a
cell phone can be used. The camera can show
us the IR rays being emanated from the IR
LED in a circuit.
 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16x2 and
20x2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line
by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller
chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates
directly with the LCD.
 LCD BACKGROUND

 If an 8-bit data bus is used the LCD will require 11 data lines
(3 control lines plus the 8 lines for the data bus)
 The three control lines are referred to as EN, RS, and RW
 EN=Enable (used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data)
 RS=Register Select (When RS is low (0), data is treated as a command)
(When RS is High(1), data being sent is text data )
 R/W=Read/Write (When RW is low (0), the data written to the LCD)
(When RW is High(1), the data reading to the LCD)
LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of
silicon.When current passes through the LED, it emits photons
as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a
metal filament until its white hot.
LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources
including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved
robustness, smaller size and faster switching
 RELAY

IT IS A ELECTRO MAGNETIC SWITCH

USED TO CONTROL THE ELECTRICAL DEVICES

COPPER CORE MAGNETIC FLUX PLAYS MAIN ROLE HERE

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and
NO:
COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of
the itch.
NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is off.
NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay
coil is on
 BUZZER
Piezo Buzzer
This buzzer is an piezo type audio signaling device, which has a piezo
element and a oscillating circuit inside which oscillates the piezo brass base
plate, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined
frequency.
Features
These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general electronics
equipment.
 Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.
 Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit
boards.
SOFT WARE REQUIREMENTS
 Keil an ARM Company makes C compilers, macro assemblers, real-
time kernels, debuggers, simulators, integrated environments,
evaluation boards, and emulators for ARM7/ARM9/Cortex-M3,
XC16x/C16x/ST10, 251, and 8051 MCU families.

 Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level

Language to object code. Desktop compilers produce an
output object code for the underlying microprocessor, but not
for other microprocessors.
 i.e the programs written in one of the HLL like ‘C’ will compile
the code to run on the system for a particular processor like
x86 (underlying microprocessor in the computer).

 For example compilers for Dos platform is different from the

Compilers for Unix platform So if one wants to define a
compiler then compiler is a program that translates source
code into object code.
BIBILOGRAPHY

 The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems”

by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie
Mazidi , Pearson Education.
 ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

 www.atmel.com

 www.beyondlogic.org

 www.wikipedia.org

 www.howstuffworks.com

 www.alldatasheets.com