World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Vol:8, No:2, 2014

Reducction of
o Diffferenttial Coolumnn Shorrtening
g in Taall
Buildin
B ngs
Hansooo Kim, Seunnghak Shin

II. DIFFERENTIAL COLUMN SHORTENING

Abstract—Thhe differential ccolumn shortening in tall builddings can A. Post-Installlation Shortenning
bee reduced by immproving materiial and structural characteristiccs of the
strructural system
ms. This paper pproposes structuural methods too reduce Shortening in a tall bbuilding can be dividedd into
differential colummn shortening in reinforced concrete
c tall buuildings; pree-installation shortening annd post-installaation shorteniing [1].
coonnecting colum mns with rigidlly jointed horizzontal memberrs, using In cast-in-place RC structuress, the amount of shortening before
ouutriggers, and placing
p additionnal reinforcemeent at the colummns. The slaab installationn is not importtant because th he forms are usually
u
riggidly connectedd horizontal meembers includinng outriggers redduce the
differential shorttening between adjacent verticcal members. The T axial
levveled when thhe concrete iss placed for each e story slaab; this
stiiffness of colu umns with greater shorteninng can be efffectively meeans that pre-installation
p n shorteningg is automaatically
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997418

a the columns, thus the

inncreased by placcing additional rreinforcement at compensated foor as shown in Fig. 1. The T post-instaallation
differential colum
mn shortening can
c be reduced in i the design staage. The shoortening deveeloped in a tyypical tall RC C building noormally
opptimum distribuution of additioonal reinforcemment can be dettermined reaaches maximuum differentiaal column shortening arouund the
byy applying a graadient based optimization techhnique. miiddle stories. Damage
D due too differential column
c shorteening is
prooportional to the slope off the horizonttal members, so the
Keywords—Column
C shortenning, long-term
m behavior, optim
mization,
disstance betweeen the columnss must be conssidered when setting
talll building.
a llimit to differeential column shortening.
I. INTRODUCTION

D IFFERENTIAL columnn shortening should be closely

evaluated at the design sstage or constrruction phase of a tall
buuilding becausse this may daamage not onlly structural ellements
buut also nonstruuctural elemennts such as parrtitions, curtainn walls,
annd mechanicall pipes [1]. Thhe common method
m for preventing
seerviceability malfunction and structurral damage due to
diifferential colu
umn shorteninngs is raising a column durring the Fig. 1 Pre and
a post-installation shortening and automaticc
coonstruction ph hase. However, raising a column duriing the comppensation
coonstruction phhase requires accurate con nstruction techhniques
annd additional cost and laboor. Column shhortening is noormally B. Long-Term
m Analysis of R
Reinforced Co
oncrete Building
exxamined afterr the structural design agaainst major building
b onstant stresss σ (t 0 )
The total strrain at time t under a co
looads like graviity and wind iss completed. Therefore,
T in order
o to appplied at time t 0 is the sum
m of the instaantaneous straain, the
reeduce columnn shortening, making channges in the material m
tim
me-dependent strain due to ccreep, and the shrinkage andd strain
prroperties, sectiional area of the
t column, annd frame layouut is not
duue to the tempperature gradieent. Thus, the total strain iss given
apppropriate. In this paper, a few structuraal methods to reduce
byy the followingg equation [3]:
thhe differential column shorttening are prooposed. Usingg rigidly
coonnected horizzontal membeers like outrigg gers was propposed as
ε (t ) = ε e (t 0 ) + ε cr (t ) + ε sh (t ) + ε T (t ) (1)
onne of the methhods to reducee differential column
c shorteening in
thhe design phase [2]. Anothher approach is placing addditional
reeinforcements to the column mns which show greater shoortening Creep is usuually expresseed as a creepp coefficient φ (t , t 0 ) ,
too increase thee axial stiffness of the coluumns. The opptimum whhich is the ratiio of creep strrain to instantaaneous strain.. These
diistribution of additional reiinforcement can be determiined by vaalues can be obbtained by ussing either a concrete modeel or an
appplying a graddient based opttimization tecchnique. The effect
e of expperiment. Thhe total strainn of unrestraiined concrete under
eaach method was investiggated by anaalyzing the column constant stress is given by
shhortenings of an
a 80 story shear wall buildding with a reinnforced
σ (t 0 )
cooncrete frame.. ε (t ) = [1 + φ (t , t 0 )] + ε sh (t ) + ε T (t ) (2)
E c (t 0 )
Hansoo Kim is with the Archittectural Engineerring Department,, Konkuk
Unniversity, Seoul, Korea (phone: +82-2-2049-61110; fax: +82-2-4 450-4061; whhere Ec (t 0 ) is the elastic modulus
m of conncrete at the time
t of
e-m
mail: hskim@konnkuk.ac.kr).
Seunghak Shin is with the Archiitectural Engineeering Department, Konkuk loaading.
Unniversity, Seoul, Korea
K (e-mail: wertt132@hanmai
w l.net).

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 145 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol:8, No:2, 2014

The strain du
ue to the temperature gradieent is excluded d in this daays is less than
n that of the eexample witho out outriggerss. Note
stu
udy because it does not hav ve any significcant effect on column thaat the differen
ntial shorteninng at the 30th
h story and thhe 60th
sh
hortening. If the concrete is restrained d, the stress in the sto
ory, where th he outriggers are constructed, is signifficantly
co
oncrete is rediistributed. Thee total strain of
o restrained concrete
c redduced. The ex xample with ooutriggers con nstructed at 40
00 days
is given by an
nd 420 days, att which time thhere has alreaddy been considderable
shoortening, showws a slightly rreduced differential shorten
ning.
σ (t 0 )
[1 + φ (t , t 0 )] + ∫t 1 + φ (t , t 0 ) ∂σ (τ ) dτ +ε sh (t )
t
ε (t ) = (3)
E c (t 0 ) 0 E c (τ ) ∂τ

The integral term in (3) ex

xpresses the sttrain due to th
he stress
vaariation and cannot be ex xpressed as ana analytic equation
beecause the sttress variation is unknow wn. Several analysis
a
m
methods havee been deveeloped to solve s the equation
nuumerically. A step-by-steep method th hat uses numerical
in
ntegration (SSSM), an effecttive modulus method (EM MM), an
ag
ge-adjusted modulus
m methood (AEMM), and a rate of o creep Figg. 2 Analysis model
m of an 80 sttory structure, with
w only the firrst story
m
method (RCM)) are well-knnown long-terrm analysis methods
m sshown
[3
3], [4]. SSM was
w used in thiis study.
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997418

III. EFFECT OF HORIZONTAL MEMBERS

A numericall example off an 80 story reinforced concrete c
fraame with shear walls and mega m columns was chosen for the
puurpose of in nvestigating how h horizonttal members affect
coolumn shorten ning. The lengtth of the beam ms, as shown in n Fig. 2,
is 8 m; for the sake
s of clarity, only the firstt story of the 80
8 story
annalysis model is shown. A CEB model [5] is applied d to the
cooncrete modell, where the relative
r humiidity is 60% and a the
ceement type is normal. It is assumed thatt the reinforcing bars
arre placed sym mmetrically att the top and bottom and that t the
diistance from th he center of thhe bars to the edges of the sections
s
is 50mm. It is assumed
a that tthe columns an nd the shear walls
w do
noot crack and thhe beams are th he only memb bers that can crrack, so
th
he effective seecond momennt is used forr the stiffnesss of the
beeams and the second mom ment of the traansformed unccracked
seection is used for the colum mns and the sheear walls.
Column shortening analy yses of examp ples with horrizontal
m
members with
h different levels of bending stiffneess are Fiig. 3 Differentiaal column shorttenings when ch
hanging the horrizontal
coonducted to investigate how h horizon
ntal members affect meembers
coolumn shortening. The bending stiffn ness is altereed with
vaarious beam widths
w of 2.0mm, 1.0m, 0.2m, and zero. Ex xamples IV. EFFECT
F OF ADDIITIONAL REINFORCEMENT
w
with reinforced concrete outriggers
o are also analy yzed to
The effect off additional rreinforcementt on the diffeerential
deetermine how w the outriggeers affect the column shorrtening.
column shorten nings of the same building g structure sho own in
One outrigger is i constructedd at the 30th story
s and the other
o at
Figg. 2 was investigated. Additional steel bars which
he 60th story. The only diffference between the two ex
th xamples
corresponds 1% %, 2%, 3% andd 4% of steel ratio were ad dded to
w outriggers is the time off construction. The outriggerrs in the
with
thee columns off the analysis model with zero z beam stiiffness.
firrst example arre constructed d at 145 days and
a 295 days,, during
Figg. 4 shows th he differentiall column shorrtening betweeen the
th
he placement of o the 30th storry and the 60th h story. In the second
shoortenings of columns and thhose of shear walls
w for the cases of
exxample, the outriggers
o are constructed ata 400 days and a 420
ad
dditional reinfforcements. Itt can be notticed that thee more
daays, some day ys after all the frames are co onstructed. Th he beam
ad
dditional reinfoforcements weere placed, th he more reducced the
w
width of the exaample with ouutriggers is 0.2 2m.
diffferential colu
umn shorteningg were. The maximum
m diffeerential
Fig. 3, whichh shows the diffferential shorrtenings at 1,00 00 days
column shorten ning were redduced 15.9%, 29.5%, 41.2% and
affter the beginn ning of consttruction betweeen the colum mns and
51.7% from that of thhe model without add ditional
th
he shear walls, confirms tthat the stiff horizontal members m
reiinforcements byb increasing steel ratio of 1%,
1 2%, 3% an nd 4%,
reeduce the diifferential sh hortening bettween two vertical
resspectively.
m
members adjoiined by horizzontal membeers. The diffferential
shhortening of thhe examples w with outriggerss at 145 days anda 295

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 146 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol:8, No:2, 2014

o i-th story orr region. xil an

reiinforcement of nd xiu are low wer and
uppper limit of x i . b is target sshortening of target story.
Prior to dev veloping an optimization n program for fo the
opptimum distribbution of addittional reinforccement, two-v variable
design problem for two analyysis models waas investigated d. Two
design variabless x1 , x 2 are thee amount of reinforcement placed
onn the lower and
a upper hallf, respectivelly. Constant-ssection
mo odel means crross section of o each story column is thee same
annd Constant-sttress model hhas different cross
c section which
waas adjusted as constant axiall stress develoops. Fig. 6 shoows the
contour plot of o two-variable column shortening
s prroblem.
Hoorizontal axis shows the am mount of reinfforcement plaaced on
lowwer half and vertical axiss means that on upper hallf. The
opptimum points of the constaant-section mo odel lie on thee lower
paart of the diag
gonal which m means equal reeinforcement on the
lowwer half and the
t upper halff. On the otheer hand, mostt of the
opptimum pointss of the constaant-stress model lie on thee lower
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997418

lim
mit of x1 whichh is the amouunt of reinforcement placed on the
F 4 Differenttial column sho
Fig. ortenings when placing
p the add
ditional
reinfforcements lowwer half.

V. OPTIMU
UM DISTRIBUTIION
It was shown n that the diffferential colummn shortening g can be
coontrolled by placing additioonal reinforcem ments to the columns
c
w
which were ex xpected to show greater column shorrtening.
H
However, the additional reeinforcement for each sto ory was
deetermined by y one design variable. Siince each sto ory has
diifferent colummn size, loadiing condition,, and built tim me, the
efffect of the saame amount of additional reeinforcement to each
story would be differentt. Furthermo ore, the efffect of
reeinforcement is i not linear ass shown in Fig g. 5 which sho ows the
raatio between th he reduced strrain according g to the steel raatio and
th
he strain witho out reinforcem ment. It can be
b observed that t the
slowdown in reduction
r effeect becomes outstanding as a steel
raatio increases. When placin ng reinforcement correspon nding to
ann 8% steel raatio, which iss the maximu um steel ratio o for a
reeinforced conccrete column, the n was reduced to 31%
t total strain Fiig. 5 Axial straiin ratio accordinng to reinforced
d steel ratio of column
c
off the strain witthout reinforccement. The sllope of the currve was
m
more inclined when
w the steel ratio was low
w; this means that
t it is VI. CO
ONCLUSION
m
more efficient to place ad dditional reinfforcement wh hen the
This paper prroposed a few w structural meethods to redu uce the
cuurrent steel rattio is low.
diffferential column shortenning in reinfo forced concreete tall
The optimum m distribution of additional reinforcement
r t can be
buuildings; connnecting colum mns and shearr walls with rigidly
deetermined by solving
s a consstrained optimmization [6] wh hich can
joiinted horizonttal members llike high stifff beam or outrriggers
bee formulated asa (4).
an
nd placing ad dditional reinfforcements att the column ns. The
Min f (x) column shorteniings of an 800 story shear wallw building with a
reiinforced conccrete frame were investig gated as num merical
subject to : (4) examples. The results
r show that horizontaal members, suchs as
g ( x) − b ≤ 0 beams and ou utriggers, redduce the diffferential shorrtening
xil ≤ xi ≤ xiu , i = 1,2,..., n between adjacen nt vertical members, and th hat the stiffest beams
achhieve the greeatest reductioon in the diffferential shorrtening.
where f (x) is an
w a objective fu unction which
h yields total volume Allso, the differrential columnn shortening can be reducced by
off additional reeinforcements. g (x) is a con nstraint functiion and plaacing additionnal reinforcem ment at the columns
c with larger
shoortening thann at adjacent vertical mem mbers. The op ptimum
it gives the posst-installation column shorttening of targeet story disstribution of additional
a reinnforcement caan be determin ned by
fo
or the currentt design statee x , which iss a vector off design sollving the consstrained optimmization probllem and the reelevant
vaariables { x1 , x 2 ...x n } . x i is the vollume of add ditional stu
udy is being co onducted.

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 147 ISNI:0000000091950263
 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Vol:8, No:2, 2014
Open Science Index, Civil and Environmental Engineering Vol:8, No:2, 2014 waset.org/Publication/9997418

(a) Constant-section model

(a) Constant-stress Model

Fig. 6 Post-installation shortening contour of two-variable
optimization problem

REFERENCES
[1] M. Fintel, S. K. Ghosh, and H. Iyengar, Column shortening in tall
structure-prediction and compensation, Portand Cement Association,
Skokie, IL, 1987.
[2] H. S. Kim, “Effect of horizontal members on column shortening of
reinforced concrete building structures,” Struct. Design Tall Spec. Build.,
vol. 22, pp.440-453, 2013
[3] R. I. Gilbert, Time effects in concrete structures, Elsevier, Amsterdam,
1988.
[4] Z. P. Bazant and F. H. Wittmann, Creep and shrinkage in concrete
structures, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
[5] CEB (Comite Euro-International Du Beton), CEB-FIP model code 1990,
Thomas Telford Services Ltd, London, 1993.
[6] A. R. Parkinson, R. Balling, and J. D. Hedengren, Optimization Methods
for Engineering Design, Brigham Young University, 2013.

International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 8(2) 2014 148 ISNI:0000000091950263