h.

kelzeni, ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis 241

ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis

hans kelzeni

Targmna dimitri gegenavam

mTxoves, TqvenTan samarTlis wminda Teoriis Sesaxeb mesaubra.

Tumca, vinaidan aseT mcire droSi SeuZlebelia am Teoriis
yvela aspeqtis ganxilva, gTavazobT, vimsjeloT xsenebuli Teo-
riis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel problemaze: ZiriTadi norma.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis, rogorc nebismieri sxva samar-
Tlebrivi Teoriis amosavali debuleba samarTlis gagebis gan-
sazRvreba gaxlavT. wminda Teoria samarTals ganmartavs ro-
gorc normaTa sistemis mTlianobas, normatiul wesrigs. ra
aris norma? norma specifikuri mnISvnelobaa, azri, rom raRac
unda iyos, unda an piriqiT, ar unda Sesruldes. arsebobs
sxvadasxva saxis norma: azrobrivi (mosazrebiTi), romlebic
logikuri normebia da qceviTi, romlebic moralur da samar-
Tlebriv normaTa kategorias ganekuTvneba.
samarTlLis normis Tanaxmad, adamianebi Sesabamis garemoSi sa-
Tanadod unda moiqcnen. saTanadod moqcevaSi igulisxmeba, rom
qceva savaldebuloa, nebadarTulia an akrZalulia. am SemTxveva-
Si samarTlis norma mavaldebulebeli, nebadamrTveli (aRmWur-
veli) an amkrZalavia. msgavsi norma SesaZloa erTi piris mier
meoris mimarT nebelobiTi aqtis mniSvneloba gaxldeT. gadata-
niTi mniSvnelobiT, norma iqmneba, yalibdeba nebelobiTi qmede-
bis Sedegad, mis safuZvelze; es gaxlavT pozitiuri neba. samar-
Tali, rogorc normaTa sistema, Seqmnili adamianuri nebiT (ne-
belobiTi qmedebiT) aris pozitiuri samarTali. samarTlis
wminda Teoria aris pozitiuri samarTlis Teoria.
qmedeba (Aaqti), romliTac norma iqmneba, unda ganvasxvavoT
normisgan, romelsac aqti qmnis. magaliTad: sakanonmdeblo aqti
da kanoni an statuti, romelic mis safuZvelze iqmneba. aqti
(qmedeba) warmoadgens faqts, norma ki am faqtis mniSvnelobas.
aqti, romliTac norma iqmneba, arsebobs (moqmedebs) drosa da
sivrceSi, da mizezobriobis samarTlis mixedviT, warmoadgens
udavo garemoebaTa Sedegs (efeqts). misi arseboba bunebrivi
faqtis arsebobaa. normis Semqmneli aqtis formulireba arsis
kategoriaa. vinaidan norma ara faqti, aramed Tavad am faqtis
mniSvnelobaa, misi moqmedeba (arseboba) gansxvavdeba faqtis moq-
medebisagan. misi arseboba misi namdvilobaa. is garemoeba, rom
norma avaldebulebs, nebas rTavs an krZalavs raime qcevas, ar
gulisxmobs, rom xsenebuli qceva praqtikaSi arsebobs an moma-
valSi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes; igi niSnavs, rom unda iyos,
adamianebi ise unda moiqcnen, rogorc norma adgens, aRWuravs


doqtoranti (Tsu), daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis direqtori.
242 sarCevi #1-2(3-4), 2012

an krZalavs adamianebis mxridan raimes ganxorcielebas. normis

namdviloba, qmediToba jerarsuli kategoriaa.
ibadeba kiTxva: ra ganapirobebs gansazRvruli normis namd-
vilobas? ratom unda moviqceT gansazRvruli normis Sesabami-
sad? am kiTxvaze pasuxi arasdros iqneba arsis kategoria, is
SesaZlebelia iyos mxolod jerarsuli movlena. sxvagvarad,
normis namdvilobis safuZveli ver iqneba faqti da verc nebe-
lobiTi qmedeba, romliTac norma iqmneba, safuZveli mxolod
norma an zemdgomi (ierarqiulad ufro maRali) normaa. funda-
menturi logikuri principia, rom mtkiceba `arsidan~ ar da ver
gamomdinareobs jerarsuli mtkiceba, iseve, rogorc mtkicebidan
`unda iyos~ ar da ver gamomdinareobs mocemuloba - rom ra-
Rac `aris~. am principis TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, moviyvanoT maga-
liTi: Tu mama ubrZanebs bavSvs - Sen unda waxvide skolaSi -
Svilma SesaZloa ikiTxos, Tu ratomaa igi valdebuli, iaros
skolaSi. Tuki mama upasuxebs - imitom, rom mamaSenma giTxra ase
moqceuliyavi, am SemTxvevaSi mama mimarTavs (moixmobs) skolaSi
siarulis normad dadenis faqts, Tumca ar pasuxobs Svilis Se-
kIiTxvas. swori pasuxia: radgan Sen valdebuli xar Seasrulo
mamis brZaneba. es ki imas niSnavs, rom mamis mier miRebuli nor-
mis namdvilobis safuZveli ar gaxlavT mis mier normis SemuSa-
vebis faqti, aramed Tavad norma - bavSvi valdebulia Seasru-
los mamis miTiTeba, radgan es norma aRWuravs mamas uflebiT,
gamosces norma, romelic zustad aRwers bavSvis mier gansaxor-
cielebel qmedebas (qcevas). am normis safuZveli ki RmerTis
mier sinas mTaze dadgenili aTi mcnebidan erT-erTia. Tuki Ta-
vad aTi mcnebis namdvilobaze davfiqrdebiT, unda vikiTxoT,
ratom unda SevasruloT aTi mcneba, razec uCveulo pasuxia:
radgan isini RmerTma Seqmna; Tumca es pasuxi faqtTan mimarTe-
biT arasworia. normasTan mimarTebiT swori pasuxi gaxlavT:
Cven unda SevasruloT uflis brZaneba, radgan norma `gamar-
Tlebulia~, saWiro araa misi namdvilobis safuZvlis Zieba, Cven
mas viRebT rogorc savaldebulos, TavisTavad gonivruls. mas
Semdeg, rac RmerTs umaRles normaTSemoqmedad moviazrebT,
norma, romelic RmerTis mier normaTa miRebis normatiul sa-
fuZvels warmoadgens, ver iqneba romelime nebelobiTi qmedebiT
Seqmnili qcevis wesi, romelic SesaZlebelia mxolod RmerTs
aRmatebuli arsobis mier iyos Seqmnili. amitomac is warmoad-
gens ara pozitiur, aramed Cvens azrovnebaSi navaraudeb normas,
Tuki RmerTis mier Seqmnil normebs miviCnevT moralur-
religiuri sistemis sxva normaTa namdvilobis mizezad (safuZ-
vlad). swored aRniSnuli warmoadgens am moralur-religiuri
wesrigis ZiriTad normas.
Tuki pozitiuri marTlwesrigis mizezs vikiTxavT, sabolood,
istoriulad pirvel konstituciamde mivalT, romelmac Cveule-
ba an sakanonmdeblo organo aRWurva zogadi normebis Seqmnis
 h. kelzeni, ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis 243

uflebamosilebiT, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo da admi-

nistraciul organoebs darTo individualuri normebis Semu-
Savebis ufleba. am normaTa namdvilobis varaudi moiazrebs im
normis arsebobas, romlis safuZvelze konstituciis mamebma
Seqmnes norma, romelmac Camoayaliba kanonmdebloba da Cveule-
ba, rogorc yvela sxva samarTlebrivi funqciis safuZveli. es
norma gaxlavT konstituciis namdvilobis mizezi da aqedan ga-
momdinare, konstituciis Sesabamisad dafuZnebuli marTlwe-
srigic ZiriTadi normaa, romelic Cvens samarTlebriv azrovne-
baSia moazrebuli da warmoudgenelia is gansazRvruli piris
(individis) nebelobiTi aqtis Sedegad Seqmnili norma iyos: Tu-
ki konstituciis mamebs umaRles samarTlebriv xelisuflad mi-
viCnevT, Tuki Cven, samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis TvalTaxedviT,
- ar moviazrebT raime ufro maRal, zeadamianur xelisufals,
magaliTad, RmerTs an bunebas, romelic mogviwodebs davemor-
CiloT konstituciis mamebis mier gamocemul normebs.
imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom samarTlLis wminda Teoriis Ziri-
Tadi norma, romelic pozitiuri samarTlis namdvilobis sa-
fuZvels warmoadgens, Tavad ar aris pozitiuri samarTlis
norma, - samarTlis wminda Teoria arasworad ganimarta ro-
gorc bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis erT-erTi saxesxvaoba.
bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis Tanaxmad, pozitiuri, e.w. `ada-
mianis mier Seqmnili~ samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvels bune-
biT samarTalTan Sesabamisoba warmoadgens, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, ar gaxlavT adamianis mier Seqmnili, aramed gamomdina-
reobs bunebidan, bunebiTIi yofa mokvdav (adamian) kanonmdebelze
aRmatebuli xelisufalia. samarTlis wminda Teorias, romelic
pozitiuri samarTLlis Teoriaa, da bunebiTsamarTlebriv doq-
trinas Soris, romelic samarTlebrivi pozitivizmisagan
gansxvavebuli, sawinaaRmdego kategoriaa, arsebiTi gansxvaveba
arsebobs. bunebiTi samarTlis doqtrinis mixedviT, bunebiTi,
ara-adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTali aramxolod pozitiuri,
adamianis mier Seqmnili samarTlis namdvilobis safuZvelia,
aramed, aseve gansazRvravs pozitiuri samarTlis Sinaarss, Sesa-
bamisad, pozitiuri samarTali, romlis Sinaarsi ar Seesabameba
bunebiT samarTals, ar moqmedebs, saerTod ar miiCneva samar-
Tlad. faqtobrivad, arsebobs ara erTi, aramed bevri gansxvave-
buli da urTierTsawinaaRmdego bunebiTsamarTlebrivi doq-
trinac ki. Sedegad, ar arsebobs pozitiuri marTlwesrigi, ro-
melic romelime maTganTan mainc ar iyos winaaRmdegobaSi da
Sesabamisad, ar acxadebdes mas aranamdvilad. lokis (Locke) bune-
biTsamarTlebrivi doqtrinis Tanaxmad, mxolod mmarTvelobis
demokratiuli forma aris `bunebiTi~, amitomac marTlwesrigi,
romelsac avtoritaruli xasiaTi gaaCnia, usamarTlo da ara-
namdvili samarTalia. filmeris (Filmer) bunebiTsamarTlebrivi
doqtrinis mixedviT ki<, aseTi gaxlavT mxolod is avtokrati-
244 sarCevi #1-2(3-4), 2012

uli marTlwesrigi, gansakuTrebiT ki absoluturi monarqia,

romelic samarTliania imdenad, ramdenadac bunebis mxridanaa
dadgenili; bunebis sawinaaRmdego demokratiuli socialuri
wesrigi ki usamarTloa da araa mavaldebulebeli. qumberlendi
(Cumberland) aswavlida, rom individualuri sakuTreba bunebiT
samarTals Seesabameba da koleqtiuri sakuTreba ki misi darR-
vevaa. amgvarad man gaamarTla kapitalisturi samarTlebrivi
sistema, roca moreli (Morelly) Seecada amis sawinaaRmdego
daemtkicebina: rom mxolod koleqtiuri sakuTreba Seesabameba
bunebas da mxolod komunizmia samarTliani da namdvili, qme-
diTIi marTlwesrigi.
samarTlis wminda Teoriis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia pozitiuri
marTlwesrigi ar Seesabamebodes ZiriTad normas da Sesabami-
sad, ar iyos namdvili. ZiriTadi norma, romelic am marTlwe-
srigis namdvilobis safuZvelia, ganapirobebs am wesrigis nor-
maTa Seqmnas; igi ar gansazRvravs normaTa Sinaarss. pozitiuri
marTlwesrigis normaTa Sinaarsi ganisazRvreba adamianuri yo-
fis, arsobis nebelobiTi qmedebebiT: konstituciis mamebisa da
konstitucias an Cveulebaze pirdapir Tu iribad dafuZnebuli
organoebis mier, adamianur yofiT qmedebebsa da konstituciaze
dayrdnobiT, rogorc samarTalSemoqmedi faqti. arcerTi pozi-
tiuri marTlwesrigis norma, romelic konstituciasTan Sesaba-
misobaSia Seqmnili, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT rogorc aranamdvi-
li imis gamo, rom misi Sinaarsi ar aris am sistemis miRmAa ar-
sebul normasTan SesabamisobaSi. samarTlis wminda Teoriis Zi-
riTadi norma warmoadgens rogorc demokratiuli, ise avto-
kratiuli, kapitalisturi, socialisturi, Tu nebismieri pozi-
tiuri samarTlis safuZvels, miuxedavad misi samarTlianobisa.
es gaxlavT samarTlebrivi pozitivizmis arsi, bunebiTsamar-
Tlebriv doqtrinasTan winaaRmdegobaSi. da samarTlis wminda
Teoria pozitiuri samarTlis Teoriaa.