PHYSICS PROJECT

WORK

TOPIC:-
REFRACTIVE INDICES OF
VARIOUS LIQUIDS

NAME: - ANKIT SINGH

CLASS: - XII SEC: - SCI
ROLL NO:-
ACKNOWLEDGEME
NT
It is a immense pleasure for me in presenting
my project work on “to find out the refracting
indices of different liquids using a hollow
prism” under the able guidance of our
respected physics teacher Mrs. Meena kumari
of “Khalsa Model Senior Secondary School” for
providing me this idea and opportunity to carry
out this project during my study in class XII.
I thank her for her inexhaustible and
enthusiastic contribution to an insuppressible
extent.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “to
find out the refractive indices of different
liquids using a hollow prism” submitted to the
physics department of “Khalsa Model Senior
Secondary School” for fulfilling of A.I.S.S.C.E
physics practical examination 2019-20 is the
record of original work done by ANKIT SINGH
during his studies in the department of physics
under the supervision and guidance of
respective teacher.

SIGNATURE
(MEENA KUMARI)

INDEX
● AIM
● APPARATUS REQUIRED
● THEORY
● PROCEDURE
● OBSERVATIONS
● CONCLUSIONS
● PRECAUTIONS
 ● BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIM
To find out the refractive indices of different liquids
using a hollow prism.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
● Hollow glass prism
● Various liquids like water, carbon disulphide,
benzaldehyde
● Bell pins
● Drawing pins

THEORY
A prism is a transparent optical element with flat,
polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be
made from any material that is transparent
including glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be
used to break light up into its constituent spectral
colours. Prisms can also reflect light or to split light
into components with different polarizations.
The refractive index of the liquid is given by the
formula
U= sin I/sin r= sin (a+d)/sin (a/2)
Where,
U= refractive index of the liquid
a= angle of minimum deviation
d= angle of prism
i= angle of incidence
r= angle of refraction
PROCEDURE
● Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board
with the help of drawing pins
● Keep the prism and mark the outline of it’s as
ABC.
● Drop a normal PQ on the side AB
● Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with
the normal PQ and place two pins so that they
appear to be in straight line.
● Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid
on the marked outline ABC.
● Now take the pins and place them on the side AC
so that all 4 pins appear to be in straight line.
● Remove the prism and draw the line joining the
points so obtained.
● Mark the diagram as shown
● Repeat this with different liquids and different
angle of incidence.

OBSERVATIONS:-
FOR BENZALDEHYDE
S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
PRISM INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 45
U=sin {(60+40)/2)/sin (30)} = 1.504
FOR WATER
S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
PRISM INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 30 20
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28

FOR DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID

S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
PRISM INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30
U= sin {(60+25)/2)/sin 30} = 1.351
FOR ETHYL ALCOHOL
S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
PRISM INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 35 26
2 60 40 25
3 60 45 25
4 60 50 26
5 60 55 27
U= sin {(60+25)/2)/sin (30)} = 1.36

FOR HYDROCHLORIC ACID

S.NO ANGLE OF ANGLE OF ANGLE OF
PRISM INCIDENCE DEVIATION
1 60 35 24
2 60 40 30
3 60 45 25
4 60 50 26
5 60 55 28
U=sin {(60+24)/2)/sin (30)} = 1.34
 CONCLUSION
REFRACTIVE INDICES AT ROOM
TEMPERATURE:
● BENZALDEHYDE
Actual-1.546
Experimental- 1.504
● WATER
Actual- 1.33
Experimental- 1.306
● DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID
Actual- 1.355
Experimental- 1.351
● ETHYL ALCOHOL
Actual- 1.34
Experimental- 1.36
● HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Actual- 1.34
Experimental- 1.34
BIBLIOGRAPHY

● Physics ncert textbook class XII

● Physics S.L arora class XII
● Internet(GOOGLE.COM)
● Other reference books
PRECAUTIONS
● Angle of incidence should be between 35-
60 degrees.
● Pins should be vertically fixed and should
lie in the same line
● Distance between two pins should not be
less than 10mm
● Same angle of prism should be used for all
observations.
● Arrow head should be marked to
represent emergent and incident ray.