Job # 1

Determination of Manning’s roughness coefficient “n” & Chezy’s roughness

coefficient “c” in laboratory flume.
1.1 Objective:
i. To study the relationship of “n” & “c” in the laboratory flume.
ii. To study the variation of “n” & “c” with velocity.

1.2 Apparatus:
i. S-6 Glass sided tilting flume with
manometric arrangement.
ii. Point gauge for measurement of depth of
flow in channel.

1.3 Related Theory:

1.3.1 Roughness: Figure 1: Laboratory Flume
Roughness is resistance to flow.
1.3.2 Steady Flow:
A flow in which all conditions (Velocity, pressure, density, discharge) at any point
in a stream remains constant with respect to time, but the conditions may be different at
different point, is called steady flow.
1.3.3 Unsteady Flow:
A flow in which all conditions (Velocity, pressure, density, discharge) at any point
in a stream changes with respect to time is called un-steady flow.
1.3.4 Uniform Flow:
If the flow velocity at a given instant of time does not change within a given length
of pipe or channel, then the flow is called uniform flow.
1.3.5 Non Uniform Flow:
If the flow velocity at a given instant of time changes within a given length of pipe
or channel, then the flow is called non-uniform flow.
1.3.6 Steady Uniform Flow:
A flow in which all conditions (Velocity, pressure, density, discharge) at any point
in a stream remains constant with respect to time & within a given length of pipe or channel,
then the flow is called steady uniform flow.
1.3.7 Steady Non-Uniform Flow:
A flow in which all conditions (Velocity, pressure, density, discharge) at any point
in a stream remains constant with respect to time but Condition changes within a given
length of pipe or channel, then the flow is called steady non-uniform flow.
1.3.8 Unsteady Uniform Flow:
A flow in which all conditions remains same within the given length of the pipe but
condition changes with respect to time.
1.3.9 Unsteady Non-Uniform Flow:
A flow in which all conditions varies with respect to time & the given length of the
pipe.
1.3.10 Chezy’s Roughness Coefficient:
As we know that,

V = C √(𝑅𝑆)
Where V= velocity
C= Chezy’s Roughness Coefficient
R= Hydraulic Radius
S= Slope of the Channel
1.3.11 Manning’s Roughness Coefficient:
As we know that,
1 2/3 1/2
𝑉= 𝑅 𝑆
𝑛
Where V= velocity
n= Manning’s Roughness coefficient
R= Hydraulic Radius
S= Slope of the Channel
1.3.12 Prismatic Channel:
Channel whose dimensions & slope remains constant w.r.t time.
1.3.13 Hydraulic Radius:
It is the ratio of area over wetted parameter.
𝐴
R=
𝑃
1.4 Procedure:
i. Adjust the slope of the flume.
ii. Switch on the motor & allow the flow to stabilize in the channel.
iii. Set the flume on the constant discharge value.
iv. At the constant discharge find the three different depths of the flow at three different points
of the flow.
v. Adjust the 2nd discharge & repeat the same procedure as for the discharge 1st.
1.5 Calculations & Observations:
Flow Rate Depth of Flow (mm) Area Manning Chezzy
Wetted
of Flume of Hydraulic Velocity Coeff. Coeff.
S.No Perimeter
(m3/s) Y1 Y2 Y3 Y(avg.) Flow Radius Of Flow
(m)
(m2) (m) (m/s)
1 0.009795 67 60 57 61.33 0.0184 0.4226667 0.043533 0.53234 0.01042 57.0508
2 0.011659 69 67 65 67 0.0201 0.434 0.046313 0.58005 0.00996 60.2694
3 0.012646 71 70 68 69.67 0.0209 0.4393333 0.047572 0.60507 0.00972 62.032
4 0.014 74.6 73.8 53 67.13 0.0201 0.434 0.046406 0.695 0.0083 72.14
5 0.0159 80 75.6 65 73.53 0.0221 0.4481 0.04923 0.72 0.0084 72.4
Table 1.1: Calculations

1.6 Graphs:

c~v
80
70
60
50
40
C

30
20
10
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
V

Graph 1.1: Relation between C & V

n~c
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
n

0.004
0.002
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
c

Graph 1.2: Relation between C & V

 n~v
0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006
n

0.004

0.002

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
v

Graph 1.3: Relation Between n & v

1.7 Comments:
From graphs c is inversely proportional to n, n is inversely proportional to v and c is directly
proportional to v.
 Job # 2
Investigation of specific energy as the function of depth of flow (y) of the
following fluid in the laboratory flume.
2.1 Objective:
i. To study the variation of specific energy as a depth of flow.
ii. To determine the percentage difference of experimental critical depth & theoretical
critical depth.

2.2 Apparatus:
i. S-6 Glass sided tilting flume with manometric arrangement.
ii. Point gauge for measurement of depth of flow in channel.

2.3 Related Theory:

2.3.1 Specific Energy Curve:
It is the plot which shows the variation of specific energy as a function of depth of flow.
2.3.2 Critical Flow:
The flow at the critical depth of the channel is known as critical flow.
2.3.3 Critical Depth:
The depth in the channel where specific energy is minimum.
2
yc = 3 Emin , yc = [ q2/g]1/3 where q = Q/B

2.3.4 Critical Velocity:

The velocity of the critical flow where specific energy is minimum.

Vc = √(𝑔 ∗ yc)

2.3.5 Sub-Critical Flow:

When the depth of the channel is greater & velocity is smaller that flow is known as sub-
critical flow.
Fr < 1 , y > yc , v < vc
2.3.6 Super Critical Flow:
When the depth of the channel is smaller & velocity is greater then the fluid is known as
super critical flow.
Fr > 1 , y < yc , v > vc
2.3.7 Alternative Depths:
Sub-critical & Super critical depths are called alternative depths.

2.4 Procedure:
i. Stable the constant discharge throughout the experiment.
ii. Set the slope 1:500 and find depth of flow at 3m, 4m & 5m and find average of it.
iii. Same process is repeated for different slopes.
iv. Put the date in the Excel table and calculate the specific energy by using given formulas.
v2
yc = [ q2/g]1/3 where q = Q/B , S.E = yavg + 2𝑔

v. The percentage difference of experimental critical depth & theoretical critical depth can
be find by using the formula given below.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
Percentage Difference = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Theoretical value of critical depth, yc = [q2/g]1/3 where q = Q/B

2.5 Calculations & Observations:

Depth of flow (m) Avg.

Area of Velocity
Discharge 𝐯𝟐
Sr. Flow V=Q/A S.E = yavg + 𝟐𝒈
Slope (Q ) y1 y2 y3 y(avg)
No A=by

m³/sec mm mm mm mm m m² m/sec M

1 1:500 0.011997 61.0 69.0 70.0 66.67 0.0667 0.0200 0.5999 0.0850
2 1:300 0.011997 50.0 51.0 54.0 51.67 0.0517 0.0155 0.7740 0.0822
3 1:200 0.011997 42.0 45.0 51.0 46.00 0.0460 0.0138 0.8693 0.0845
4 1:100 0.011997 37.0 38.0 44.0 39.67 0.0397 0.0119 1.0082 0.0915
5 1:70 0.011997 32.0 32.1 33.0 32.37 0.0324 0.0097 1.2355 0.1102
Table 2.1: Calculations

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Percentage Difference = 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

Theoretical value of critical depth, yc = [q2/g]1/3 where q = Q/B

Q = 0.011997m3/sec, B = 300mm
So,
q = 0.03999 m3/sec/m
Theoretical value of critical depth, yc = [0.039992 / 9.81]1/3 = 0.055 m
Experimental value of critical depth = 0.0517 m (From Graph)
0.055
Percentage Difference = 0.0517
2.6 Graph:

Specific Energy Curve

0.0720
0.0667, 0.0667 0.0850, 0.0667
0.0670

0.0620
Emin = 0.0822 m
DEPTH OF FLOW (M)

0.0570
0.0517, 0.0517 0.0822, 0.0517
0.0520
v2/2g = 0.0305m
0.0460, 0.0460 0.0845, 0.0460
0.0470

0.0420 0.0397, 0.0397 0.0915, 0.0397

0.0370 yc = 0.0517 m
0.0324, 0.0324 0.1102, 0.0324
0.0320
0.0320 0.0420 0.0520 0.0620 0.0720 0.0820 0.0920 0.1020 0.1120
SPECIFIC ENERGY (M)
S.E E=y

Graph 2. 1: Specific Energy Curve

2.7 Comments:
The graph shows that the point (0.0822, 0.0517) have the minimum experimental specific
energy (Emin = 0.0822) & the values of yc is 0.0517. Above this point the flow is sub-critical
because yc goes on increasing & below that point flow is super critical because yc decreasing.
 Job # 3
To study the characteristics of the flow over a hump/weir.
3.1 Objective:
To study the variation in the characteristics of the flow of the channel due to the
introduction of the hump or weir.

3.2 Apparatus:
i. S-6 Glass sided tilting flume with manometric arrangement.
ii. Point gauge for measurement of depth of flow in channel.
iii. Sharp cornered hump. (Broad creasted weir)
iv. Round cornered hump. (Broad creasted weir)

3.3 Related Theory:

3.3.1 Weir:
A weir is a wall which is constructed in the path of the river to create the pondage on the
upstream side to direct the water to the off taking cannel.
3.3.2 Hump:
Introduction of any obstruction in the path of the following channel.
OR
Hump is the rised bed of the channel.
3.3.3 Critical Hump Height:
The height of the hump that creates the critical flow over the hump.
Case 1:
When ΔZ < Zc

Where,
ΔZ = Normal hump height
Zc = Critical hump height

Figure 3. 1
Flow Parametric Condition:
y0 = y1
y1 > y2
y3 = y2
Case 2:
When ΔZ = Zc

Where,
ΔZ = Normal hump height
Zc = Critical hump height

Figure 3. 2
Flow Parametric Condition:
y0 = y1
y2 = yc
y1 > y3
y3 > y2
Case 3:
When ΔZ > Zc
Where,

ΔZ = Normal hump height

Zc = Critical hump height

Flow Parametric Condition: Figure 3. 3

y1 > y0
y2 = yc
y1 > y2
y3 > y3
y3 < y2 = yc
3.4 Procedure:
i. Fix the slope of the flume.
ii. Stable the flow at a specific discharge.
iii. Find the average values of depth before, after and at the hump.
iv. Find the horizontal distances from the starting point of the flume to the points where we
have to find the depths.

3.5 Calculations:
Sr. No. Types of Q q yc Depth of water u/s (mm)

Hump (m^3/s) (m^3/s/m) (mm) y1 y2 yavg

1 sharp 0.0075 0.075 39.9 113.2 114.5 113.7

2 sharp 0.0035 0.0117 24 88 91 88

3 sharp 0.0049 0.0163 29.66 107.6 106 104.3

4 Round 0.0048 0.016 29.66 158.5 160.7 159.6

5 Round 0.00848 0.028 43.35 173.9 175.3 174.6

6 Round 0.00894 0.03 44.91 176.9 177.5 177.2

Table 3. 1: Calculations

Depth of water above hump depth of water d/s (mm) Type of flow (mm)

y1 (mm) y2 (mm) yavg (mm) y1 y2 yavg u/s above d/s

32.2 33.4 33 23.7 22 22.8 sub. Cr. sup. Cr. sup. Cr.

27.6 21.9 24.7 22 19.9 20.9 sub. Cr. sub. Cr. sup. Cr.

21.2 28 24.6 23 16.6 19.8 sub. Cr. sup. Cr. sup. Cr.

26.6 23 24.8 17.5 14.5 16 sub. Cr. sup. Cr. sup. Cr.

38.3 31.4 34.85 27.8 25 26.4 sub. Cr. sup. Cr. sup. Cr.

39.1 31 35.05 25 21.6 23.3 sub. Cr. sup. Cr. sup. Cr.
Table 3. 2: Calculations
3.6 Graphs:

Q1 FLOW DIAGRAM
140

120

100

80
DEPTH (M)
60

40

20

0
3.2 3.4 5.4 5.8 7.0 7.4
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) M

Q2 FLOW DIAGRAM
100
90
80
70
60
DEPTH 50
(M)
40
30
20
10
0
3.2 3.4 5.4 5.8 7.0 7.4
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) M
 Q3 FLOW DIAGRAM
120.02

100.02

80.02

DEPTH 60.02
(M)

40.02

20.02

0.02
3.2 3.4 5.4 5.8 7.0 7.4
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) M

Q4 FLOW DIAGRAM
180
160
140
120
100
DEPTH (M)
80
60
40
20
0
3.2 3.4 5.4 5.6 7.0 7.4
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) M
 Q5 FLOW DIAGRAM
200
180
160
140
120
DEPTH100
(M)
80
60
40
20
0
3.2 3.4 5.4 5.6 7.0 7.4
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) M

Q6 FLOW DIAGRAM
200
180
160
140
120
100(M)
DEPTH
80
60
40
20
0
3.2 3.4 5.4 5.6 7.0 7.4
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (X) M

3.7 Comments:
Type of flow depends upon the value of yc and yavg. If yc < yavg then flow is sub critical
and vice versa.
 Job # 4
To Study the flow characteristics of hydraulic jump develop in lab flume.
4.1 Objective:
i. To study the physical formation of the hydraulic jump in laboratory flume.
ii. To study the physical dimension of the hydraulic jump in laboratory flume.
iii. To study the amount of energy loss in the laboratory flume due to the creation of the
hydraulic jump.
iv. To study the flow profiles of the hydraulic jump developed at different discharges.

4.2 Apparatus:
i. S-6 Glass sided tilting flume with manometric arrangement.
ii. Point gauge for measurement of depth of flow in channel.

4.3 Related Theory:

4.3.1 Depth of hydraulic jump:
Difference between the depth of flow before and after the hydraulic jump is call ed depth
of hydraulic jump.
D = d2 –d1
4.3.2 Expression of energy loss due to the hydraulic jump:
Expression of energy loss due to the hydraulic jump is as follows.

HL = E1 – E2 = (d2 –d1)2 / 4d2 d1

4.3.3 Length of hydraulic Jump:
Length of the hydraulic jump is 5 to 7 times of the hydraulic jump.
L = 5D
4.3.4 Conjugate Depth:
The depth just before the hydraulic jump (d1) & depth just after the hydraulic jump (d2)
are known as conjugate depths.
𝑑₂ 𝑑₂2 2𝑣₂2 𝑑₂
d₁ = (−1 + √( + )
2 4 𝑔
𝑑₁ 𝑑₁2 2𝑣₁2 𝑑₁
d₂ = (−1 + √( + )
2 4 𝑔
4.3.5 Location of hydraulic jump:
It depends upon the
i. Conjugate depth (d2)
ii. Normal depth on the downstream side of the hydraulic jump (yo).
4.3.6 Three- Cases:
Case-I: 𝑑2 < 𝑦2
Case-II: 𝑑2 = 𝑦2
Case-III: 𝑑2 > 𝑦2
Case-I:
It is submerged jump & should desipate sufficient amount of energy. It does not produce
scouring.
Case-II:
It is ideal case for power generation & less scouring.
Case-III:
It is very harmful & causes the scouring.
4.3.7 Practical Applications of Hydraulic Jump:

i. Usually hydraulic jump reverses the flow of water. This phenomenon can be used to
mix chemicals for water purification.
ii. Hydraulic jump usually maintains the high water level on the downstream side. This
high water level can be used for irrigation purposes.
iii. Hydraulic jump can be used to remove the air from water supply and sewage lines to
prevent the air locking.
iv. It prevents the scouring action on the downstream side of the dam structure.

4.3.8 Types of Hydraulic Jump:

Froud’s No. Types of Hydraulic Jump

1 No Jump

1-1.7 Undular Jump

1.7-2.5 Weak Jump

2.5-4.5 Oscillating Jump

4,5-9 Steady Jump (Energy dissipation 45-70%)

≥9 Strong Jump (𝑑2 > 𝑦2 ) Energy dissipation

85%
Table 4. 1
4.4 Procedure:
i. Adjust the slope of flume switch on the motor and allow the flow to stabilize in channel.
ii. Set the flume on specific discharge value.
iii. Apply the round corner hump/ sharp corner hump and stabilize the discharge.
iv. Depth of hydraulic jump is measured by taking the difference of depths before and after
the hydraulic jump.
v. Length of hydraulic jump is 5 to 7 times of the depth of hydraulic jump.
vi. For energy losses, take 3 values of depth at start of jump & take their average.
vii. Similarly, take 3 values of depth after the jump & take their average.
viii. Also note their horizontal distance from the fixed side of flume.
ix. Calculate the energy losses by using the formula:
(𝑑2 − 𝑑1 )3
𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 =
4𝑑1 𝑑2

4.5 Calculations:
Sr. No. Q (m3/s) q=Q/B Depth of flow before the H.J (mm) Depth of flow after the H.J (mm)
(m3/s/m) d1 d2 d3 davg d1 d2 d3 davg
1 0.00692 0.0231 18.7 18.8 20.9 19.5 86.5 111.7 128 108.7
2 0.008 0.0266 21.6 25 21.8 22.8 83.2 118.5 136.4 112.7
3 0.00894 0.0298 23.2 24.2 22.5 23.3 117.3 136.6 150 134.6
4 0.00979 0.03265 23.5 24.6 22.5 23.5 166 126.7 138.7 123.8
5 0.01326 0.0442 30.4 32 28.9 30.4 111.4 129.2 147.4 136.3
Table 4. 2: Calculations

Hz. Distance before the H.J (mm) Hz. Distance after the H.J (mm) Velocity (v=q/davg) m/s
x1 x2 x3 x1 x2 x3 Before Jump After jump
2000 2600 3400 4500 5400 6000 1.184 0.212
2400 2700 3160 4500 5400 6000 1.167 0.236
2000 2600 3380 5370 6000 6500 1.32 0.22
2200 3000 3500 4700 5500 6000 1.387 0.0263
2200 2800 3400 4500 5100 5800 1.4523 0.3394
Table 4. 3: Calculations

Fn1=(v1/√(𝒈𝒅𝟏)) Fn2=(v2//√(𝒈𝒅𝟐)) Type of Jump D (m) L (m) HL (m)

2.7 0.205 Oscillating Jump 0.0892 0.446 0.08371

2.43 0.218 Weak Jump 0.0899 0.4495 0.0707
2.8 0.19 Oscillating Jump 0.1113 0.5565 0.10991
2.8 0.239 Oscillating Jump 0.1003 0.50135 0.0865
2.5 0.3 Oscillating Jump 0.1059 0.5293 0.0614
Table 4. 4: Calculations
4.6 Graphs:

Graph between Depth of flow & Horizantal

Distance for Q1
140
120
100
depth (mm)

80
60
40
20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
x (mm)

Graph 4. 1: Graph between Depth of flow & Horizontal Distance for Q1

Graph between Depth of flow & Horizantal

Distance for Q2
160
140
120
depth (mm)

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
x (mm)

Graph 4. 2: Graph between Depth of flow & Horizontal Distance for Q2

 Graph between Depth of flow & Horizantal
Distance for Q3
160
140
120
depth (mm)

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
x (mm)

Graph 4. 3: Graph between Depth of flow & Horizontal Distance for Q3

Graph between Depth of flow & Horizantal

200
Distance for Q4

150
depth (mm)

100

50

0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
x (mm)
Graph 4. 4: Graph between Depth of flow & Horizontal Distance for Q4

Graph between Depth of flow & Horizantal

Distance for Q5
160
140
120
depth (mm)

100
80
60
40
20
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
x (mm)
Graph 4. 5: Graph between Depth of flow & Horizontal Distance for Q5
4.7 Comments:
Error in final value of depth is due to the fluid flow from the sides and below the hump
which causes the error in length & energy loss.