Romario Abdullah Practicum Report

Gorontalo State University Chemistry Department

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Chemistry Education Study Program

Synthesis of Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide

By

ROMARIO ABDULLAH
Student ID Number : 441-416-026

Class/Academic Year : B/2018-2019

Submitted in fulfillment of the

Practicum in Inorganic Chemistry

_________________________________

Lecturer Signature

Chemistry Laboratory
2018

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A. Title
Synthesis of Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide
B. Objectives
Students can study synthesis of urea hidrogen-peroxide (UHP) crystals, qualitative
analysis and quantitative analysis of the amount of H2O2 in UHP synthesized using
permanganometric titration method.
C. Literature Review
Crystals is the arrangement of atoms organized in three-dimensional space. The regularity
of the arrangement occurs because it must fulfill the geometrical conditions, the provisions of
the bonding of atoms, and the arrangement of the meeting, although it is not easy to express
how the atoms are arranged in a solid, but there are things that could be an important factor
that determines the formation of polyhedra coordination arrangement of atoms. Ideally, the
most stable arrangement is polihidra coordination that allows the energy per unit volume at a
minimum [1].
The process of forming a crystalline structure known as crystallization. Although the cooling
process often produces a crystalline material, under certain circumstances the liquid can
freeze in non-crystalline form. Many of these cases occur due to cooling too quickly so that the
atoms can not reach its lattice site. A non-crystalline material commonly called amorphous or
glassy material, although such material is sometimes also referred to as an amorphous solid,
although there are distinct differences between solids and glasses. The formation process
does not release heat melting glass types, for this reason many scientists consider glassy
materials as liquids, not solids [2].
Hydrogen peroxide is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen. With H2O2 chemical formula.
In high concentrations, it can become unstable and even toxic. In lower concentrations, such
as the type that is found in the House, is widely used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. In homes,
clinics and schools, have been often used to clean wounds, lacerations, and other minor
injuries. The formula for this purpose generally only contain about 5% hydrogen peroxide or
less [3]
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an oxidizing agent used as a whitener. This is a simple
peroxide (compounds with oxygen-oxygen single bond). Hydrogen peroxide is a clear liquid,
slightly more viscous than water, that appears colorless in dilute solution. It is used as a
disinfectant, antiseptic, oxidizer, and in rocketry as a propellant. The capacity of the oxidation
of hydrogen peroxide is so powerful that is regarded as a highly reactive oxygen species.
Hydrogen peroxide is naturally produced in organisms as a byproduct of oxidative metabolism
[4]
Urea is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen with
the formula CON2H4 or (NH2) 2CO. Urea is also known by the name of carbamide which used
primarily in Europe. Another name often used is carbamide resin, isourea, carbonyl diamide,
and carbonyldiamine. This compound is an organic compound made the first successful
synthesis of inorganic compounds, eventually undermining the concept of vitalisme [5]
Urea is the most important nitrogenous source consumed by the agriculture sector
bothasa fertilizer and animal feed additive, which makes its production considerably higher
than others. It has the highest nitrogen content (46%) within all the other solid sources of
nitrogen available in the market. It is known that urea derivatives have been used as efficient
Lewisacidic catalysts for organic transformations due to effective H-bonds that are formed with
the amide hydrogens. Due to the acidic hydrogens in urea compounds that contain electron-

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withdrawing substituents, stable cocrystals with a variety of proton acceptors, including

carbonyl compounds, are readily formed [6,7].
Urea derivatives are obtained in mild to good yield from the reactions of primary aliphatic
amines with CO2 in the absence of any catalysts, organic solvents or other additives. To
optimize reaction conditions, experimental variables including temperature, pressure, the
concentration of amine, reaction time etc. were studied. Satisfactory yields were obtained at
the optimized conditions that are comparable to the presence of catalyst and solvent. The
preliminary investigation of the reaction mechanism showed that alkyl ammonium alkyl
carbamate was quickly formed as the intermediate, and then the final product was formed by
the intramolecular dehydration [8].
Synthetic urea (urea artificial) made from ammonia and carbon dioxide in the form of liquid
or solid. In 1870, the making of synthetic compounds is by way of drying ammonium carbamate
with temperature and pressure is very high. Even until recently, the urea manufacturing
process in a way that is still in use today. Urea many benefits for mankind, for example, the
farmer in villages using urea as a fertilizer to fertilize the fields or plantation [9]
Hydrogen peroxide is widely used as a bleaching agent in the pulp, paper and textiles. In
addition, other industries that use hydrogen peroxide in between electronics (PCB
manufacture), waste water treatment, chemical, medical, detergent, food and beverages, and
much more. One of the advantages of hydrogen peroxide compared to the other oxidizing is
an environmentally friendly nature. He does not leave residue, only water and oxygen [10]
The molecular formula of hydrogen peroxide, a substance used as an antiseptic and
as a bleaching agent for textiles and hair, is H2O2. This formula indicates that each hydrogen
peroxide molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and two oxygen atoms. The ratio of
hydrogen to oxygen atoms in this molecule is 2:2 or 1:1. The empirical formula of hydrogen
peroxide is HO. As another example, consider the compound hydrazine (N2H4), which is used
as a rocket fuel. The empirical formula of hydrazine is NH2. Although the ratio of nitrogen to
hydrogen is 1:2 in both the molecular formula (N2H4) and the empirical formula (NH2), only the
molecular formula tells us the actual number of N atoms (two) and H atoms (four) present in a
hydrazine molecule. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic metabolic product in higher animals, and the
enzyme catalase is present in their blood and other tissues to destroy H2O2. On the other hand,
the bombardier beetle stores a supply of hydrogen peroxide for use as a defense
mechanism.When threatened by a predator, the beetle injects catalase into its hydrogen
peroxide store [11,12,13].
Blood levels of urea rise with progressive decline in kidney function. Older studies
examining acute urea infusion suggested that urea was well-tolerated at levels 8–10× above
normal values. More recent in vitro and in vivo work argue the opposite and demonstrate both
direct and indirect toxicities of urea, which probably promote the premature aging phenotype
that is pervasive in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Elevated urea at concentrations typically
encountered in uremic patients induces disintegration of the gut epithelial barrier, leading to
translocation of bacterial toxins into the bloodstream and systemic inflammation. Urea induces
apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells as well as endothelial dysfunction, thus directly
promoting cardiovascular disease [14].
Hydrogen peroxide emerged as major redox metabolite operative in redox sensing,
signaling and redox regulation. Generation, transport and capture of H2O2 in biological settings
as well as their biological consequences can now be addressed. The present overview focuses
on recent progress on metabolic sources and sinks of H2O2 and on the role of H2O2 in redox
signaling under physiological conditions (1–10 nM), denoted as oxidative eustress [15].

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D. Methods
The method used in this experiment is a cristallize method, qualitative method, an
quantitative method, with titration permanganometric which observes the occurrence of the
reaction by producing a reaction product from the formation of precipitate crystal [2].
1. Experimental Tools and Materials
1.1 Experimental Tools
Nu. Tools Name Tools Picture Tools Function Tools Category

1. 100 mL beaker As a container to hold I

the solution

2. 25 mL burette As a place of titran at the I

process of titration

3. Measure out 100 As a means to dilute the I

mL flask solution

4. Dropper drops As a tool to take the I

solution in the least
amount of

5. Erlenmeyer As a tool to I
accommodate filtrate
results

6. flask measuring a As a tool for measuring I

cup the volume of the
solution

7. A watch glass As the site of the material I

that will be weighed

8. Analytical As a means to weigh an II

balance ingredient

9. Spatula As a tool for taking I

materials

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10. Water bath As a means to heat the II

solution

12. Test tubes As a tool for reacting I

solution

13. Racks of test As a place to test tubes I

tubes

14. static and As a tool to support the I

clamps solution

15. Stir bar As a tool for stirring the I

solution

16. Funnel As a tool to move the I

solution from one place
to another place.

1.2 Experimental Materials

Nu. Materials Name Physical Properties Chemical Properties Category
1. Aquadest (H2O)  Odorless  Universal solvent
 Tasteless  pH neutral
 Colored  Oxygen and hydrogen
General
 Boiling point 100oC are covalently bound
 Melting point 0oC  A polar solvent
 Not toxic

2. Hydrogen  Colorless  Dissolves well in water Specific

peroxide (H2O2)  Smell typical acidity  H2O2 stable under
 Liquid normal conditions
 Boiling point 150 oC  Soluble in eter and
 Melting point -0,43 oC alcohol
 Stable
 Toxic
3. Manganese  Solids  Dissolve in cold water Specific
dioxide (MnO2)  Odorless and hot water
 Colored brownish-  Toxic
black  Stable compound
 Density 5,03 G/Ml
 Melting point 535 OC
 Melting point

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4. Urea (CON2H4)  Melting point 132 oC  Easily soluble in water Specific

 Molecular weight:  Can't burn
60.056 g/mole  Non toxic
 Solids  Stable
 Colored white
 Density 1,32 g/ml
5. Potassium  Solid  Toxic Specific
Permanganate  Colored violet  Soluble in water,
(KMNO4)  Odorless alcohol, aceton and
 Melting point 240 oC sulfuric acid
6. Sulfuric Acid  Molar mass 98,08  Easy to dissolve in Specific
(H2SO4) g/mol cold water.
 Hygroscopic, oily  Soluble in ethyl
liquid, colorless, alcohol
odorless  Highly corrosive
 Melting point 10 ºC
 Boiling point 337ºC

2. Experimental Work Scheme

2.1 Synthetis Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide (UHP)
Start

1. 30% H2O2 solution measuring as much as 3,4 mL and enter into an

erlenmeyer flask 10 mL
2. Solid urea weighing as much as 1,2 grams and insert into in erlenmeyer
flask that contains 30% H2O2 solution is then stirred until the solid urea
dissolves completely.
3. Fill a 250 mL beaker with tap water as much as 150 – 200 mL and heats
up the temperature of the water bath using 60 oC
4. Dip the erlenmeyer flask that contains 30% H2O2 solution and solid urea
into the beaker is heated above the water bath until the solution becomes
clear
5. Weigh the empty glass watches
6. Enter into a watch glass and then evaporated until the bath crystals formed
above

Crystals UHP Formed

= 0,9522

Finish

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2.2 Qualitative Analysis

Start

1. Considering the results of synthetic crystals as much as 0,1 grams and

insert into test tubes
2. Dissolve the crystal results synthesis with aquades 2-3 mL
3. Add a bit of solid MnO2 into test tubes
4. Observe O2 gas bubbles formed

Oxygen gas is formed and

the solution turns black

Finish

2.3 Quantitative Analysis

2.3.1 Titration Sample UHP

Start

1. Set up one set of titration (burette, clamps, statif) and pairing with good
2. Fill the burette with standard solutions of KMnO4 0,02 M
3. Weigh the solid synthetic results as much as 0,62 UHP grams and enter into a 100 mL
beaker
4. Dissolve solids synthetic results with UHP 50 mL aquades and add 5 mL of H2SO4.
5. The solution is to use Thin-pumpkin measure out 100 mL
6. Take 10 mL of the solution which is already diluted and enter into a 50 mL erlenmeyer
7. Titration with a standard solution of KMnO4 0,02 M until the color of the solution
becomes pink
8. Do duplicate

The solution turns pink

and V1 NaOH = 24 ml,
V2 NaOH = 24 ml

Finish

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2.3.2 Titration Blanko Solution

Start

1. Set up one set of titration (burette, clamps, statif) and pairing with good
2. Fill the burette with standard solutions of KMnO4 0,02 M
3. Weigh the solid synthetic results as much as 0,2 UHP grams and enter into a 100 mL
beaker
4. Dissolve solids synthetic results with UHP 3,3 mL aquades and add 1,6 mL of H2SO4.
5. The solution is to use Thin-pumpkin measure out 33 mL
6. Take 10 mL of the solution which is already diluted and enter into a 50 mL erlenmeyer
7. Titration with a standard solution of KMnO4 0,02 M until the color of the solution
becomes pink
8. Do duplicate

The solution turns pink

and V1 NaOH = 0,4 ml,
V2 NaOH = 0,4 ml

Finish

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E. Result and Discussion

1. Result
Nu. Treatment Observation

A. Synthesis of Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide

1. Weigh 3.4 ml H2O2 and insert it into H2O2 and urea mixed with a little turbid
erlenmeyer by adding 1.2 g of urea

2. Heating the distilled water in a glass Solution of urea and H2O2 slowly
chemical and dip flask containing a solution becomes clear
of H2O2 and urea until the solution becomes
clear

3. Move to the watch glass and vaporize to Needle crystals form edon the watch
form crystals glass

4. Weight the crystals Mass crystals = 0,9522 grams

B. Qualitative Analysis

1. Weigh the synthesized crystal 0.1 grams Crystal dissolves in distilled water and
and insert it in a test tube by adding 3 ml bubbles form
aquades

2. Adds a little solid MnO2 and observes Blackish solution and O2 gas bubbles
are formed

C. Quantitative Analysis

1. Preparing tools for titration and inserting Tool is ready for use and KMnO4 is in
standard KMnO4 solution in burette purple burette

2. Weighing 0.62 grams of synthesized Soluble synthesized crystals with

crystals and inserting into a beaker, adding distilled water and H2SO4 2 M
with 50 ml of distilled water and 5 ml H2SO4
2M

3. Take 10 ml of each by inserting it into the V1 = 24 ml (pink)

erlenmeyer then titrating and doing V2 = 24 ml (pink)
duplicate

4. titrate blank solution each 10 ml and do V1 = 0.4 ml (pink)

duplicate V2 = 0.4 ml (pink)

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 Calculation
Known :
mass urea = 1,2 gram
% H2O2 = 30 %
Mass molecular urea = 60 g/mol
Mass molecular H2O2 = 34 g/mol
Mass molecular UHP = 94 g/mol
Volum H2O2 = 3,4 ml = 0,0034 L
Asked : Mass UHP and % rendemen ?
Settlement :
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 1,2 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
- mole urea = = = 0,02 grams
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 60 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
- mole H2O2 = M x V
𝜌
M = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 × % H2O2
1,45 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
M= 34 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
× 30%
M = 12,79 M
mole H2O2 = 12,79 M × 0,0034 L
= 0,04348 mole
CON2H4 + H2O2 CH6N2O3
Before = 0,2 0,04348 -
Reaction = 0,2 0,02 0,02

leftovers = 0 0,2332 0,02

- mole UHP = 0,02 mole
Mass UHP = mole × mass molecular = 0,02 mole × 94 g/mole = 1,88 grams
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑐𝑟𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑠 0,9522
So, % rendemen = × 100% = × 100% = 50,56 %
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 1,88
- Quantitative Analysis
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2
Mole KMnO4 = M × V
= 0,02 M × 0,024 L
= 0,00048 mole
And then :
5
V = 10 ml mole H2O2 = x mole KMnO4
2
5
= 2
× 0,00048 mole
= 0,0012 mole
V = 100 ml mole H2O2 = 10 × mole H2O2
= 10 × 0,0012
= 0,012 mole
- Mass H2O2 = mole H2O2 × mass molecular H2O2
= 0,012 mole × 34 g/mole
= 0,408 grams
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐻2𝑂2
- Grade H2O2 in UHP = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑈𝐻𝑃
× 100%
0,408 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
= 0,62 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 × 100%
= 65,8 %

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2. Discussion
Urea-Hidrogen Peroxide is a compound that is odorless and non-toxic. Urea-Hydrogen
peroxide solution is very unstable and quickly breaks down into a part-time contact with saliva.
Urea-hydrogen peroxide has an active hydrogen equivalent to 3.5% hydrogen peroxide. Urea
itself is easy to move freely.
Urea-hydrogen peroxide is a solid composition of urea and hydrogen peroxide. This
compound is a white solid crystal that dissolves in water. Often called karbamit peroxide in the
field of dentistry, which is used as a whitener of hydrogen peroxide, disinfection etc. Urea-
hydrogen peroxide is substances that are soluble in water, odorless, intangible needle crystals.
As for the structure of the urea hydrogen peroxide is:

Picture 1. Structure Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide Compounds

Urea is an organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen with
formula CON2H4 or (NH2)2CO. Hydrogen peroxide is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen.
With the chemical formula H2O2. In high concentrations, it can become unstable and even
toxic. In lower concentrations, such as the kind that is found in the home, is widely used as a
disinfectant and antiseptic.
In this experiment, namely the synthesis of urea-hydrogen peroxide (UHP), by reacting
urea and hydrogen peroxide, as for the stage to synthesize UHP by crystal formation UHP and
proved the crystals formed are UHP, to see the presence of hydrogen peroxide using
qualitative test and test quantitative.
1. Synthesis of Urea-hydrogen peroxide
The synthesis of urea hydrogen peroxide is carried out using 3.4 ml of hydrogen peroxide
which is reacted with 1.2 grams of urea solids, then the mixture inside the Erlenmeyer is heated
in a water bath, until the solution turns clear, the purpose of heating is to increase the
temperature in the solution, so as to accelerate the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and
the solids of urea, thus forming a homogeneous solution. Then the solution is transferred into
the watch glass while being heated with a low temperature, it aims to accelerate the solvent
evaporation process to accelerate the formation of UHP crystals, so UHP crystals are formed,
which are in the form of needle crystals. The UHP crystals produced are 0.9522 grams, while
the UHP formation reaction is:
CON2H4(s) +H2O2(aq) → CH6N2O3(aq)

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Picture: 2. UHP solution, 3. Heating Process, 4. Crystallization Process, and 4. Crystals UHP
2. Qualitative Analysis
Qualitative testing is a test that aims to test the existence of an element in a sample or the
presence or absence of compounds in a sample. In the qualitative test, the synthesized crystals
were completely dissolved in 25 ml of water. This is because urea compounds and H2O2
compounds dissolve well in water and hydrogen bonds will occur. When the addition of MnO2
(blackish color) is seen a gas bubble formed in the test tube, this can be seen the presence of
gas/water on the test tube wall and the presence of gas bubbles contained in the solution. The
purpose of adding MnO2 is to catalyze the decomposition of H2O and O2. So that O2 gas is
formed in the test tube. The solution turns black and there is an O2 gas bubble. The reactions
that occur are:
MnO2(s) + H2O2(l) → MnO3-(s) +H2O(l)
MnO3-(s) +H2O2(l) → MnO2(s) + O2(g) + H2O(l)

Picture: 5. Crystals UHP 0,1 grams and 6. Result Qualitative Analysis

3. Quantitative Analysis
The quantitative test is a test conducted to determine the level of a substance or compound
in the sample. Quantitative tests were carried out by permanganometric titration method,
namely the technique of measuring the concentration of substances based on a reduction-
oxidation reaction with KMnO4. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizer in a solution that
is acidic, basic, and neutral. Using the results of the synthesis of UHP as much as 0.62 grams
and dissolving it in 50 ml of water and 5 ml H2SO4. The purpose of adding H2SO4 is as the
creator of acid, because H2SO4 is the best creator of acid, then the solution is diluted to 100
ml and as much as 10 ml the dilution results are titrated with 0.02 M KMnO4 solution so as to
get 24 ml volume of H2SO4 and discoloration from colorless to pink, this is due to the
achievement of the equivalence point of the titration process, so that the mass of the H 2O2
yield in the synthesis UHP is 65.8%. For the KMnO4 volume blank solution used as much as
0.4 ml, where the blank solution is the solution used to aim as a comparison solution, where
the blank solution comes from a mixture of UHP crystals as much as 0.2 grams and dissolved

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in 3.3 ml distilled water, and 1.6 ml H2SO4. The reactions that occur in quantitative analysis
are:
KMnO4(aq) + H2O2(aq) → MnO2(aq) + H2O(l) + O2(aq) + KOH(aq)

Picture: 7. Before Titration, 8. Result Titration Sample UHP, and 9. Result Blanko Solution

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F. Conclusions
From the results of the lab it can be concluded that Urea-hydrogen peroxide is a solid
composition of urea and hydrogen peroxide. This compound is a white solid crystal that
dissolves in water. Often called karbamit peroxide in the field of dentistry, which is used as a
whitener of hydrogen peroxide, disinfection etc. Urea-hydrogen peroxide is substances that
are soluble in water, odorless, intangible needle crystals. Urea-hydrogen peroxide crystals,
derived from H2O2 and urea solids are reacted, to determine H2O2 in UHP, qualitative tests and
quantitative tests are carried out. Qualitative tests are carried out by observing O 2 gas formed
when UHP solution is added MnO2, and the quantitative test can be done by titrating the UHP
solution with KMnO4 with the permanganometric titration method, so that the percent yield of
UHP crystals is 65,8%.

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G. Appendix

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H. Bibliography

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[2] Sudaryanto, & Ning, Utami. (2014). Sifat-Sifat Material. Jakarta: Erlangga.

[3] Arini, P. D., Muhammad, F., Baskoro, K., & Fahris, N. (2018). Pengaruh Pemberian
Hidrogen Peroksida (H2O2) Dalam Pengendalian Ektoparasit, Dan Kelangsungan Hidup
Benih Ikan Nila Salin (Oreochromis niloticus) Di Balai Besar Perikanan Budidaya Air
Payau Jepara. Bioma: Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 20(1), 59-65.

[4] Fuadi, A. M., & Sulistya, H. (2008). Pemutihan pulp dengan hidrogen
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[5] Nasani, N., Dias, P. A., Saraiva, J. A., & Fagg, D. P. (2013). Synthesis and conductivity of
Ba (Ce, Zr, Y) O3− δ electrolytes for PCFCs by new nitrate-free combustion
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[6] Azizi, M., Maleki, A., & Hakimpoor, F. (2017). Solvent, metal and halogen-free synthesis of
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2017.06.014

[7] Fan, Z., Kwon, Y. H., Yang, X., Xu, W., & Wu, Z. (2017). In-situ Production of Hydrogen
Peroxide as Oxidant for Direct Urea Fuel Cell. Energy Procedia, 105, 1858–1863.
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[8] Wu, C., Cheng, H., Liu, R., Wang, Q., Hao, Y., Yu, Y., & Zhao, F. (2010). Synthesis of urea
derivatives from amines and CO 2 in the absence of catalyst and solvent. Green
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[9] Mumpton, A. (2012). Natural Sintesis .Jounal Inorganic Synthesis, Miineralogy Society of
America,Washington, 4(2), 1-4

[10] Munyanti Usman. 2011. Pemutihan gigiteknik home bleaching dengan menggunakan
karbamid peroksida. Jurnal Tehknik Kimia. Vol. 2. No. 5:3.

[11]. Heli, H., Pishahang, J., & Amiri, H. B. (2016). Synthesis of hexagonal CoAl-layered double
hydroxide nanoshales/carbon nanotubes composite for the non-enzymatic detection of
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.01.042

[12] Bretherick, L.. (2015). Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards. Boston: Butterworth-
Heinemann

[13] Lee, S., Jeong, H., & Chung, Y. M. (2018). Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide over
Pd/C catalyst prepared by selective adsorption deposition method. Journal of Catalysis,
365, 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2018.06.024

[14] Petrucci, R., H, dan Suminar. (2014). Kimia Dasar Prinsip dan Terapi Modern. Jakarta :
Erlangga

[15]. Handoyo, Kristian. (2014). Dasar-Dasar Kimia Anorganik Nonlogam. Yogyakarta: UNY

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