02 - Non-Dir Over Current PDF

Application of Non-Directional Overcurrent
and Earthfault Protection

Non-Directional Overcurrent and Earth
Fault Protection
Overcurrent Protection
Purpose of Protection
Detect abnormal conditions

Isolate faulty part of the system
Speed
Fast operation to minimise damage and danger
Discrimination
Isolate only the faulty section
Dependability / reliability
Security / stability
Cost of protection / against cost of potential hazards
Co-ordination
F1 F2
F3
Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to

fault operates first
Minimise system disruption due to the fault
Fuses
Fuses
Simple
Can provide very fast fault clearance
<10ms for large current
Limit fault energy
Arcing Time
Pre Arc Time
Prospective Fault Current
Total t
Operating
Time
Fuses - disadvantages
Problematic co-ordination
Fuse A Fuse B
IFA approx 2 x IFB

Limited sensitivity to earth faults
Single phasing
Fixed characteristic
Need replacing following fault clearance
Tripping Methods
Direct Acting AC Trip
51
Trip Coil
IF
AC series trip
common for electromechanical O/C relays
Direct Acting AC Trip
IF'
+
Sensitive
51 Trip
Coil
-
IF
Capacitor discharge trip

used with static relays where no secure DC
supply is available
DC Shunt Trip
IF
IF'
51
DC SHUNT
BATTERY TRIP COIL
Requires secure DC auxiliary

No trip if DC fails
Principles
Operating Speed
Instantaneous
Time delayed
Discrimination
Current setting
Time setting
Current and time
Cost
Generally cheapest form of protection relay
Instantaneous Relays
B A
50 50
IF2 IF1
Current settings chosen so that relay closest to

fault operates
Problem
Relies on there being a difference in fault level
between the two relay locations
Cannot discriminate if IF1 = IF2
Definite (Independent) Time Relays
TIME
TOP
IS Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)
Definite (Independent) Time Relays
51 51
0.9 sec 0.5 sec
Operating time is independent of current

Relay closest to fault has shortest operating time
Problem
Longest operating time is at the source where
fault level is highest
IDMT
TIME
IS Applied Current
(Relay Current Setting)
Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

Disc Type O/C Relays
Current setting via plug bridge

Time multiplier setting via disc
movement
Single characteristic
Consider 2 ph & EF or 3 ph
plus additional EF relay
Static Relay
M CGG
A B C
INST INST No
Ph+
t t In Hz
Vx V
I > Is I > Is
0.1 0.05 0.05

0.1 0 0
0.2 0 Is = 0 Is =
0.4 0 0
0.4 0 0
0.4 0 Σ x Is 0 Σ x Is
0.8 0 0
RESET
0 1 1
0 1 1
0 1 1
D
0.025 0.05 0.05
0.05 0.05 LT1
0
0 0.1 x t = 0.1 x t = t
0 0.2 0.2
0 0.3 Σ 0.3 Σ S1
V1
0 0.4 0.4 E1
I
0 1 1
I I
INST = INST =
0 2 2
0 4 4
0 8 8
0 10 Σ x Is 10 Σ x Is
0 ∝ ∝
Electronic, multi characteristic

Fine settings, wide range
Integral instantaneous elements
Numerical Relay
I>1
I>2
Time
I>3
I>4
Current
Multiple characteristics and stages

Current settings in primary or secondary
values
Additional protection elements
Co-ordination
Co-ordination Principle
Relay closest to fault

must operate first
R1 R2 Other relays must have
IF1 adequate additional
operating time to
T prevent them operating
Current setting chosen
to allow FLC
Consider worst case
conditions, operating
IS2 IS1 Maximum I modes and current
Fault flows
Level
Co-ordination Example
E D C B A
10
E
Operating time (s)
1
D
C
0.1
0.01
Current (A) FLB FLC FLD
IEC Characteristics
1000
100
SI t = 0.14
Operating Time (s)

(I0.02 -1)
VI t = 13.5 10
LTI
(I -1)
SI
EI t = 80 1
(I2 -1) VI
EI
LTI t = 120
(I - 1) 0.1
1 10 100
Current (Multiples of Is)
Operating Time Setting - Terms Used
Relay operating times can be 1000

calculated using relay
characteristic charts
100
Operating Time (s)

Published characteristcs are
drawn against a multiple of
current setting or Plug Setting 10
Multiplier
Therefore characteristics can be 1
used for any application

regardless of actual relay current 0.1
setting 1 10 100
e.g at 10x setting (or PSM of 10)
SI curve op time is 3s
Current Setting
Set just above full load current

allow 10% tolerance
Allow relay to reset if fault is cleared by
downstream device
consider pickup/drop off ratio (reset ratio)
relay must fully reset with full load current
flowing
PU/DO for static/numerical = 95%
PU/DO for EM relay = 90%
e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95

Current Setting
Current grading
ensure that if upstream relay has started
downstream relay has also started
R1 R2 IF1
Set upstream device current setting greater than

downstream relay
e.g. IsR1 = 1.1 x IsR2
Grading Margin
Operating time difference between two devices to

ensure that downstream device will clear fault before
upstream device trips
Must include
breaker opening time
allowance for errors GRADING
MARGIN
relay overshoot time
safety margin
Grading Margin - between relays
R1 R2
Traditional
breaker op time - 0.1
relay overshoot - 0.05
allow. For errors - 0.15
safety margin - 0.1
Total 0.4s
Calculate using formula
Grading Margin - between relays
Formula
t’ = (2Er + Ect) t/100 + tcb + to + ts
Er = relay timing error
Ect = CT measurement error
t = op time of downstream relay
tcb = CB interupting time
to = relay overshoot time
ts = safety margin
Op time of Downstream Relay t = 0.5s
0.375s margin for EM relay, oil CB
0.24s margin for static relay, vacuum CB
Grading Margin - relay with fuse
Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic

Assume fuse minimum operating time = 0.01s
Use EI or VI curve to grade with fuse
Current setting of relay should be 3-4 x rating of fuse to
ensure co-ordination
Grading Margin - relay with upstream fuse
Tf
Tr
I FMAX
1.175Tr + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.6Tf

Allowance for CT CB Safety margin Allowance for fuse
and relay error error (fast)
or
Tf = 2Tr + 0.33s
Time Multiplier Setting
100
Used to adjust the operating

time of an inverse
Operating Time (s)

10
characteristic
Not a time setting but a
multiplier
1
Calculate TMS to give
desired operating time in
accordance with the grading
margin 0.1
1 10 100
Time Multiplier Setting - Calculation
Calculate relay operating time required, Treq

consider grading margin
fault level
Calculate op time of inverse characteristic
with TMS = 1, T1
TMS = Treq /T1

Co-ordination - Procedure
Calculate required operating current

Calculate required grading margin
Calculate required operating time
Select characteristic
Calculate required TMS
Draw characteristic, check grading over whole
curve
Grading curves should be drawn to a common

voltage base to aid comparison
200/5 100/5
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B A
Is = 5 Amp Is = 5 Amp; TMS = 0.05, SI
Grade relay B with relay A

Co-ordinate at max fault level seen by both relays =
1400A
Assume grading margin of 0.4s
200/5 100/5
I
FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B A
Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary

Relay A set to 100A ∴ If (1400A) = PSM of 14
relay A OP time = t = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 x 0.05 = 0.13
(I0.02 -1) (140.02 -1)
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s
Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
200/5 100/5
I FMAX
= 1400 Amp
B A
Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s

Relay A uses SI curve so relay B should also use SI curve
Relay B set to 200A ∴ If (1400A) = PSM of 7
relay B OP time TMS = 1 = 0.14 x TMS = 0.14 = 3.52s
(I0.02 -1) (70.02 -1)
Required TMS = Required Op time = 0.53 = 0.15
Op time TMS=1 3.52
Set relay B to 200A, TMS = 0.15, SI
LV Protection Co-ordination
11kV
MCGG 4 CB 4
350MVA
2 x 1.5MVA
11kV/433V
5.1%
CTZ61 3 ACB CTZ61 3 (Open)
2
ACB
1 MCCB
1 Relay 1
2 Relay 2 27MVA
3 Relay 3
4 Relay 4 Fuse F K
F Fuse
Load 20MVA
ZA2118B
1000S
100S
TX damage
Fuse
MCCB (cold)
10S
Very
1.0S inverse
Relay 3
Relay 4
0.1S Relay 2
0.01S
0. 1kA 10kA 1000kA
ZA2119
11kV
KCGG 142 4 CB 4
350MVA
2 x 1.5MVA
11kV/433V
5.1%
KCEG 142 3 ACB 3 (Open)
2
ACB
1 MCCB
1 Relay 1
2 Relay 2 27MVA
3 Relay 3
4 Relay 4 Fuse F K
F Fuse
Load 20MVA
ZA2120C
1000S
Long time
inverse
100S
TX damage
Fuse
10S
MCCB (cold)
1.0S
Relay 3
0.1S Relay 2
Relay 4
0.01S
0. 1kA 10kA 1000kA
ZA2121
Blocked OC Schemes
Graded
protection
R3
R2
Block t >
Blocked
IF2 protection
R1 I > Start
IF1
M (Transient backfeed ?)
ZA2135
Delta / Star Transformers
Transformer Protection - 2-1-1 Fault Current
Turns Ratio
A phase-phase fault on one = √3 :1
side of transformer
produces 2-1-1 distribution
on other side
Use an overcurrent element
in each phase (cover the 2x Iline
phase)
Idelta 0.866 If3∅
∅
∅ & EF relays can be used
2∅
provided fault current > 4x
setting
Turns Ratio
= √3 :1
∅-∅
Istar = E∅ ∅/2Xt = √3 E∅
∅-n/2Xt
∅-n/Xt
Istar = 0.866 E∅
Istar = 0.866 If3∅

∅
Iline
√3 = If3∅
Idelta = Istar/√ ∅ /2
0.866 If3∅
∅
Idelta
Iline = If3∅
Ø/Ø
51 51
HV LV
Grade HV relay with

respect to 2-1-1 for
∅-∅ fault
Not only at max
fault level 86.6%If3∅ If3∅
Use of High Sets
Instantaneous Protection
Fast clearance of faults

ensure good operation factor, If >> Is (5 x ?)
Current setting must be co-ordinated to prevent
overtripping
Used to provide fast tripping on HV side of transformers
Used on feeders with Auto Reclose, prevents transient
faults becoming permanent
AR ensures healthy feeders are re-energised
Consider operation due to DC offset - transient
overreach
Instantaneous OC on Transformer Feeders
HV2 HV1 LV
Set HV inst 130% IfLV
Stable for inrush
HV2
HV1 No operation for LV fault
TIME
LV
Fast operation for HV
fault
Reduces op times
required of upstream
CURRENT
IF(LV) IF(HV) relays
1.3IF(LV)
Earthfault Protection
Earth Fault Protection
Earth fault current may be limited

Sensitivity and speed requirements may not be met by
overcurrent relays
Use dedicated EF protection relays
Connect to measure residual (zero sequence) current
Can be set to values less than full load current
Co-ordinate as for OC elements
May not be possible to provide co-ordination with
fuses
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 3 Wire System
E/F OC OC OC E/F OC OC
Combined with OC relays Economise using 2x OC

relays
Earth Fault Relay Connection - 4 Wire System
E/F OC OC OC E/F OC OC OC
EF relay setting must be Independent of neutral

greater than normal current but must use 3 OC
neutral current relays for phase to neutral
faults
Earth Fault Relays Current Setting
Solid earth
Resistance earth
30% Ifull load
adequate setting w.r.t earth fault
level
special considerations
for impedance earthing
- directional?
Sensitive Earth Fault Relays
A
B
C
Settings down to
0.2% possible
E/F
Isolated/high
impedance earth networks
For low settings cannot use residual connection, use
dedicated CT
Advisable to use core balance CT
CT ratio related to earth fault current not line current
Relays tuned to system frequency to reject 3rd
harmonic
Core Balance CT Connections
NO OPERATION OPERATION
Need to take care with core

balance CT and armoured CABLE GLAND
cables
CABLE
Sheath acts as earth return BOX
path
Must account for earth current E/F
path in connections - insulate CABLE GLAND/SHEATH
cable gland EARTH CONNECTION

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02 - Non-Dir Over Current PDF

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Application of Non-Directional Overcurrent

and Earthfault Protection

Detect abnormal conditions

Co-ordinate protection so that relay nearest to

IFA approx 2 x IFB

Capacitor discharge trip

Requires secure DC auxiliary

Current settings chosen so that relay closest to

Operating time is independent of current

Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic

Current setting via plug bridge

0.1 0.05 0.05

Electronic, multi characteristic

Multiple characteristics and stages

Relay closest to fault

Operating Time (s)

Relay operating times can be 1000

Operating Time (s)

used for any application

Set just above full load current

e.g for numerical relay, Is = 1.1 x IFL/0.95

Set upstream device current setting greater than

Operating time difference between two devices to

Grading Margin = 0.4Tf + 0.15s over whole characteristic

1.175Tr + 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.6Tf

Used to adjust the operating

Operating Time (s)

Calculate relay operating time required, Treq

TMS = Treq /T1

Calculate required operating current

Grading curves should be drawn to a common

Grade relay B with relay A

Relay B is set to 200A primary, 5A secondary

Relay B Op time = 0.13 + grading margin = 0.13 + 0.4 = 0.53s

Istar = 0.866 If3∅

Grade HV relay with

Fast clearance of faults

Earth fault current may be limited

Combined with OC relays Economise using 2x OC

EF relay setting must be Independent of neutral

Need to take care with core

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