256 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

91. x2  y2  z2  16 93. x2  y2  z2  2z  0
(a) r 2  z 2  16 (a) r 2  z 2  2z  0, r 2  z  12  1
(b) 2  16,   4 (b) 2  2 cos   0,   2 cos   0,
  2 cos 

95. x2  y 2  4y 97. x2  y2  9
(a) r 2  4r sin , r  4 sin  (a) r 2 cos2   r 2 sin2   9,
(b) 2 sin2   4 sin  sin , 9
r2 
cos2   sin2 
 sin  sin   4 sin   0,
4 sin  (b) 2 sin2  cos2   2 sin2  sin2   9,
 ,   4 sin  csc 
sin  9
2 sin2   ,
cos2   sin2 
9 csc2 
2 
cos2   sin2 


99. 0 ≤  ≤ 101. 0 ≤  ≤ 2 103. 0 ≤  ≤ 2
2
0 ≤ r ≤ a 
0 ≤ r ≤ 2 0 ≤  ≤
r ≤ z ≤ a 6
0 ≤ z ≤ 4
z 0 ≤  ≤ a sec 
z
z
a
5
a

3 −a −a 30°
2
1
x a a
y x
2 2 y
3 3
y
x

105. Rectangular z 107. Spherical z

0 ≤ x ≤ 10 4 ≤  ≤ 6
10 8

0 ≤ y ≤ 10
0 ≤ z ≤ 10 −8
8 y
10
10 y x
x
−8

109. z  sin , r  1
y y
z  y
r 1
The curve of intersection is the ellipse formed by the intersection of the plane z  y and the cylinder r  1.

Review Exercises for Chapter 10

1. P  1, 2, Q  4, 1, R  5, 4 3. v  v cos  i  v sin  j  8 cos 120 i  8 sin 120 j
\

(a) u  PQ  3, 1  3i  j,  4i  43j

\

v  PR  4, 2  4i  2j
(b) v  42  22  25
(c) 2u  v  6, 2  4, 2  10, 0  10i
 Review Exercises for Chapter 10 257

5. 120 cos   100 2 ft

  arccos 56
y
2 2
tan   ⇒ y 120 lb
y tan  100 lb
θ
2 2 10
y    3.015 ft
tan
arccos5 6 11 5 11

7. z  0, y  4, x  5: 5, 4, 0 9. Looking down from the positive x-axis towards the yz-plane,
the point is either in the first quadrant  y > 0, z > 0 or in
the third quadrant y < 0, z < 0. The x-coordinate can be
any number.

152
2
11. x  32  y  22  z  62 

13. x2  4x  4   y 2  6y  9  z 2  4  4  9 15. v  4  2, 4  1, 7  3  2, 5, 10

x  22   y  32  z 2  9 z

Center: 2, 3, 0 (2, − 1, 3) 3

2
Radius: 3 1

z 1 2
3 3
4 −2 5 y
4 5
3 x
2

3
4 4 5 y
5 6
6
x
(4, 4, − 7)

17. v  1  3, 6  4, 9  1  4, 2, 10 19. Unit vector:

u
u

2, 3, 5
38


2
,
3
,
5
38 38 38

w  5  3, 3  4, 6  1  2, 1, 5
Since 2w  v, the points lie in a straight line.

21. P  5, 0, 0, Q  4, 4, 0, R  2, 0, 6 23. u  7, 2, 3, v  1, 4, 5

v  0, the vectors are orthogonal.
\

(a) u  PQ  1, 4, 0  i  4j, Since u

\

v  PR  3, 0, 6  3i  6k
(b) u
v  13  40  06  3
(c) v
v  9  36  45

3 3
25. u  5 cos  4
i  sin
4
j 
2
52

i  j 27. u  10, 5, 15, v  2, 1, 3
u  5v ⇒ u is parallel to v and in the opposite
2 2
v  2 cos  3
i  sin
3
j  i  3 j direction.

52
u
v
2
 1  3 
u  5
v  2

cos   u
v   52 2 1  3   2  6
u v 52 4
2  6
  arccos  15
4
258 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

29. There are many correct answers. For example: v  ± 6, 5, 0.

< > < >

In Exercises 31–39, u  3, 2, 1 , v  2, 4, 3 , w  1, 2, 2 . < >
31. u
u  33  22  11 33. projuw  uu
w u
2

 14   14   u
2 2
5
 3, 2, 1
14

   15 10
, ,
5
14 14 14 
   15 5
, ,
14 7 14
5


35. n  v  w 

n  5
i
2
1
j
4
2
k


3  2i  j
2

v  w
37. V  u
 3, 2, 1
2, 1, 0  4  4

n 1
 2i  j
n 5

39. Area parallelogram  u  v  102  112  82 (See Exercises 36, 38)
 285

41. F  ccos 20 j  sin 20 k z

PQ  2k

 
PQ
F
70°
i j k 2 ft
\

PQ  F  0 0 2  2c cos 20 i
y
0 c cos 20 c sin 20
\

200  PQ  F  2c cos 20 x

100
c
cos 20
100
F cos 20 j  sin 20 k  100 j  tan 20 k
cos 20
F  1001  tan2 20  100 sec 20  106.4 lb

43. v  j 45. 3x  3y  7z  4, x  y  2z  3

(a) x  1, y  2  t, z  3 Solving simultaneously, we have z  1. Substituting z  1
into the second equation we have y  x  1. Substituting
(b) None
for x in this equation we obtain two points on the line of
intersection, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1. The direction vector of
the line of intersection is v  i  j.
(a) x  t, y  1  t, z  1
(b) x  y  1, z  1
 Review Exercises for Chapter 10 259

47. The two lines are parallel as they have the same direction 49. Q  1, 0, 2
numbers, 2, 1, 1. Therefore, a vector parallel to the
2x  3y  6z  6
plane is v  2i  j  k. A point on the first line is
1, 0, 1 and a point on the second line is 1, 1, 2. A point P on the plane is 3, 0, 0.
The vector u  2i  j  3k connecting these two points \

is also parallel to the plane. Therefore, a normal to the PQ  2, 0, 2

n  2, 3, 6

 
plane is

D
PQ
n 8
\

i j k
v  u  2 
1 1  n 7
2 1 3
 2i  4j  2i  2j.
Equation of the plane: x  1  2y  0
x  2y  1

51. Q3, 2, 4 point 53. x  2y  3z  6

P5, 0, 0 point on plane Plane
Intercepts: 6, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0, 0, 0, 2
n  2, 5, 1 normal to plane
\ z
PQ  2, 2, 4
3

PQ
n 
\ (0, 0, 2)
10 30
D 
n 30 3 3
y
6 (0, 3, 0)
x (6, 0, 0)

1 x2 y2
55. y  z 57.   z2  1 z

2 16 9
2
Ellipsoid
Plane with rulings parallel to the x-axis −4
x2 y2
 1
y
z xy-trace: 4
16 9 x 5
−2
2
x2
xz-trace:  z2  1
16
y
2
y2
6 yz-trace:  z2  1
x 9

x2 y2
59.   z 2  1 z
16 9 2

Hyperboloid of two sheets −2

y
y2 x2 5 5
xy-trace:  1 x
4 16
xz-trace: None
y2
yz-trace:  z2  1
9
260 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

z
61. (a) x2  y 2 
rz2

2z  1 
2 4

x 2  y 2  2z  2  0

−2
2 1 2 3 y
x

(b) V  2 
0
2
x 3 12 x 2
1  dx y


3
2
 2
0
1
2x  x 3 dx
2 2

 
2
x4 1
 2 x 2 
8 0
x
1 2 3
 4  12.6 cm3

(c) V  2  
1 2
2
x 3 12 x 2
1  dx
y


3
2
 2
1 2
1
2x  x 3 dx
2 2

 
2
x4
 2 x 2 
8 1 2 x
1 2 3

31 225
 4    11.04 cm 3
64 64

63.  22, 22, 2, rectangular

3
(a) r   22    22   4,   arctan1 
2 2
4
, z  2, 4, 34, 2 , cylindrical
3
25, 34, arccos 55 , spherical
2 1 
(b)    22    22   22  25,  
2 2
,   arccos  arccos ,
4 25 5

65. 100,  6 , 50 , cylindrical 67. 25,  4 , 34 , spherical

  1002  502  505
 34
2 2
r 2  25 sin ⇒ r  25
2


6 

4
  arccos 5050 5  arccos 15  63.4
 
z   cos   25 cos
3
 25
2
4 2
505,  6 , 63.4 , spherical
25 2
2
 252
, ,
4 2
, cylindrical

69. x2  y 2  2z
(a) Cylindrical: r 2 cos2   r 2 sin2   2z, r 2 cos 2  2z
(b) Spherical:  2 sin2  cos2   2 sin2  sin2   2 cos ,  sin2  cos 2  2 cos   0,   2 sec 2 cos  csc2
 Problem Solving for Chapter 10 261

Problem Solving for Chapter 10

1. abc0 3. Label the figure as indicated.

b  a  b  c  0 c a
From the figure, you see that
b  a  b  c  0 1
\
1 \

b SP  a  b  RQ and
2 2
a  b  b  c
1
\
1 \

b  c  b c sin A SR  a  b  PQ .

2 2
a  b  a b sin C \ \ \ \

Since SP  RQ and SR  PQ , PSRQ is a parallelogram.

Then,
Q
sin A b  c

a a b c
a P R
a  b

a b c 1
1
a+ 1b
a− 1b S b 2 2
sin C 2 2
 .
c
sin A sin B
The other case,  is similar.
a b

5. (a) u  0, 1, 1 direction vector of line determined by P1 and P2. z

6
\ 5
P1Q  u 4
D 3
u P1
P2

2, 0, 1  0, 1, 1 1

 2 2 3
2 4
3 Q 4 y

x
1, 2, 2 3 32
  
2 2 2
(b) The shortest distance to the line segment is P1Q  2, 0, 1  5.

7. (a) V    1

0
2
2 dz   z2

2 1

0
1
 
2
9. (a)   2 sin z

Torus 2
1 1 1
Note: basealtitude   1   −3
2 2 2
x2 y2 y
(b)   z: (slice at z  c) 3 3
a2 b2 x −2

x2 y2
2  1
ca cb2 (b)   2 cos z

At z  c, figure is ellipse of area Sphere

 cacb  abc. −3
−2


1
1
abc2 k  abk2
k

2 2
abc  dc 
y
V  3 3

0 2 0 2 x −2

1 1
(c) V  abkk  baseheight
2 2

11. From Exercise 64, Section 10.4, u  v  w  z  u  v  zw  u  v  wz.

262 Chapter 10 Vectors and the Geometry of Space

13. (a) u  ucos 0 i  sin 0 j  u i (d) 2.5

Downward force w  j
T
T  Tcos90 
i  sin90 
j u 

 Tsin
i  cos
j
0 60
0

0  u  w  T  u i  j  Tsin
i  cos
j (e) Both are increasing functions.

u  sin
T (f) lim T   and lim u  .

→ 2
→ 2

1  cos
T
If
 30, u  12T and 1   32T
2
⇒ T   1.1547 lb
3

and

u  
1 2
2 3
 0.5774 lb

(b) From part (a), u  tan

and T  sec
.
Domain: 0 ≤
≤ 90

(c)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60
T 1 1.0154 1.0642 1.1547 1.3054 1.5557 2
u 0 0.1763 0.3640 0.5774 0.8391 1.1918 1.7321

15. Let
  , the angle between u and v. Then
u  v v  u
sin     .
u v u v
For u  cos , sin , 0 and v  cos , sin , 0, u  v  1 and
i

 j
v  u  cos  sin 
cos sin
k


0  sin cos   cos sin k.
0
Thus, sin    v  u  sin cos   cos sin .

17. From Theorem 10.13 and Theorem 10.7 (6) we have

D
PQ  n
\

n

 w  u  v  u  v  w  u  v  w.

u  v u  v u  v

19. a1, b1, c1, and a2, b2, c2 are two sets of direction numbers for the same line. The line is parallel to both u  a1i  b1j  c1k
and v  a 2 i  b2 j  c2 k. Therefore, u and v are parallel, and there exists a scalar d such that u  dv,
a1i  b1 j  c1k  da2i  b2 j  c2k, a1  a2d, b1  b2d, c1  c2d.