Dual cycle

It is a thermodynamic cycle that combines the Otto cycleand the Diesel cycle. In
the dual cycle, combustion occurs partly at constant volume and partly at constant
pressure.

Knocking, In an internal-combustion engine, sharp sounds caused by premature

combustion of part of the compressed air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. In a properly
functioning engine, the charge burns with the flame front progressing smoothly
from the point of ignition across the combustion chamber. However, at
high compression ratios, depending on the composition of the fuel, some of the
charge may spontaneously ignite ahead of the flame front and burn in an
uncontrolled manner, producing intense high-frequency pressure waves. These
pressure waves force parts of the engine to vibrate, which produces an audible
knock.

Fuel Metering: is a device which is used in automobiles, with spark ignition engines, for the
purpose of fuel metering, i.e. to mix the appropriate amount of fuel with the incoming air which
is to be supplied to the engine cylinders.
Valve Timing Diagram Of 4 Stroke Engine
We know that the four stroke engine has 4 strokes namely
1. Suction
2. Compression
3. Power or expansion (as indicated in diagram)
4. Exhaust.
Valve timing diagram shows the opening and closing of inlet and exhaust valve
according to the 4 strokes of engines or we can simply say according to the two
revolution of crankshaft.

It is clearly shown in the diagram that inlet valve opens 25 degree before TDC
(Top dead center - top edge of the cylinder) and inlet valve closes after suction
stage ends i.e 30 degree after BDC. Similarly fuel injection start and stop and
exhaust valve open and close shown according to the 4 stages of Engine cycle.