ACTIVITY 5.

1: REVIEW QUESTIONS
Q.5.1. PROVIDE A BRIEF DEFINITION OF NETWORK ACCESS CONTROL
Network access control is an umbrella term for managing access to a network. The three
components of NAC are the Access requester, the policy server, and the network access server.

Q.5.2. WHAT IS AN EAP?

EAP is the path for the exchange of authentication information between a client system and
an authentication server.

Q.5.3. LIST AND BRIEFLY DEFINE FOUR EAP AUTHENTICATION METHODS.

 EAP-TLS. This method defines how the TLS protocol can be encapsulated in EAP
messages.
 EAP-TTLS. Same as EAP-TLS, except only the server has a certificate to authenticate
itself to the client first.
 EAP-GPSK. A method that uses a Pre-Shared Key.
 ESP-IKEv2. This method is based on the Internet key exchange protocol.

Q.5.4. WHAT IS EAPOL? Q.5.5. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF IEEE 802.1X?

Q.5.6. DEFINE CLOUD COMPUTING.
A model of enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interactions. This cloud model promotes availability
and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment
models
Q.5.7. LIST AND BRIEFLY DEFINE THREE CLOUD SERVICE MODELS.
 Software as a Service (SaaS). Is a software distribution model in which applications are
hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to customers over a network,
typically the Internet.
 Platform as a Service (PaaS). Is a paradigm for delivering operating systems and
associated services over the Internet without downloads or installation.
 Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Involves outsourcing the equipment used to support
operations, including storage, hardware, servers and networking components.
Q.5.8. WHAT IS THE CLOUD COMPUTING REFERENCE ARCHITECTURE?
Cloud computing reference architecture is a fundamental reference point, based on the NIST
definition of cloud computing, is needed to describe an overall framework that can be used
government-wide.

Q.5.9. DESCRIBE SOME OF THE MAIN CLOUD-SPECIFIC SECURITY

THREATS.
Abuse and nefarious use of cloud computing. For many CPs, it is relatively easy to register
and begin using cloud services, some even offering free limited trial periods. This enables
attackers to get inside the cloud to conduct various attacks, such as spamming, malicious code
attacks, and denial of service. Countermeasures include (1) stricter initial registration and
validation processes; (2) enhanced credit card fraud monitoring and coordination; (3)
comprehensive introspection of customer network traffic; (4) monitoring public blacklists for
one’s own network blocks.
Insecure interfaces and APIs. CPs expose a set of software interfaces or APIs that customers
use to manage and interact with cloud services. The security and availability of general cloud
services are dependent upon the security of these basic APIs. Countermeasures (1) analyzing
the security model of CP interfaces; (2) ensuring that strong authentication and access controls
are implemented in concert with encrypted transmissions; (3) understating the dependency
chain associated with the API.
Malicious insiders. Under the cloud computing paradigm, an organization relinquishes direct
control over many aspects of security and, in doing so, confers an unprecedented level of
trust onto the CP. Countermeasures (1) enforce strict supply chain management and conduct
a comprehensive supplier assessment; (2) specify human resource requirements as part of
legal contract; (3) require transparency into overall information security and management
practices, as well as compliance reporting; (4) determine security breach notification
processes.
Shared technology issues. IaaS vendors deliver their services in a scalable way by sharing
infrastructures. Often, the underlying components that make up this infrastructure were not
designed to offer string isolation properties for a multi-tenant architecture. Countermeasures
(1) implement security best practices for installation/configuration; (2) monitor environment
for unauthorized changes/activity; (3) promote strong authentication and access control for
administrative access and operations; (4) enforce SLAs for patching and vulnerability
remediation; (5) conduct vulnerability scanning and configuration audits.
Data loss or leakage. The most devastating impact from a security breach is the loss or leakage
of data. Countermeasures (1) implement strong API access control; (2) encrypt and protect
integrity of data in transit; (3) analyze data protection at both design and run time; (4)
implement strong key generation, storage and management, and destruction practices.
Account or service hijacking. Account or service hijacking, usually with stolen credentials,
remains a top threat. With stolen credentials, attackers can often access critical areas of
deployed cloud computing services, allowing them to compromise the confidentiality,
integrity, and availability of those services. Countermeasures (1) prohibit the sharing of
account credentials between users and services; (2) leverage strong two-factor authentication
techniques where possible; (3) employ proactive monitoring to detect unauthorized activity;
(4) understand CP security policies and SLAs.
Unknown risk profile. In using cloud infrastructures, the client necessarily cedes control to
the CP on a number of issues that may affect security. Thus, the client must pay attention to
and clearly define the roles and responsibilities involved for managing risks. Countermeasures
(1) disclosure of applicable logs and data; (2) partial/full disclosure of infrastructure details;
(3) monitoring and alerting on necessary information.

ACTIVITY 5.2: PROBLEMS

P.5.1. IN THE FIGURE BELOW (FIGURE 5.1), IT IS SUGGESTED THAT EAP CAN
BE DESCRIBED IN THE CONTEXT OF A FOUR-LAYER MODEL. INDICATE
THE FUNCTIONS AND FORMATS OF EACH OF THE FOUR LAYERS. YOU MAY
NEED TO REFER TO RFC 3748.
 The Lower layer. This layer is responsible for transmitting and receiving EAP frames
between the peer and the authenticator.
 EAP layer. This layer transmits and receives EAP packets via the Lower layer. This
layer also detects duplicates.
 EAP Peer and authentication layers. In most cases, a host will only have one of these
layers, however in some cases a host can act as both a peer and an authenticator. In
this case, both layers will be present.
 EAP method layer. This layer implements authentication algorithms and transmits
messages via the EAP peer and authentication layers.

P.5.2. FIND AND VIEW SEVERAL YOUTUBE VIDEOS THAT DISCUSS CLOUD
SECURITY.
IDENTIFY THE URLS OF THREE VIDEOS THAT YOU THINK DO A GOOD JOB
COMMUNICATING THE ESSESNTIAL ISSUES AND APPROACHES FOR CLOUD
SECURITY. IFY OU COULD ONLY RECOMMEND ONE TO FELLOW
STUDENTS, WHICH WOULD YOU PICK? WHY? SUMMARISE YOUR
RECOMMENDATIONS AND JUSTIFICATION IN A BRIEF PAPER (250-500
WORDS) OR A THREE TO FIVE-SLIDE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION.