SPC For MS Excel V3.0 Instructions PDF

Business Process Improvement 281-304-9504
20314 Lakeland Falls www.spcforexcel.com

Cypress, TX 77433
Instruction Manual for SPC for MS Excel V3.0
Statistics
Capability Analysis Cp=1.34
Cpk= 0.59
Cpu= 0.59 (3.84%)
35 Cpl= 2.09 (0%)
Est. Sigma= 2.49
Pp=1.31
Ppk= 0.57
Ppu= 0.57 (4.36%)
30 LSL=60 Nominal=70 USL=80 Ppl= 2.04 (0%)
Sigma= 2.55
Average=75.63
Count=96
No. Out of Spec=5 (5.21%)
Kurtosis=0.62
25
Skewness=0.71
20
Frequency
15
10
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87
Measurement
Thank you for selecting our software package. This program was written by Dr. William H. McNeese
and is distributed by Business Process Improvement (Cypress, Texas). This program cannot be copied or
used unless under license with Business Process Improvement. Business Process Improvement is not
liable for any decisions made based on the use of this software package.
Requirements: This program is a Microsoft Excel® add-in. You must Microsoft Excel® for this program
to work. This program supports any version of Excel from 2000 on.
Business Process Improvement

20314 Lakeland Falls
Cypress, TX 77433
281-304-9504
www.spcforexcel.com
SPC for MS Excel V3.0
Table of Contents
Instructions Manual for SPC for MS Excel V3.0 ......................................................................................... 1

Installation..................................................................................................................................................... 4
Pareto Diagrams ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Histograms .................................................................................................................................................. 10
Attribute Control Charts ............................................................................................................................. 13
p Charts ................................................................................................................................................... 13
np Control Charts .................................................................................................................................... 16
c Control Charts ...................................................................................................................................... 18
u Control Charts ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Variable Control Charts .............................................................................................................................. 22
X -R Control Chart ................................................................................................................................. 22
Control Limit Option............................................................................................................................... 26
X -s Control Charts................................................................................................................................. 27
X-MR (Individuals) Control Charts ........................................................................................................ 28
Moving Average/Moving Range (MA/MR) Charts ................................................................................ 30
Table X-MR (Individuals) Chart............................................................................................................. 31
Run Charts .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Subgroup Maker: Make Subgroups from Column of Numbers .............................................................. 32
Process Capability....................................................................................................................................... 33
Advanced Process Capability...................................................................................................................... 38
Scatter Diagram .......................................................................................................................................... 40
Updating Charts .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Changing Chart Options ............................................................................................................................. 43
Single Point Actions ................................................................................................................................... 44
All Points Action......................................................................................................................................... 46
Cause and Effect Diagram .......................................................................................................................... 47
Measurement Systems Analysis.................................................................................................................. 48
ANOVA Method..................................................................................................................................... 53
Range Method for Gage R&R ................................................................................................................ 55
Bias – Independent Sample Method ....................................................................................................... 57
Bias – Control Chart Method .................................................................................................................. 59
Linearity .................................................................................................................................................. 61
Attribute Gage R&R ............................................................................................................................... 62
Transfer Charts to PowerPoint or Word ..................................................................................................... 65
Regression ................................................................................................................................................... 66
Changing the Variables in the Regression .............................................................................................. 69
Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................................. 70
Descriptive Statistics............................................................................................................................... 70
Confidence Interval Around a Mean ....................................................................................................... 71
Confidence Interval Around a Variance ................................................................................................. 73
Confidence Interval for the Difference in Two Means ........................................................................... 74
Confidence Interval for Multiple Processes ............................................................................................ 76
Paired Sample Comparison ..................................................................................................................... 78
Analysis of Means................................................................................................................................... 79
Correlation Coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 81
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis .......................................................................................................... 82
2 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

Box and Whisker Plots............................................................................................................................ 83
Sample Size Calculator ........................................................................................................................... 85
Side by Side Histogram .......................................................................................................................... 86
Plot Multiple Y Variables Against One X Variable................................................................................ 88
Select Cells.................................................................................................................................................. 89
Frequently Asked Questions ....................................................................................................................... 90
What out of control tests does the program use? .................................................................................... 90
Do all out of control tests apply to all the charts? ................................................................................... 90
How do I know if the chart has any out of control points? ..................................................................... 90
Can I remove the out of control points from the calculations? ............................................................... 90
Can I change the name of the worksheet tab containing the chart? ........................................................ 90
How come I can’t see the name of one of my charts in the list of charts to be updated? ....................... 90
How can I change the title or the x and y labels on an existing chart? ................................................... 91

Installation
The necessary files to run the program are installed when you run the installation program. The
installation file is the .exe program you downloaded or received on the CD. Running the setup.exe file
creates the following directory (there are slight differences for Excel 2007):
C:\Documents and Settings\{username}\Application Data\SPC_for_MS_Excel
The following program files are installed into this directory:
spcforexcelv3.xla
spcfor2007excelv3.xlam
installspcforexcelv3.exe
The installation process may leave uninstallation files such as unins001.exe and unins001.dat in this
directory. During operation, the program may save user preferences and other settings in one or more text
or binary files in this directory. The user is discouraged from altering any of these files and from storing
any work files in this directory.
The program also creates the following directory:
C:\Documents and Settings\{username}\My Documents\SPC for MS Excel
The following sample data files and instruction manual are installed into this directory:
Gage R&R Example Workbook.xls

SPC Example Data V3.xls
SPC for MS Excel V3.0 Instructions.pdf
The user is encouraged to use these files to learn how SPC for MS Excel works. If you also purchased the
PowerPoint training modules, they will be installed this directory as well.
The program is installed as an add-in. It will open whenever Excel is opened. In Excel 2000 to Excel
2003, SPC for Excel will appear on the Worksheet and Chart Menus next to Window. There is also a free
standing toolbar that can be placed anywhere in the window. Both are shown below.

In Excel 2007, SPC for Excel appears on the ribbon next to Home as shown below. The SPC Menu to the
right lists all the buttons.
The menu and toolbar allows you to access the various components of the program:
The data entry requirements to run each component of this program are given below. All the examples
are in the workbook SPC Example Data V3.0.xls and Gage R&R V3 Example Workbook.xls. This
instruction manual is intended to demonstrate how the program is used.
To learn more about SPC, please refer to one of the many books on the subject. The best reference is
probably Understanding Statistical Process Control by D. Wheeler and D. Chambers, SPC Inc., 1986 or
any of the later books by Dr. Wheeler.
You can also visit our website where many of these SPC tools are described in our past free e-zines. Go
to www.spcforexcel.com.

Pareto Diagrams
A Pareto diagram is a special type of bar chart that is used to separate the "vital few" from the "trivial
many." It is based on the 80/20 rule; e.g., 20% of our customers buy 80% of our products. The
horizontal (x) axis most often represents problems or causes of problems (the “categories”). The vertical
(y) axis most often represents frequency or cost. The problem or cause that occurs most frequently (or
costs the most) is listed first on the x axis. The second most frequently occurring problem or cause is
listed second and so on. A bar is generated for each cause or problem. The height of the bar is the
frequency with which that problem or cause occurred. A cumulative percentage line is sometimes added
to the Pareto diagram.
An example of a Pareto Pareto Diagram
diagram is shown to the 50 100% 100%

right. In this Pareto 96%
diagram, the number of 45 90%
return goods by product is 40 80% 80%
analyzed. The x axis is

35 70%
the different types of
products. The y axis is
Number of Returns
30 60%
how often each product
Percent
25
25 50% 50%
has been returned. The
bars are arranged so the 20 40%
first bar (for Product B) 15

15
30%
has the largest frequency.

10 8 20%
The other bars are then
arranged in decreasing 5
2
10%
frequency. 0 0%
B A C D
Products
The above Pareto diagram
indicates that product B has been returned more times (25) than any other product. To reduce the number
of returned goods, one would probably want to investigate why product B is returned so often. The
highest bars represent the “vital few.” The smaller bars represent the “trivial many,” such as for products
C and D.
This program will construct Pareto diagrams with or without a cumulative percentage line. If selected,
the calculations for the cumulative percentage line are completed and added to the Pareto diagram. The
program will not alter your worksheet. The data are copied from your worksheet to a hidden sheet.
Data Entry
The data entry requirements for the Pareto diagram are shown below. In all cases, it is recommended you
select a range in the worksheet. This helps save time when the input dialog box appears. The data is in
columns in the examples below but can also be in rows.
Option 1: Basic Pareto Diagram
For this option, the frequencies have already been totaled by category. For Number
Products
of Returns
example, suppose you are tracking returns by product name for four products: A, A 15
B, C, and D. You collect data for a two-month period. You then total the number B 25
of returns and enter the data into an Excel spreadsheet. To start the Pareto C 8
D 2
program, highlight the product names as shown to the right (shaded area) and

select the Pareto Diagram option from the toolbar. You could also highlight both the product and number
of returns information. The data does not have to in adjacent columns. In this case, you would select the
category range, then hold down the Control key and select the frequency range. Then select the Pareto
Diagram option on the SPC toolbar. You will get the Pareto Diagram dialog which is described below
(after the data entry requirements for option 3). Once you fill the information in the dialog box and select
OK, you will get the Pareto diagram shown above (with the cumulative line option selected).
Number
Week Product
of Returns
Option 2: Basic Pareto Diagram but Program Calculates the Totals 1 A 4
1 B 2
For this option, the frequencies have been totaled over some time period 1 C 12
1 D 3
but not overall. For example, suppose you are tracking the returns and 2 A 0
total the returns for each product by week. In this case, you would enter 2 B 3
2 C 1
the following data into an Excel spreadsheet. You would select the 2 D 4
products (shaded area) and then select the Pareto diagram option from 3 A 4
the toolbar. The program will automatically calculate the overall totals. 3 B 2
3 C 5
3 D 1
4 A 8
4 B 1
4 C 10
4 D 1
Option 3: Pareto Diagram Based on Data in One Product

Date Reason
Returned
Column Only 2/1/03 A Customer Did Not Need
2/4/03 A Broken
For this option, none of the frequencies have been 2/6/03 B Wrong Quantity
2/9/03 C Wrong Quantity
totaled. For example, you might be tracking each 2/11/03 A Salesman Ordered Wrong
individual returned product to discover the reason for 2/14/03 A Wrong Quantity
returns. In this case, you would enter data similar to the 2/14/03 D Wrong Quantity
data shown below into an Excel spreadsheet. To make a 1/2/00 B Broken
2/23/03 A Customer Did Not Need
Pareto diagram based on data in one column only, select 2/24/03 D Salesman Ordered Wrong
the range in the column to include in the Pareto. Then 3/1/03 A Wrong Quantity
select the Pareto diagram option on the toolbar. 3/2/03 A Wrong Quantity
Pareto Dialog Box
When you select the Pareto Diagram option (PD) on the SPC toolbar, you will get the form below. This
example is for Option 1: Basic Pareto Diagram above with the product names selected prior to the
selecting the Pareto diagram option from the SPC toolbar. There are two pages on the form: Input
Ranges/Chart Name and Options. The Input Ranges/Chart Name always comes up first. The entries on
both pages are given below. Selecting OK at the bottom of each page will run the program. Selecting
Cancel will cancel the program. The Switch Tabs button can be used to switch between the two pages.

Input Ranges/Chart Name Page
 Enter Category Range: This is the range

containing the categories (used for Options 1
and 2 above). The default value is what is
selected prior to selecting the Pareto Diagram
option on the toolbar.
 Enter Frequency Range: This is the range
containing the frequencies for Options 1 and 2
above. The default value is the range next to
the categories (but the categories and
frequencies do not have to be adjacent.
 Name of Chart: This is very important. This
will be the name of the worksheet tab that
contains the chart in your workbook.
 Include Cumulative Line Select “Yes” to
include a cumulative line. The default value is
“No.”
 Categories On: Selecting X axis puts the
categories on the x (horizontal) axis. Select Y axis places the categories on the Y axis. This is
helpful if the categories have long names. You cannot use a cumulative line if the categories are
on the Y axis.
 Enter Pareto Diagram Title: The default title is “Pareto Diagram.” Enter the title you want to
appear above the chart.
 Enter X-Axis (Category) Label: If there is a title in the cell about the first frequency selected, this
is the default entry. Otherwise, the label is left blank. Enter the category label you want for the
x-axis.
 Enter Y-Axis (Frequency) Label: If there is a title in the cell above the frequency range, this is the
default entry. Otherwise, the label is left blank. Enter the frequency label you want for the y-
axis.
 Data in: Select columns or rows depending on
how the data is entered into the spreadsheet.
The program selects one or the other
depending on the range selected prior to
selecting PD on the SPC toolbar.
 Dates of Data Collection: Add the starting
date and ending dates of data collection.
These dates are optional. If entered, they will
appear in a dialog box in the lower left-hand
corner of the chart.
Options Page
 Calculation Options: This is Option 2: Basic

Pareto Diagram but Program Calculates the
Totals. Select “Yes” if you want the program
to total the frequency results for the various
categories. “No” is the default value. Once
you select “Yes”, you must select the option
you want. Most of the time it will be “Sum,”

but there are other options including count, average, and standard deviation.
 Pareto on One Column? This is Option 3: Pareto Diagram Based on One Column. Select “Yes”
if the data are in one column. The “Data Range” contains the worksheet range containing the
data. The default value is the range that is selected prior to PD being selected on the toolbar.
“Include Frequencies >= to” is used to determine what frequencies you want to include in the
chart. For example, if you enter 3, only those items that occur three or more times will be
included in the chart.
Examples
Below are the results for Options 2 and 3 using the data given above.
Option 2: Summing the results for each week

Pareto Diagram
100% 100%
60
90%
87%
50
80%
72%
70%
40
Number of Returns
60%
Percent
30 28 50%
46%
40%
20
16 30%
20%
10 9
8
10%
0 0%
C Total A Total D Total B Total
Product
Option 3: Reasons for return in one column
Pareto Diagram
12 100.0% 100.0%
90.0%
10 83.3%
80.0%
70.0%
8 66.7%
60.0%
Percent
6
6 50.0% 50.0%
40.0%
4
30.0%
2 2 2 20.0%
2
10.0%
0 0.0%
Wrong Quantity Broken Customer Did Not Need Salesman Ordered Wrong
Reason

Histograms
A histogram is a bar chart that provides a snapshot in time of the variation in a process. It tells us how
often a value or range of values occurred in a given time frame. A histogram will tell us the most
frequently occurring value (the mode), the overall range, and the shape of the distribution (e.g., bell-
shaped, skewed, bimodal, etc.). It is best to have 50 to 100 data points to construct a histogram, if
possible. This program will construct a histogram from the raw data. It will automatically determine the
number of classes (bars) as well as the class width. You have the opportunity to change the number of
classes. An example of a histogram is shown below.
Descriptive Stats
Histogram of Yields Mean=75.625
Standard Error=0.26
Median=75
20 Standard Deviation=2.547
19 (19.8%) Variance=6.489
Sum=7260
Count=96
18 Maximum=84
17 (17.7%)
Mininum=70
Range=14
16 Kurtosis=0.6157
Skewness=0.7079
14
13 (13.5%)
12
11 (11.5%)
Frequency
10 (10.4%)
10
8 (8.3%)
8
6
5 (5.2%)
4 (4.2%)
4
3 (3.1%)
2 (2.1%)
2
1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0
69.5 to 70.5 to 71.5 to 72.5 to 73.5 to 74.5 to 75.5 to 76.5 to 77.5 to 78.5 to 79.5 to 80.5 to 81.5 to 82.5 to 83.5 to
70.5 71.5 72.5 73.5 74.5 75.5 76.5 77.5 78.5 79.5 80.5 81.5 82.5 83.5 84.5
Measurement
Data Entry
Enter the data you want to use in the histogram into a worksheet. The data 81 77 75 74 77 73
can be in any number of rows and columns. Select the cells containing the 77 74 76 75 79 74
74 79 73 75 75 74
data for the histogram as shown to the right. Then select the histogram 75 80 80 79 72 78
option (H) from the SPC toolbar. 73 74 74 73 75 74
77 75 75 72 75 74
76 75 74 74 78 75
76 76 78 77 78 75
74 76 77 76 72 73
79 82 73 75 74 79
77 73 72 75 73 73
76 76 76 75 74 72
76 76 76 74 79 79
75 81 77 74 77 71
84 74 79 70 77 74
73 77 76 74 81 75
Histogram Dialog Box

When you select the histogram option (H) on the SPC toolbar, you will get the dialog box shown to the
left. Each entry is discussed below.
 Enter location of Values: This is the range containing the values for the histogram. The default
range is the range selected on the worksheet before selecting the histogram option on the toolbar.
 Enter Histogram Title: This is the title that goes on the histogram chart. The default value is
“Histogram.”
 Enter Y-Axis (Vertical Label): This is the vertical axis label. The default is “Frequency.”
 Enter X-Axis (Horizontal Label): This is the horizontal axis label. The default is “Measurement.”
 Name of Chart: This is very important. This will be the name of the worksheet tab that contains
the chart in your workbook.
 Enter Number of Integers to Right of Decimal: This is the rounding that is used in the data. For
example, if the data contains whole numbers, this value is 0 (the default value). If the data has
one decimal point to the right of the data (as shown in the data above), this value is 1. It is used
to set the class boundaries.
 Dates of Data Collection: Add the starting date and ending dates of data collection. These dates
are optional. If entered, they will appear in a dialog box in the lower left-hand corner of the chart.
 Include Descriptive Statistics?” If you want the descriptive statistics on the chart, select “Yes.”
The descriptive statistics include the average, standard deviation, count, etc. The default value is
“Yes.” There is also the option to “Select Which to Include.” This option allows you to
determine which of the descriptive statistics you want to include. If you select this option, you
will see the dialog box below. Select which statistics you want to include. The statistics you
select will remain the same if you update the histogram. You can “Check All” or “Uncheck All”
if desired.

The number of classes (bars) on the histogram is determined automatically Change Number of Classes
by the program. It is set as the square root of the number of data
points in the range. Once the histogram is made, you can change
the number of classes. There is a button in the upper left hand
corner of the histogram chart that is used for this (you will see it
when the histogram is first made).
When you select this button on the chart, you will get the dialog
box to the right. There are essentially two options:
 Enter the number of classes you want and select OK.
The chart will then be displayed.
 Enter the class width and enter the lower bound. This
lets you set the starting point for the histogram (the lower
bound) and the width of each class. The number of
classes is set by these two values.
You also have the option to view the frequency distribution for the View/Hide Frequency Distribution
histogram. This is done by selecting the button with the caption
“View/Hide Frequency Distribution.” This button appears the first time the histogram is made. An
example of a histogram with the frequency distribution added is shown below. Selecting the button again
hides the frequency distribution.
Classes Freq. Rel. Freq. Descriptive Stats

Histogram of Yields Mean=75.625
69.5 to 70.5 1 1.0% Standard Error=0.26
70.5 to 71.5 1 1.0% Median=75
20 Standard Deviation=2.547
71.5 to 72.5 5 5.2% Variance=6.489
19 (19.8%)
72.5 to 73.5 10 10.4% Sum=7260
73.5 to 74.5 19 19.8% Count=96
18 Maximum=84
17 (17.7%) 74.5 to 75.5 17 17.7% Mininum=70
75.5 to 76.5 13 13.5% Range=14
16 Kurtosis=0.6157
76.5 to 77.5 11 11.5% Skewness=0.7079
77.5 to 78.5 4 4.2%
14 78.5 to 79.5 8 8.3%
13 (13.5%) 79.5 to 80.5 2 2.1%
80.5 to 81.5 3 3.1%
12
11 (11.5%) 81.5 to 82.5 1 1.0%
Frequency
82.5 to 83.5 0 0.0%

10 (10.4%)
10 83.5 to 84.5 1 1.0%
8 (8.3%)
8
6
5 (5.2%)
4 (4.2%)
4
3 (3.1%)
2 (2.1%)
2
1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%) 1 (1.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0
69.5 to 70.5 to 71.5 to 72.5 to 73.5 to 74.5 to 75.5 to 76.5 to 77.5 to 78.5 to 79.5 to 80.5 to 81.5 to 82.5 to 83.5 to
70.5 71.5 72.5 73.5 74.5 75.5 76.5 77.5 78.5 79.5 80.5 81.5 82.5 83.5 84.5
Measurement

Attribute Control Charts
This program handles p, np; c and u attribute control charts. The data
entry depends on the type of chart you are using. You access this
feature by selecting the attribute control chart option (ATT) on the SPC
toolbar. You will see the dialog box to the right. Select the type of
chart you want to make.
p Charts
A p control chart is used to examine the variation in the proportion (or percentage) of defective items in a
group of items. An item is defective if it fails to conform to some preset specification (operational
definition). The p control chart is used with "yes/no" attributes data. This means that there are only two
possible outcomes: either the item is defective or it is not defective. For example: either the phone is
answered or it is not answered.
An example of a p chart generated by this program is given below. In this example, the percentage of
telemarketing calls that result in an order each day is being examined. "n" is the subgroup size (the
number of telemarketing calls made each day). "np" is the number of "defective" items -- in this case, the
number of calls that result in an order. "p" is the proportion defective and is determined by p = np/n. For
example, on the first day there were 40 telemarketing calls made (n = 40). Of these, 5 resulted in an order
(np = 5). Thus, p = np/n = 5/40 = 0.125 or 12.5%. In the chart below, 12.5% is the point plotted on
2/1/2003.
The values of p are plotted p Control Chart
over time. The average 45%

( p ), the upper control limit
40%
(UCL) and the lower control UCL=36.16
limit (LCL) are calculated 35%
using the equations below.

30%
The average is plotted as a
green solid line and the
% Defective
25%
control limits are plotted as 20% Avg=19.47

red dashed lines. The
control limits in this 15%
example vary because the 10%
subgroup size varies. The

5%
values for the average and
control limits (based on the 0% LCL=2.78
average subgroup size, n )

03
03
03
03
03
03
3
3
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
20
20
20
20
20
20
2
/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10
11
12
13
14
15
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
are also printed on the chart

2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
Subgroup Number
or in the title depending on
the option selected.
 np p(1  p) p(1  p)
p UCL  p  3 LCL  p  3
n n n

The above control limits are not valid for the “small np case.” This occurs when n p < 5 or n(1- p )< 5.
In this case, the program automatically calculates the control limits using the binomial distribution.
Data Entry
The p chart monitors the fraction or percentage of defective Number of Number that
Date Telemarketing Result in an
items in a group of items. Subgroup number (like the date Calls (n) Order (np)
shown to the right), subgroup size (n) and number 2/1/2003 40 5
nonconforming (np) are required as shown in the example 2/2/2003 63 10
2/3/2003 47 12
below. After entering the data, highlight the subgroup 2/4/2003 52 7
numbers (in the example these are the dates). Then select the 2/5/2003 34 3
2/6/2003 59 21
attribute control chart option (Att) from the SPC toolbar and 2/7/2003 36 12
select the p control chart option. 2/8/2003 71 7
2/9/2003 53 11
2/10/2003 50 3
2/11/2003 41 12
2/12/2003 48 10
2/13/2003 67 5
2/14/2003 45 12
2/15/2003 54 18
p Chart Dialog Box
Once you select the p control chart option, you will get the
dialog box shown to the right. There are two pages for this
dialog box. Each page is discussed below. Selecting OK
at the bottom of each page will run the program. Selecting
Cancel will cancel the program. The Switch Tabs button
can be used to switch between the two pages.
Input Ranges/Chart Name/Labels Page
 Range containing the subgroup identifiers: This is

the range containing the subgroup numbers (dates
in the above example). The default value is the
range selected on the worksheet prior to selecting
the attribute control option on the toolbar.
 Range containing the n values: This is the range
containing the subgroup size (n). The default
value is the range next to the subgroups unless you selected multiple ranges using the control key.
 Range containing the np values: This is the range containing the number non-conforming (np).
The default value is the range next to the n values unless you selected multiple ranges using the
control key.
 Name of Chart: This is very important. Decide what you want to call the chart. This will be the
name of the sheet that contains the chart in your workbook.
 Control Chart Title: This is the title that goes on the control chart. The default value is “p
Control Chart.”
 Y-Axis Label: This is the vertical axis label. The default value is “% Defective.”
 X-Axis Label: This is the horizontal axis label. The default value is “Subgroup Number”

 Data in: Select columns or rows depending on how the data is entered into the spreadsheet. The
program selects one or the other depending on the range selected prior to selecting Att on the SPC
toolbar.
Control Limits/Other Options Page
 Test for Control: There are two options:

points beyond the limits and the rules of
seven (seven in a row above or below the
average, or seven in a row trending up or
trending down).
 Automatic Update of Limits?: This
determines if the control limits are
automatically updated when you add
additional data to the chart. Select “Yes” if
you want the control limits to automatically
update; no if you don’t want the limits to
automatically update. The default is yes.
 Based Limits on Average n? Select no to
change the limits each time the subgroup size
changes. Select Yes to base the limits on the
average subgroup size. The default value is
No.
 Print Average/Limits: Selecting “On Avg. and Limits” will print these on the lines in the chart.
Selecting “In Chart Title” will print the values in the chart title.
 Target for Average: This is the target value for the variable. It is not required.
 Use Percent for Format?: Select yes to format the chart as percent; no to format the chart as a
general number.
 Rounding to Use in Titles: This the rounding to use for the average and control limits printed in
the title. The default value is determined by the program.

np Control Charts
A np control chart is used to monitor the variation in the number of defective items in a group of items.
With this chart, the subgroup size (n), the number of items in the group, must be the same each time. An
item is defective if it fails to conform to some preset specification (operational definition). The np control
chart is used with "yes/no" attributes data. This means that there are only two possible outcomes: either
the item is defective or it is not defective. For example: either the phone is answered or it is not
answered.
An example of a np chart generated by this program is shown below. In this example, the number of
defective invoices each day is being tracked. The control chart is developed by taking a random sample
of 100 invoices each day and determining the number that are defective. In this case, the subgroup size is
constant (100). np is the number of defective items. For example, on day one, there were 22 defective
invoices.
np Control Chart
The values of np are plotted
over time. The average 40
UCL=37.83
( np ), the upper control
35
limit (UCL), and the lower
control limit (LCL) are 30
calculated using the

equations below. k is the 25 Avg=24.87
Number Defective
number of subgroups used

20
in the calculations (k = 15 in
this chart). The average is 15
plotted as a solid green line
LCL=11.9
and the control limits are 10
plotted as red dashed lines.

The values for the average 5
and control limits, along

0
with the subgroup size, are 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
printed on the chart or in the Subgroup Number
chart title depending on the

option selected.
 np np
np  p UCL  np  3 np(1  p) LCL  np  3 np(1  p)
k n
The above control limits are not valid for the “small np case.” This occurs when n p < 5 or n(1- p )< 5.
In this case, the program automatically calculates the control limits using the binomial distribution.

Data Entry Number of
Day
Defective
Number
Invoices (np)
A np control chart monitors the number of defective items in a constant 1 22
subgroup size. The required data to enter into the spreadsheet are the 2 33
3 24
subgroup numbers and the number of defective items as shown to the right. 4 20
Select the subgroup numbers (shaded area). Then select the attribute control 5 18
6 24
chart option (Att) from the SPC toolbar and select the np control chart 7 24
option. 8 29
9 18
10 27
11 31
12 26
13 31
14 24
15 22
np Chart Dialog Box
After selecting the np chart option, you will get the two
page dialog box shown here. Only items not described
in the p chart dialog box are explained below. See page
14 for the p chart dialog box.
 Subgroup size for np chart: Enter the constant

subgroup size. It is required.
 All entries are explained in the p control chart

section. See page 14 for the p chart dialog box.

c Control Charts
A c control chart is used to monitor the variation in the number of defects. A defect occurs when
something does not meet a preset specification (operational definition). A c control chart is used with
counting type attributes data (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3). These are whole numbers. You cannot have 1/2 defect. In
addition, to use a c control chart, two other conditions must be true:
 The opportunity for defects to occur must be large.

 The actual number that occurs must be small.
With a c control chart, we are often looking at an area, not a group of items. For example, we may use a c
control chart to monitor injuries in a chemical plant. In this case, the subgroup is the plant. The
opportunities for injuries to occur is large; the actual number that occur is small relative to the
opportunity. With a c control chart, the area of opportunity for defects to occur must be constant.
An example of a c control
c Control Chart
chart generated using this
program is given to the 50
right. In this example, the 45

number of returned goods
40
to a distributor is being UCL=37.56
tracked. “c” is the 35
number of returned goods

Number of Defects
30
each day. For the first

25
date, there were 20 goods Avg=23.13
returned. 20
15
The values of c are plotted 10

LCL=8.7
over time. The average
5
( c ), the upper control
limit (UCL), and the 0
03
03
03
03
03
03
3
lower control limit (LCL)

00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
20
20
20
20
20
20
2
/
1/
2/
3/
4/
5/
6/
7/
8/
9/
10
11
12
13
14
15
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
2/
are calculated using the Subgroup Number
equations below. k is the

number of subgroups used in the calculations (k = 15 in the above chart). The average is plotted as a
solid green line and the control limits are plotted as red dashed lines. The values for the average and
control limits, along with the subgroup size, are printed on the chart or in the chart title depending on the
option selected.
c
c UCL  c  3 c LCL  c  3 c
k
These control limits are valid only if c > 3. The program will automatically use the Poisson Distribution
to determine the control limits if the average is less than 3.

Data Entry
The c control chart is used to monitor the variation in the number of defects in Number of
Day Returned Goods
a constant subgroup size. Require data include the subgroup number and the (c)
number of defects. An example of a c chart data is given to the right. To 2/1/2003 20
make a c chart, select the subgroup numbers in the worksheet (shaded area). 2/2/2003 24
2/3/2003 14
Then select the attribute control chart option (Att) from the SPC toolbar and 2/4/2003 32
select the c control chart option. 2/5/2003 28
2/6/2003 16
2/7/2003 19
2/8/2003 32
2/9/2003 27
2/10/2003 25
2/11/2003 24
2/12/2003 12
2/13/2003 17
2/14/2003 44
2/15/2003 13
c Chart Dialog Box
After selecting the c Chart option in the dialog box, you

will get a two page dialog box shown here. Only items
not described in the p chart dialog box are explained
below. See page 14 for the p chart dialog box.
 Range containing c values: The range

containing the number of defects. The default
value is the column next to the subgroup
identifiers unless you selected multiple ranges
using the control key.


u Control Charts
A u control chart is used to monitor the variation in the number of defects. A defect occurs when
something does not meet a preset specification (operational definition). A u control chart is used with
counting type attributes data (e.g., 0, 1, 2, 3). These are whole numbers. You can not have 1/2 defect. In
addition, to use a u control chart, two other conditions must be true:
• The opportunity for defects to occur must be large.

• The actual number that occur must be small.
With a u control chart, we are often looking at an area of opportunity for defects to occur. A u control is
similar to a c control chart, except that the area of opportunity for defects to occur is not constant.
An example of a u chart generated by this program is given below. In this example, radiators are being
checked for leaks. Each day, the number of radiators assembled is counted. This is the area of
opportunity for leaks to occur (n). The number of leaks found when two portions of the radiator were
assembled for the first time is also counted (c). For example, on the first day, 39 radiators were hooked
up. There were 14 leaks detected. In this case, u = c/n = 14/39 = .359
The u values are plotted

over time. The average u Control Chart
( u ), the upper control 0.4

limit (UCL) and the lower
control limit (LCL) are 0.35
calculated using the UCL=0.32
equations below. There is 0.3
no LCL in this example

Defects per Inspection Unit
0.25
(it is negative). The
average is plotted as a 0.2
green solid line and the
control limits are plotted 0.15 Avg=0.15
as red dashed lines. The

values for the average and 0.1
control limits (based on

0.05
the average subgroup size,
n ) are printed on the 0
chart or in the chart title 2-Jun 3-Jun 4-Jun 5-Jun 6-Jun 7-Jun 8-Jun 9-Jun 10-Jun 11-Jun 12-Jun 13-Jun 14-Jun 15-Jun 16-Jun
Subgroup Number
depending on the option
selected.
c u u
u UCL  u  3 LCL  u  3
n n n
The control limits will be based on the actual subgroup size for each point. If the subgroup size varies,
the control limits will also vary (as shown in the above example). These control limits are valid only if
c > 3. The program will automatically use the Poisson Distribution to determine the control limits if the
average is less than 3.

Data Entry Number of
Number of Leaks
Date Radiatiors
(c)
Assembled (n)
A u control chart is used to monitor the number of defects in 2-Jun 39 14
a changing subgroup size. The required data to be entered 3-Jun 45 4
4-Jun 46 5
into the spreadsheet are the subgroup numbers, the subgroup 5-Jun 48 13
size, and the number of defects. To make a u chart, select the 6-Jun 40 6
7-Jun 58 2
subgroup numbers (shaded area), select the attribute control 8-Jun 50 4
chart option (Att) from the SPC toolbar, and then select the u 9-Jun 50 11
control chart option. 10-Jun 50 8
11-Jun 50 10
12-Jun 32 3
13-Jun 50 11
14-Jun 33 1
15-Jun 50 3
16-Jun 50 6
u Chart Dialog Box
Once you select the u chart option on the dialog box, you
will get the two page dialog box shown here. Only items not
described in the p or c chart dialog box are explained below.
See page 14 for the p chart dialog box.
 Range containing n values: The range containing the

subgroup size. The default value is the column next
to the subgroup identifiers unless you selected
multiple ranges using the control key.
 Range containing c values: The range containing the
number of defects. The default value is the column
next to n unless you selected multiple ranges using
the control key.
 Inspection Unit: Enter the size of the inspection unit.
For example, you can have an inspection unit of 1
radiator, 10 radiators, 20 radiators, etc. This choice
impacts the scaling of the chart.


Variable Control Charts
You access these control charts by selecting the variable control chart
option (Var) on the SPC toolbar. You will then get the dialog box
shown to the right. Select the option you want. The options are:
 X -R control charts
 X -s control charts
 Moving average and moving range control charts
 X-MR (individuals) control charts
 Table X-MR (for making multiple individuals charts at once)
 Run charts
There is also an option to make subgroups from data in a single

column. This option is described latter in this section.
The dialog boxes for all the options are very similar. The X -R control chart is used to show how the
program works.
X -R Control Chart
An X -R control chart is used to examine the variation in variables data. Variables data are
“measurements” (e.g., height, weight, time, dollars, density). This control chart is used when you have
lots of data and a method of rationally subgrouping the data. An example of an X -R chart is given on the
next page. In this example, sales per day are monitored. A subgroup is made up of the results for one
week. The subgroup size (n) in this case is 5.
The X -R chart is really two charts. The top chart is the X chart. This chart looks at the variation in
subgroup averages. The subgroup average is the average of the individual results in the subgroup. The
bottom chart is the range chart. The subgroup range is the largest result minus the smallest result in the
subgroup.
The values of X and the moving range are plotted over time. The average and control limits for both
charts are calculated using the equations below. The average is plotted as a green solid line and the
control limits are plotted as red dashed lines on both charts. For the equations below, k is the number of
subgroups. A2, D3, and D4, d2 are constants used in the calculations for charts. See the e-zines on our
website for more information about these constants.
X Chart Equations:
X
X
UCL  X  A 2 R LCL  X  A 2 R
k
Range Chart Equations:
R ˆ 
R
R UCL  D4R LCL  D3R 
k d2
The values for the average and control limits are printed on the respective charts.

Xbar Chart
35
34 UCL=33.8
33
32
Subgroup Average
31
Avg=30.2
30
29
28
27
LCL=26.6
26
2/1/2003 2/8/2003 2/15/2003 2/22/2003 3/1/2003 3/8/2003 3/15/2003 3/22/2003 3/29/2003 4/5/2003 4/12/2003 4/19/2003 4/26/2003 5/3/2003 5/10/2003
Subgroup Number
R Chart
14.0
UCL=13.3
12.0
10.0
Subgroup Range
8.0
Avg=6.3
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
2/1/2003 2/8/2003 2/15/2003 2/22/2003 3/1/2003 3/8/2003 3/15/2003 3/22/2003 3/29/2003 4/5/2003 4/12/2003 4/19/2003 4/26/2003 5/3/2003 5/10/2003
Subgroup Number

Data Entry
Week of Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday
The data input for this type of chart is shown 2/1/2003 33.0 33.1 26.4 28.3 28.9
to the right. The subgroup identifiers (week of 2/8/2003 30.0 30.1 29.2 31.5 28.4
in this example) are in the first column. In 2/15/2003 31.8 29.4 28.0 26.9 32.2
2/22/2003 28.5 34.0 33.6 29.7 33.4
this example, data is collected once a day 3/1/2003 27.2 27.6 30.6 30.1 27.4
every weekday. The results for one week are 3/8/2003 30.5 30.5 28.1 37.7 28.7
used to form the subgroup (n = 5). Select the 3/15/2003 35.4 31.3 27.8 31.3 33.0
3/22/2003 33.6 33.3 26.4 32.4 34.1
subgroup identifiers and data (shaded). Then 3/29/2003 35.8 34.1 30.1 30.3 26.1
select the variable control chart option (Var) 4/5/2003 30.4 32.6 32.5 25.2 32.1
4/12/2003 26.9 32.4 29.0 26.8 29.3
from the SPC toolbar. You will get the dialog 4/19/2003 28.0 28.2 25.5 31.1 34.4
box above. Select the X -R chart option and 4/26/2003 29.1 31.6 29.0 33.1 30.9
select OK. 5/3/2003 26.4 30.8 34.0 27.0 31.7
5/10/2003 27.4 26.0 28.2 27.9 27.3
X -R Chart Dialog Box
You will get the three-page dialog box shown

to the right. Each page is discussed below.
Selecting OK at the bottom of each page will
run the program. Selecting Cancel will cancel
the program. The Next Page and Previous
page buttons can be used to switch between the
three pages.

 Range Containing the Subgroup
Identifiers: This is the range that
contains the subgroup numbers. The
default value is the first column in the
range you selected prior to selecting
the variable control chart option in the
toolbar.
 Range Containing the Data: This is
the range containing the data. The default range is the range you selected prior to selecting the
variable control chart option excluding the first column in the range.
 Subgroup Size: This is the subgroup size. The default value is the number of columns minus one
in the range you selected prior to selecting the variable control chart option in the toolbar. THIS
VALUE DETERMINES WHAT DATA IS INCLUDED.
 Xbar Chart Title and Labels
o Title: This is the title that goes on the control chart. The default title is Xbar Chart.
o Y-Axis Label: This is the vertical axis label. The default label is Subgroup Average.
o X-Axis Label: This is the horizontal axis label. The default label is Subgroup Number.
 R Chart Title and Labels
o Title: This is the title that goes on the range chart. The default title is R Chart.
o Y-Axis Label: This is the vertical axis label. The default label is Subgroup Range.
 Chart Options

o Xbar Chart Only: only the X chart is constructed. This is the default option
o Xbar and R Charts – Different Worksheets: Both the X and range charts are constructed
but on different worksheets.
o Xbar and R Charts – Same Worksheet: Both the X and range charts are constructed on
the same worksheet.
program selects one or the other depending on the range selected prior to selecting the variable
control chart option (Var) on the SPC toolbar.
Options Page
 Tests for Control: There are three

options for interpreting the charts for
control: points beyond the limits, the
rules of seven (seven in a row above or
below the average or trending up or
down) and the zone tests (zones A, B, C,
stratification, mixtures). The zone tests
are not applied to range or standard
deviation charts. If an out of control
situation is detected, the points on the
chart will be in red.
 Target for Average: This is the target
value for the variable. It is not required.
 Print Average/Limits: There are two
options.
o On Avg. and Limits: This option
prints the average and control
limits values on the lines. This is the default option.
o In Chart Title: This option prints the values in the control chart title.
 Allow values below 0?: Sometimes, it is not possible for the variable to have values below 0. If
that is the case, select “No” for this option. The default value is “Yes.”
 Generate New/Update Existing Capability Chart? Select Yes to do a process capability analysis.
The default option is No. See the Process Capability section in this manual for more information.
 Rounding to Use in Titles: This is the rounding to use for the average and control limits printed in
the title. If the first cell in the range has been formatted, this format is used. If not, the value
entered here is used for rounding. The program will estimate the rounding in the data.

Control Limit Option
 Automatic Update of Limits?: This

determines if the control limits are
automatically updated when you add
additional data to the chart. Select
“Yes” if you want the control limits to
automatically update; No if you don’t
want the limits to automatically
update. The default value is Yes.
The rest of this dialog box is used only if you

want to change the default way the program
calculates the control limits. The program uses
the equations given in this manual for the +/-
three sigma limits. There are two other
options you have:
 Base control limits on +/- “x” sigma:

You can select the sigma limits you want to use in the control chart. The default value is 3. DO
NOT CHANGE ANYTHING IF YOU WANT THE PROGRAM TO USE THE STANDARD
CONTROL LIMIT EQUATIONS. You can also add two additional lines to the charts (above
and below the average). Any values entered for these additional lines are ignored if the 3 sigma
limits are being used. If you use any other value than 3 sigma for the control limits, the zone tests
for out of control points will not be applied since it is no longer valid.
 Enter your own limits: You may also enter your own values for the X chart control limits. An
additional two lines can also be added to the chart. The values entered here must be between the
average and the UCL entered. The program will add them automatically to the area between the
average and the LCL.

X -s Control Charts
A X -s chart is very similar to the X -R chart. Instead of using the subgroup range, the X -s chart uses
the subgroup standard deviation to determine process variability. It is usually used when your subgroup
is greater than or equal to 10.
For the equations below, k is the number of subgroups. A3, B3, and B4, C4 are constants used in the
calculations for the charts.
X Chart Equations:
X
X
UCL  X  A 3s LCL  X  A 3s
k
s Chart Equation:
s
s UCL  B4 s LCL  B3 s ˆ 

s
k c4
The data entry requirements and the dialog boxes for these two charts are the same as the X -R control
chart. Please refer to the instructions above for the X -R control charts (page 22). The X -s charts for the
same data as used above for the X -R charts are shown below.
Xbar Chart
35
34 UCL=33.9
33
Subgroup Average
32
31
Avg=30.2
30
29
28
27 LCL=26.5
26
2/1/2003 2/8/2003 2/15/2003 2/22/2003 3/1/2003 3/8/2003 3/15/2003 3/22/2003 3/29/2003 4/5/2003 4/12/2003 4/19/2003 4/26/2003 5/3/2003 5/10/2003
Subgroup Number
s Chart
6.0
UCL=5.4
Subgroup Standard Deviation
5.0
4.0
3.0
Avg=2.6
2.0
1.0
0.0
2/1/2003 2/8/2003 2/15/2003 2/22/2003 3/1/2003 3/8/2003 3/15/2003 3/22/2003 3/29/2003 4/5/2003 4/12/2003 4/19/2003 4/26/2003 5/3/2003 5/10/2003
Subgroup Number

X-MR (Individuals) Control Charts
An individuals control chart (with a moving range of two) is used to examine the variation in variables
data. Variables data are “measurements” (e.g., height, weight, time, dollars, density). This chart is used
when you have limited data (for example, one data point per day or per week). It is also useful when data
are difficult to obtain. To use this chart, the individual measurements should be normally distributed, i.e.,
a histogram of the individual measurements is bell-shaped.
An example of an individuals control chart is given below. In this example, the dollar value of accounts
receivable past due 90 days is being monitored. An individuals control chart is really two charts. The top
chart is the X chart where the individual result (accounts receivable past due 90 days for a week) is
plotted. For example, the first point corresponds to $110,000 in past due receivables for the first week
(2/6). The second point corresponds to $104,000 for the second week (2/13).
Individuals Chart
129
124 UCL=124.3
119
114
109
Result
104 Avg=103.6
99
94
89
84 LCL=82.9
79
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
3
3
00
00
00
00
00
00
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2
2
/
/
5/
5/
2/
9/
7/
4/
12
19
26
12
19
26
16
23
30
14
21
28
11
18
2/
3/
4/
4/
5/
6/
2/
2/
2/
3/
3/
3/
4/
4/
4/
5/
5/
5/
6/
6/
Sample Number
Moving Range Chart
30
25 UCL=25.5
Moving Range
20
15
10
Avg=7.8
5
0
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
03
3
3
00
00
00
00
00
00
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2
2
/
/
5/
5/
2/
9/
7/
4/
12
19
26
12
19
26
16
23
30
14
21
28
11
18
2/
3/
4/
4/
5/
6/
2/
2/
2/
3/
3/
3/
4/
4/
4/
5/
5/
5/
6/
6/
Sample Number
The bottom chart is the moving range chart. The moving range between consecutive points is plotted on
this chart. For example, the range between accounts receivable past due for 90 days between the week of
2/6 and 2/13 is $110,000 - $104,000 = $6,000. There is no range corresponding to the first data point on
the X chart.
The values of X and the moving range are plotted over time. The average and control limits for both
charts are calculated using the equations below. The average is plotted as a green solid line and the
control limits are plotted as red dashed lines on both charts. For the equations below, k is the number of
samples (individual X values).

X Chart Equations:
X
X UCL  X  2.66R LCL  X  2.66R
k
Moving Range Chart Equations:
R R
R UCL  3.27R LCL  None ˆ  
k 1 1.128
The values for the average and control limits are printed on the respective charts
Data Entry Accounts

Week of
Receivable
2/5/2003 110
The only data required for an individuals control chart are the sample number 2/12/2003 104
and the result as shown to the right. Select the sample numbers (shaded area). 2/19/2003 98
2/26/2003 112
Then select the variable control chart option (Var) on the SPC toolbar and 3/5/2003 113
select the X-MR (Individuals) Chart option. Select OK and you will get the 3/12/2003 100
3/19/2003 89
two-page dialog box for the individuals control chart. This dialog box is the 3/26/2003 113
same as for the X -R control chart. Please refer to the instructions above for 4/2/2003 109
4/9/2003 105
the X -R control charts. 4/16/2003 108
4/23/2003 95
4/30/2003 101
5/7/2003 98
5/14/2003 100
5/21/2003 105
5/28/2003 103
6/4/2003 99
6/11/2003 112
6/18/2003 98

Moving Average/Moving Range (MA/MR) Charts
A moving average/moving range (MA/MR) chart is very similar to the X -R chart. The data entry
requirements are the same. Please refer to the X -R chart directions (page 22). The only major difference
in constructing a MA/MR chart is in how the subgroups are formed. The MA/MR chart reuses data. For
example, the data for the X-MR chart above could be regrouped into subgroup sizes of three using a
MA/MR chart. The first subgroup for the MA/MR chart is formed using the first three results (for the
weeks of 2/5, 2/12 and 2/19. The second subgroup for the MA/MR chart uses the weeks of 2/12 and 2/19
and then adds in the week of 2/26. This continues for each of the remaining samples. You use a MA/MR
chart when you have infrequent data that is not normally distributed.
For
MA/MR For the X-
Chart MR Chart
Subgroup Accounts
1 2 3 Week of
Number Receivable
1 110 104 98 2/5/2003 110
2 104 98 112 2/12/2003 104
3 98 112 113 2/19/2003 98
4 112 113 100 2/26/2003 112
5 113 100 89 3/5/2003 113
6 100 89 113 3/12/2003 100
7 89 113 109 3/19/2003 89
8 113 109 105 3/26/2003 113
9 109 105 108 4/2/2003 109
10 105 108 95 4/9/2003 105
11 108 95 101 4/16/2003 108
12 95 101 98 4/23/2003 95
13 101 98 100 4/30/2003 101
14 98 100 105 5/7/2003 98
15 100 105 103 5/14/2003 100
16 105 103 99 5/21/2003 105
17 103 99 112 5/28/2003 103
18 99 112 98 6/4/2003 99
6/11/2003 112
6/18/2003 98
The charts below are the output from the MA/MR chart for this data.
Moving Averge Chart
119
UCL=115.8
114
Moving Average
109
104 Avg=103.4
99
94
LCL=91
89
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Subgroup Number
Moving Range Chart
35
UCL=31.2
30
25
Moving Range
20
15
Avg=12.1
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Subgroup Number

Table X-MR (Individuals) Chart
This option is used to generate multiple individual control charts at the same time. You can either
generate the charts one at a time (loops through the dialog box each time) or all at once using chart names
and labels that already are entered on the worksheet.
Generate Charts One at a Time
The data is entered as shown to the right. The sample numbers are in one Sample Result 1 Result 2
1 98.5 93.61
column. The results are in the adjacent columns. Select the sample numbers 2 101.22 106.38
(shaded area). Then select the variable control chart option (Var) on the SPC 3 105.99 108.67
4 89.08 98.83
toolbar and select the Table X-MR (Individuals) Chart option. Select OK and 5 105.48 94.57
you will get the two-page dialog box for the individuals control chart. Enter the 6 96.55 91.55
7 90.77 95.11
required information into the dialog box and select OK. The first individuals 8 96.13 89.41
chart will be constructed. The program then moves to the adjacent column and 9 97.16 97.98
10 100.67 98.17
shows the dialog box again. The program runs until it finds a blank cell for
sample 1.
Generate Charts All at Once Name Chart 1 Chart 2

Y Label Y Y
X Label X X
The data entry requirements are shown to the right. To use this option, the
Sample Result 1 Result 2
unique name of the charts as well as the Y labels and X labels must be 1 98.5 93.61
entered into the worksheet as shown to the right. Select the sample numbers 2 101.22 106.38
(shaded area). Then select the variable control chart option (Var) on the SPC 3 105.99 108.67
4 89.08 98.83
toolbar and select the Table X-MR (Individuals) Chart option. Select OK 5 105.48 94.57
and you will get the two-page dialog box for the individuals control chart. 6 96.55 91.55
7 90.77 95.11
8 96.13 89.41
Select the second page. In the lower right hand side of the dialog box is 9 97.16 97.98
10 100.67 98.17
“Base Labels on Cell Locations and Run Automatically.” Select Yes. You
will then get the dialog box below.
Select the row containing the title (name of chart),

the Y labels, and the X labels. Then select OK.
This returns you to the individuals control chart
form. Select OK. This will generate all the charts
automatically.

Run Charts
The data entry requirements and the dialog box for the run chart are essentially the same as the X-MR
chart. Please review to the information above on the X-MR chart (page 28).
Subgroup Maker: Make Subgroups from Column of Numbers Data

97.00
87.22
The program has the option to make subgroups from a single column of numbers. The data 102.44
112.76
must be in a single column as shown to the right. 111.98
 Select the data you want to make into subgroups (the data only, not any sample 117.33
78.16
identifier). 97.66
 Select the variable control chart option on the SPC toolbar 110.95
89.13
 Select the “Make Subgroups from Single Column” option. You will get the dialog 93.10
83.10
box shown below. 81.53
90.22
92.26
78.82
 The range listed is the range you selected 94.32
on the worksheet. You may change it here 95.96
101.35
if it is not correct. 96.35
 Enter the subgroup size, not to exceed 25. 96.73
96.30
 Select the Output Option you desire: 113.43
o First cell of output range on a 99.15
98.14
worksheet: enter the cell location 94.87
119.72
on the worksheet where you want 108.66
the subgroups formed. 123.76
o New worksheet: select this option 93.45
to put the subgroups on a new worksheet.

 Select OK: The subgroups will be generated and
place based on your output option. You will then get
the Variables Chart dialog box to select the type of
chart you want to make and follow the instructions
for that chart.

Process Capability
Process capability answers the question: Is the process capable of meeting specifications? Specifications
can be set by customers. Specifications could also be standards set by management for a process. For
example, the standard for days sales outstanding might be set by leadership to be less than 46 days. One
measure of process capability is the Cpk index. Another is Ppk. To determine the process capability, the
individual sample results should be normally distributed (the histogram is a bell shaped curve) and the
process should be in statistical control.
The value of Cpk is the minimum of two process capability indices. One process capability is Cpu, which
is the process capability based on the upper specification limit. The other is Cpl, which is the process
capability based on the lower specification limit. Algebraically, Cpk is defined as:
Cpk = Minimum (Cpu, Cpl)
USL  X X  LSL
Cpu  Cpl 
3ˆ ' 3ˆ '
where USL = upper specification limit and LSL = lower specification limit. Both Cpu and Cpl take into
account where the process is centered. The value of Cpk is the difference between the process average
( X ) and the nearest specification limit divided by three times the standard deviation ( ̂' ). This standard
deviation is the standard deviation estimated from a range or s chart. In determining Ppk, the standard
deviation is the actual standard deviation of the measurements.
Cpk values above 1.0 are desired. This means that essentially no product or service is being produced
above USL or below LSL. The figure below shows how the Cpk values are developed. If Cpk is less
than 1.0, this means that there is some product being produced out of specification.
LSL USL
= =
X - LSL USL - X
= ^ = ^ = ^ = = ^ = ^ = ^
X -3' X -2' X -1' X X +1' X +2' X +3'
^'
3 ^'
3
The process capability feature of this program includes Cpk and Ppk. The data used in the analysis can
either be data entered into a spreadsheet for this analysis alone or data that has been used for a control
chart previously.

An example of the process capability analysis performed by the program is shown below. The histogram
of the data is given along with a normal curve. The specification limits are added. The statistics are
given to the right. The percentages in parentheses give the % out of specification for that metric.
Statistics
Capability Analysis Cp=1.34
Cpk= 0.59
Cpu= 0.59 (3.84%)
35 Cpl= 2.09 (0%)
Est. Sigma= 2.5
Pp=1.31
Ppk= 0.57
Ppu= 0.57 (4.36%)
30 LSL=60 Nominal=70 USL=80 Ppl= 2.04 (0%)
Sigma= 2.6
Average=75.6
Min=70
Max=84
Count=96
25
No. Out of Spec=5 (5.21%)
Kurtosis=0.62
Skewness=0.71
Sigma Level=1.77
DPMO=394117.9
20
Frequency
15
10
0
57 62 67 72 77 82 87
Measurement
The statistics include the following:
 Cp: = (USL-LSL)/6 ̂' where ̂' is the estimated standard deviation from a range or s chart
 Cpk: the minium of Cpu or Cpl
 Cpu: the capability based on the USL = (USL- X )/3 ̂' where X is the overall average (the
number in parentheses is the theoretical % greater than the USL)
 Cpl: the capability based on the LSL = ( X -LSL)/3 ̂' (the number in parentheses is the
theoretical % less than the LSL)
 Est. Sigma = ̂'
 Pp: = (USL-LSL)/6s where s is the standard deviation of the measurements
 Ppk: the minium of Ppu or Ppl
 Ppu: the capability based on the USL = (USL- X )/3s where X is the overall average (the number
in parentheses is the theoretical % greater than the USL)
 Ppl: the capability based on the LSL = ( X -LSL)/3s (the number in parentheses is the theoretical
% less than the LSL)
 Sigma: = s
 Average: = X
 Count: = number of data points in the analysis
 No. Out of Spec: = actual number out of specification (number in parentheses is the % out)

 Kurtosis: a measure of the shape of the distribution. A positive value means that the distribution
has longer tails than a normal distribution; a negative value means that the distribution has shorter
tails. The normal distribution has kurtosis of 0.
 Skewness: a measure of asymmetry. If skewness is 0, there is perfect symmetry (like the normal
distribution). A positive value means that the tail of the distribution is stretched on the side above
the mean. The negative values means it is stretch on the side below the mean.
 Sigma Level: A statistical term that measures how much a process varies from perfection, based
on the number of defects per million units.
o One Sigma = 690,000 per million units
o Two Sigma = 308,000 per million units
o Three Sigma = 66,800 per million units
o Four Sigma = 6,210 per million units
o Five Sigma = 230 per million units
o Six Sigma = 3.4 per million units
 DPMO: Defects per million opportunities
Data Entry
81 77 75 74 77 73
If you are just using data to determine process capability without using a 77 74 76 75 79 74
74 79 73 75 75 74
control chart, enter the data into the spreadsheet. An example is shown to 75 80 80 79 72 78
the right. Select the data to be used in the analysis and then select the 73 74 74 73 75 74
process capability option (Cpk) on the SPC toolbar. If you want to do a 77 75 75 72 75 74
process capability analysis for an existing chart, you do not have to select 76 75 74 74 78 75
anything on a worksheet prior to selecting the process capability option on 76 76 78 77 78 75
74 76 77 76 72 73
the SPC toolbar. 79 82 73 75 74 79
77 73 72 75 73 73
76 76 76 75 74 72
76 76 76 74 79 79
75 81 77 74 77 71
84 74 79 70 77 74
73 77 76 74 81 75

Process Capability Dialog Box
Once you select the process capability option,

you will get the two page dialog box shown.
Each page is discussed below. Selecting OK at
the bottom of the page will run the program.
Selecting Cancel will end the program. The
Switch Tabs button can be used to switch
between the two pages.
Input Ranges/Chart Name Page
 Data or Existing chart?: Select the

option you want. “Data Only” is the
default option. When “Data Only” is
selected, the “Range Containing Values”
is enabled.
o Range Containing Values: This
is the range containing the values on which to do the process capability analysis. The
default value is the range selected on the spreadsheet before selecting the process
capability option.
If “Existing Chart” is selected, the “Select Existing Chart” list box is enabled and a list of
available charts is given in the list box. Select the chart you want to do the process capability
analysis on.
name of the sheet that contains the chart in your workbook. If you select the “Existing Chart”
option, the chart automatically will be the name of the existing chart worksheet with Cpk added.
program selects one or the other depending on the range selected prior to selecting the process
capability option on the SPC toolbar.
 Specifications: Enter the upper specification limit (USL), the lower specification limit (LSL) and
the nominal, the target (if desired). Only one specification limit is required.
 Add +/- 3 Sigma Limits: In addition to the specifications, you can add the +/- three sigma limits to
the chart. The default is No. If you select Yes, you can chose sigma to the estimated sigma from
the range chart or the calculated standard deviation of all the data.
Titles/Labels/Dates of Data Collection/Multiple Charts/Outliers Page
 Capability Chart Title: This is the title

that goes on the chart. The default value
is “Capability Analysis.”
 Y-Axis Label: This is the vertical axis
label. The default value is “Frequency.”
 X-Axis Label: This is the horizontal axis
label. The default value is
“Measurement.”
 Number of Decimal Places for Rounding:
This is the rounding to use for the values
in the titles on the chart.

 More Than One Chart? Select “Yes” if you want to make multiple process capability charts by
looping through the dialog box. The program assumes that the next set of data for the process
capability analysis is adjacent to the current set. Use one row or one column of data if you are
selecting this option. “No” is the default value.
 Remove Outliers? Select “Yes” if you want to remove outliers from the calculations. Enter the
number of standard deviations you want to remove outliers beyond (e.g., beyond +/- 6 sigma).
The default option is “No.”

Advanced Process Capability
This option is used to automatically generate multiple process capability analysis, to remove outliers,
adjust specification limits, and generate a summary process capability table.
Data Entry
Name of Chart Chart 1 Chart 2 Chart 3 Chart 4 Chart 5
LSL 70 68 75 60 65
The data entry requirements for this option are shown to Nominal 100 100 97.5 100 95
the right. There must be a row containing the unique USL 130 132 120 140 125
“Name of Chart.” This becomes the worksheet tab name. 90 92 96 109 111
92 112 101 102 99
In addition, there must be a row containing the LSL and/or 109 82 117 103 90
USL. The row containing the nominal value is optional. 89
92
91
109
91
105
116
83
117
95
Select the data in the column containing the data for the 97 107 112 76 105
112 85 97 108 75
first process capability chart (shaded). Then select the 95 99 101 115 94
95 108 105 108 94
advanced process capability (ACpk) from the SPC toolbar. 102 99 85 112 101
108 97 89 99 107
101 93 111 83 106
116 89 104 105 102
110 118 102 98 99
81 87 117 114 107
94 101 97 116 95
91 103 106 100 99
108 97 106 108 87
95 87 84 116 105
100 96 113 114 112
Advanced Process Capability Dialog Box
One you select the Advanced Process

Capability option from the toolbar, you get
the two page dialog box shown to the right.
Each page is discussed below. Selecting
OK at the bottom of the page will run the
program. Selecting Cancel will end the
program. The Switch Tabs button can be
used to switch between the two pages.
Input Page
 Capability Results Table: If “Yes”

is selected, a table summarizing the
process capability for all charts will
be generated. An example is shown
at the end of this section.
 Range Containing Values: This is the range of the data for the first process capability chart. The
default value is the selected area on the spreadsheet. The data must be in columns for this feature.
 Select Row Containing Name: Select a cell in the row or the row itself that contains the unique
name of the chart. This name will be on the worksheet tab containing the process capability
chart.
 Select Row Containing USL: Select a cell in the row or the row that contains the USL values.
 Select Row Containing Nominal: Select a cell in the row or the row that contains the nominal
values.
 Select Row Containing LSL: Select a cell in the row or the row that contains the LSL values.

 Remove Outliers? Select “Yes” if you want to remove outliers from the calculations. Enter the
number of standard deviations you want to remove outliers beyond (e.g., beyond +/- 6 sigma).
The default option is “No.”
 Reset Specifications Limits? Select “Yes” if you want the program to replace the existing
specification limits with new limits set at the value of +/- sigma you enter. This is useful if you
are trying to set specification limits, e.g., for prototype data.
 Add +/- 3 Sigma Limits: In addition to the specifications, you can add the +/- three sigma limits to
the chart. The default is No. If you select Yes, you can chose sigma to the estimated sigma from
the range chart or the calculated standard deviation of all the data.
Labels and Date Page
 Y-Axis Label: This is the vertical

axis label. The default value is
“Frequency.”
 X-Axis Label: This is the horizontal
axis label. The default value is
“Measurement.”
 Dates of Data Collection: Add the
starting date and ending dates of
data collection. These dates are
optional. If entered, they will
appear in a dialog box in the lower
left-hand corner of the chart.
Example of Process Capability Table Output
An example of the process capability table output is shown below. This is from the data in the example
workbook.
Name Cp Cpk Cpu Cpl Est. Sigma Pp Ppk Ppu Ppl Sigma Average Count Minimum Maximum Kurtosis Skewness LSL USL
Chart 1 1.07 1.03 1.11 1.03 9.33 1.09 1.05 1.13 1.05 9.17 98.85 20 81 116 -0.65 0.19 70 130
Chart 2 0.94 0.87 1.01 0.87 11.38 1.1 1.02 1.18 1.02 9.72 97.6 20 82 118 -0.53 0.37 68 132
Chart 3 0.67 0.54 0.54 0.8 11.24 0.77 0.62 0.62 0.92 9.73 101.95 20 84 117 -0.58 -0.28 75 120
Chart 4 1.29 1.16 1.16 1.43 10.31 1.13 1.01 1.01 1.25 11.78 104.25 20 76 116 0.74 -1.2 60 140
Chart 5 1.02 0.85 0.85 1.19 9.85 1.04 0.87 0.87 1.21 9.63 100 20 75 117 1.16 -0.68 65 125

Scatter Diagram
A scatter diagram is used to show the relationship between two kinds of data. It could be the relationship
between a cause and an effect, between one cause and another, or even between one cause and two others.
In the example file, there is data that relates steam usage in a plant to the atmospheric temperature. The
question being answered here is “Does the atmospheric temperature have an effect on steam usage in the
plant.” For 25 days, data were collected on steam usage and temperature. There are 25 sets of data point.
Each set of data points is charted on a scatter. The scatter diagram is shown below.
Scatter Diagram (Significant, p = 0)

As can be seen in the
13.3
figure, there is a negative
correlation in the data.
12.3
This means that as
temperature decreases, the
11.3
steam usage in the plant
tends to increase. There
Steam Usage (Y)
10.3
can be a positive
correlation, a negative
9.3
correlation, or no
correlation.
8.3
The program determines if y = -0.0871x + 14.098

2
7.3 R = 0.7525
the relationship between
the two variables is
6.3
statistically significant at a 28 38 48 58 68 78 88
probability of 0.05. If Temperature (X)
there is a significant
relationship, the resulting probability is given in the title (in this case, the round goes to p =0). The
equation is of the form:
y = b1x + b0
where y is the variable on the y axis, x is the variable on the x axis, b1 is the slope of the line and b0 is
where the line crosses the y axis. In the example above, the slope is -0.0871. This means that for each
unit increase in x (one degree of temperature in this case), the y value (steam usage in this case) decreases
by -0.0871.
The value of R2 in the chart is the % of variation in y that is explained by x. In this example, 75% of the
variation in steam usage is explained by the variation in temperature.

Data Entry Sample Temperature Steam
No. (X) Usage (Y)
1 35.3 10.98
Enter the X values and the Y Value into a spreadsheet as shown to 2 29.7 11.13
3 30.8 12.51
the right. Select the X values and the Y values. If the X value 4 58.8 8.4
and Y values are adjacent, you can just select the X values. Then 5 61.4 9.27
6 71.3 8.73
select the scatter diagram option (SD) from the SPC toolbar. The 7 74.4 6.36
sample number entries can be used for point labels (see below). 8 76.7 8.5
9 70.7 7.82
10 57.5 9.14
11 46.4 8.24
12 28.9 12.19
13 28.1 11.88
14 39.1 9.57
15 46.8 10.94
Scatter Diagram Dialog Box
Once you select the scatter diagram option

from the SPC toolbar, you will see the two
page dialog box shown to the right. Each page
is discussed below. Selecting OK at the
bottom of the page will run the program.
Selecting Cancel will end the program. The
Switch Tabs button can be used to switch
between the two pages.
Input Data/Titles Page
 X Values Range: This is the range

containing the X values. The default
value is the range you selected prior to
selecting the scatter diagram option in
the toolbar.
 Y Values Range: This is the range containing the Y values. The default value is the range next to
the X values or the second range selected on the worksheet.
 Scatter Diagram Title: This is the title that goes on the scatter diagram. The default value is
“Scatter Diagram.”
 Y-Axis Label: This is the vertical axis label. The default value is the cell contents above the X
values range.
 X-Axis Label: This is the horizontal axis label. The default value is the cell contents above the Y
values range.
 Trend/Regression Options: Select the regression you want. The options are:
o Linear
o Logarithmic
o Polynomial (activates order or period option)
o Power
o Exponential

program selects one or the other depending on the range selected prior to selecting the scatter
diagram option on the SPC toolbar.
Rounding/Forecasting/Point Labels
 Rounding to Use in Titles: This the

rounding to use for the probablity
printed in the title. The default value
is 4.
 Options: There are three options to
consider:
o Intercept: check this box if
you want to force the y-
intercept through 0 or another
value
o Display equation on chart:
select this option to display
the equation on the chart.
o Display R-Square: select this
option to display R2 on the
chart.
 Forecasting: You can forecast forward or backward by changing the 0 values in the appropriate
boxes.
 Add Labels to Point: Select “Yes” if you want to add labels to the points.
o Point Range Label: This is the range containing the point label ranges and should be
equal to the number of points on the chart.
o Label Position: This determines where to put the labels (above, below, left, center, right)
relative to the point.

Updating Charts
All charts can be updated easily after new data has been entered into the spreadsheet. There is no need to
select anything on the worksheet. The program automatically checks to see what new data has been
entered. Once you have entered the new data, select the
update option from the SPC toolbar. You will get the
dialog shown to the right.
The dialog box lists all the available charts for updating
in the workbook. You may select multiple charts at
once. You can also check the “Update All Charts”
option to update all the charts in the workbook.
Caution on Updating Charts:

If you change the name on the worksheet tab containing your chart, you will not be able to update the
chart because the program can’t find the new name. There is a manual method that allows you to change
the name on the worksheet tab. See the section on “Frequently Asked Questions” in the manual.
Changing Chart Options
You make changes to the chart using the options button on the SPC
toolbar. When you select this button, you get the dialog box to the
right. Select the chart whose options you want to change. The
dialog box for that chart then is shown. You can change anything
except the name of the chart.
Note on chart title, y-axis label and x-axis label: To make

permanent changes to the chart title or the labels on either axis, you
must go through the options shown here. Making changes directly on the chart will not permanently
change the title and labels. If you make the changes on the chart and then update the chart, the program
will use the stored values.
Caution on Updating Charts:

If you change the name on the worksheet tab containing your chart, you will not be able to update the
chart because the program can’t find the new name. There is a manual method that allows you to change
the name on the worksheet tab. See the section on “Frequently Asked Questions” in the manual.

Single Point Actions
This option is used for action on a single point on a chart including:
 Splitting control limits at a point

 Removing the split at the point
 Starting the chart at the point
 Undo starting the chart at the point
 Removing a point from the calculations
 Adding a point back to the calculations
 Adding or replacing a comment to the point
 Deleting the existing comment for the point
You must select a point on the chart prior to selecting the single point
option from the menu. To select a single point:
 Select the series by pointing the mouse at the series and

clicking
 Select the point you want using the mouse.
Below is an example of a chart with one point selected (this is the c chart data from the example
workbook).
After selecting the point, select the single point action option (SP) from the SPC toolbar. The dialog box
above will appear. Select the option you want and then select OK. The average and limits are
recalculated based on your option and the chart is re-made. See the notes on the following page for more
information.

Notes on Single Point Actions
Some of the actions on this option will produce minor changes in your workbook. These changes along
with other issues on single point actions are described below.

Control limits can be split multiple times within a chart.
o This will produce a change to your worksheet. The cell containing the point will be in
italics. This will occur in the first column or row of data.
 Starting the chart at a new point will produce a change on your worksheet. The cell containing
that point will be in bold. This will occur for in the first column or row of data.
 If a point is removed from the calculations, it is still plotted. Its appearance will change - it will
c Control Chart
c Control Chart
just be outlined as shown to the right.
o This will also produce a change to your worksheet. The cell containing the point will be
shaded a light tan. The shading will occur in
Point included in Point not included in
the first column or row of data. The shading calculations calculations
used is shown to the right.
 Comments added to or deleted from the points must
be added through this option. Adding or deleting
them manually to the chart will not store the result.
o This will also produce a change to your
worksheet. The comments will be added to
the cell containing that point as an Excel
comment.
3 2/8/2003 2/9/2003 2/10/2003 2/11/2003 2/12/2003 2/13/2003 2/14/2003 2/15/2003

Subgroup Number
2/7/2003 2/8/2003 2/9/2003 2/10/2003 2/11/2003 2/12/2003 2/13/2003 2/14/2003 2/15/2003

Subgroup Number

All Points Action
When you select the All Points Action from the SPC toolbar, you will
see the dialog box to the right. With this option, you can:
 remove or add back to the calculations all points beyond the
control limits.
 Select the range to base control limits on.
A chart must be selected before this option can be used. If you have
the two charts on the same worksheet (e.g., X -R chart), you must
select the X chart. You cannot delete points by selecting the range
chart.
Once you have selected the chart, select the all points option (All) on the SPC toolbar. You will get the
dialog box to the right. Select the option you want.
If you select the option “Select Range to Base Control Limits On,” you will
see a box like the one to the right. This box will contain the subgroup
identifiers from your chart. Select the subgroup you want to include in the
calculation of averages and control limits. Selecting this option will set the
option to automatic update the averages and limits to No.
Note: When removing all points beyond the limits, the average and limits are
recalculated. It is possible that additional points will now be beyond the
limits. You may have to run this several times to remove all points beyond
the limits.

Cause and Effect Diagram
This program contains a cause and effect (fishbone) diagram. To use this feature, select the cause and
effect option (CE) on the SPC toolbar. A blank cause and effect diagram will be inserted into your
workbook.
Cause and Effect Diagram Diagram
Date: Prepared by:
Measurement People Environment
Product out of
specifications
Machines Methods Materials
You can change the main category headings (measurement, people, etc). You can enter the problem or
goal at the head of the fishbone (see above). You will see a button that says “Add Item.” Select this
button and you will get the dialog box below.
Enter an item to add to the cause and effect diagram. For example, you might enter “Not calibrated.”
Then select OK. This item is then shown on the chart and you may move it to any location you want.
Cause and Effect Diagram Diagram
Date: Prepared by:
Measurement People Environment
Product out of
specifications
Not calibrated
Machines Methods Materials

Measurement Systems Analysis
This Measurement Systems Analysis used by the program is based on the following two sources:
1. Measurement Systems Analysis, Third Edition, AIAG, May 2003 (www.aiag.org)

2. Evaluating the Measurement System by Donald Wheeler and Richard Lyday, SPC Press,
Knoxville, TN, 1989 (www.spcpress.com)
Both are excellent references for developing a better understanding of the measurement system. The
program has the following components:
1. Average and Range Method to generate the classical Gage R&R report with the following chart
options:
a. Averages charts – stacked and unstacked
b. Range charts – stacked and unstacked
c. Run chart by part
d. Scatter plots
e. Whiskers charts
f. Error charts
g. Normalized histograms
h. X-Y Plots
i. Range charts for each operator
j. Operator bias chart
k. Operator consistency chart
2. ANOVA Method that includes:
a. ANOVA table
b. Residuals plot
c. ANOVA Gage R&R report
3. Range Method for Gage R&R
4. Bias Method – Independent Sample Method
5. Bias Method – Control Chart Method (checks Stability also)
6. Linearity Method
7. Attribute Gage R&R that includes:
a. Effectiveness table (attribute Gage R&R report)
b. Crosstabulations
c. Kappa values
These are explained in detail on the following pages.

Average and Range Method
Set-up Data Entry
The example below uses the data from page 101 of Measurement System Analysis, Third Edition.
Suppose you have completed a Gage R&R with 3 appraisers, 10 parts, and 3 trials. The first step in using
the Gage R&R program is to setup the data entry page. Select the MSA icon on the SPC toolbar. You
will get the form shown below.
Select the first option to setup the data entry sheet based on the number of operators, parts, and trials and
then select OK. You will see the form below which has been filled in with the numbers for this example.
You must enter all the information. The number of decimal places in the measurement is VERY
IMPORTANT. It controls how the data is rounded and shown. Entering zero when you have two or
three decimal places in the data may lead to inaccurate results. After entering all the information, select
OK. This will generate the data entry sheet shown below. The number of trials and parts can range from
2 to 20; the number of appraisers can range from 1 to 25 (with one appraiser you will only get a Gage
R&R report based on the average and range method).
Enter the operator names in the upper right hand corner. The names will automatically appear in the first
column. NOTE: The program uses Microsoft Excel’s naming function to run. You cannot have
spaces or certain characters (e.g. /). Instead of using John Smith, use John_Smith. Enter the rest of
the information for Date, Gage Name, Gage Number, Gage Type, Product, Characteristic, Upper
Specification Limit, Lower Specification Limit, and Performed By. None of this information is required
to run the program with the possible exception of the specification limits. These are required if you are
basing the acceptability of the measurement system on the tolerances. You then enter the data from the
appraisers for each trial and each part. A completed data entry screen is shown on the next page.

Blank Data Entry Form:
Gage R&R Study 2
Date: Operator 1: Enter Operator 1 Name Here
Gage Name: Operator 2: Enter Operator 2 Name Here
Gage Number: Operator 3: Enter Operator 3 Name Here
Gage Type:
Product:
Characteristic:
Upper Specification Limit:
Lower Specification Limit:
Performed By:
Operator Trial/Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Enter Operator 1 Name Here 1
Completed Data Entry Form:

Gage R&R Study 2
Date: 10/31/2005 Operator 1: Hal
Gage Name: Thickness Gage Operator 2: Beth
Gage Number: T-101 Operator 3: Loa
Gage Type: Thickness
Product: Widget
Characteristic: Thickness
Upper Specification Limit: 3
Lower Specification Limit: -3
Performed By: Bill
Operator Trial/Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Hal 1 0.29 -0.56 1.34 0.47 -0.8 0.02 0.59 -0.31 2.26 -1.36
Hal 2 0.41 -0.68 1.17 0.5 -0.92 -0.11 0.75 -0.2 1.99 -1.25
Hal 3 0.64 -0.58 1.27 0.64 -0.84 -0.21 0.66 -0.17 2.01 -1.31
Beth 1 0.08 -0.47 1.19 0.01 -0.56 -0.2 0.47 -0.63 1.8 -1.68
Beth 2 0.25 -1.22 0.94 1.03 -1.2 0.22 0.55 0.08 2.12 -1.62
Beth 3 0.07 -0.68 1.34 0.2 -1.28 0.06 0.83 -0.34 2.19 -1.5
Loa 1 0.04 -1.38 0.88 0.14 -1.46 -0.29 0.02 -0.46 1.77 -1.49
Loa 2 -0.11 -1.13 1.09 0.2 -1.07 -0.67 0.01 -0.56 1.45 -1.77
Loa 3 -0.15 -0.96 0.67 0.11 -1.45 -0.49 0.21 -0.49 1.87 -2.16
Generating the Results
You are now ready to run the program to generate the results. To run the program, select the icon on the
SPC toolbar. You will get the form shown above when you have selected the “Run the analysis (have
entered data into the data entry sheet)” under the Average/Range Method.
You have two things to decide at this point. First, on the

left-hand side of the form is what to base acceptability of the
measurement on. You have the following three options:
1. Tolerances: Use this option if your parts have very

little variation or not representative of the total
variation in your production process.
2. Total Variation Based on Parts: Use this option if
your parts are representative of the total variation in
your process
3. Process Standard Deviation: Use this if your parts
are not representative of the total variation in your
process and if you have a good estimate of the
process standard deviation (e.g., from a control chart
kept on the process).

On the right-hand side, you have three options for additional charts that can be generated along with the
Gage R&R report. The options are:
1. All Charts: this will generate all the charts associated with the study (see the first page of this
instructional manual for the list or the figure below)
2. No Charts: only the Gage R&R report will be generated
3. Select Charts: only the charts you select will be generated
If you select “Select Charts”, you will get the dialog box below. You select the charts you want to
include in the output and then select OK. This returns you to the form above.
Once you have selected your options, select OK and the program will generate the Gage R&R report as
well as the charts you have selected (if any).
When finished, the program will display the Gage R&R report. The one generated from this data (using
the Total Variation Based on Parts Option) is shown below. The report contains all the information in a
classical Gage R&R study and bases the conclusion if the measurement system is acceptable based on one
of the three options selected below. Any charts that were selected are generated on separate worksheets
in the workbook. You can download a completed workbook with all the charts from our website
(www.spcforexcel.com). A summary of each chart is given below.
 Stacked Averages Chart – the average of each appraiser on each part is plotted by appraiser
using the part number as the index. There is one line for each appraiser. This helps
determine how consistent the operators are. The overall average and control limits are also
plotted. If the parts represent the total (true) variation in the process, at least half of theses
points should be out of control. If this not the case, the measurement system does not have
the ability to distinguish between samples (poor resolution) or the parts do not reflect the total
variation in the process.
 Unstacked Averages Chart – same as the stacked chart but the appraisers are plotted together,
not separately.
 Stacked Range Chart – used to show the range of each operator’s trials on a part and includes
the average range and control limits. There is one line for each appraiser. The chart is used
to determine if the process is in control. If there are out of control points, the special causes
need to be found and eliminated. Care should be taken with interpreting the Gage R&R
results if there are special causes present. Special causes occur if there are points beyond the
control limits.
 Unstacked Range Chart – same as the stacked range chart but the appraisers are plotted as
one line.
 Run Chart by Part – plots the individual readings by part for all appraisers to help see if there
are any outliers and to see the variation in the individual parts.

Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility Report
Gage Name: Thickness Gage Product: Widget Date: 10/31/05

Gage No. T-101 Characteristic: Thickness Performed by: Bill
Gage Type: Thickness USL: 3
LSL: -3
Rbar= 0.341667 XbarDiff= 0.444667 Rp= 3.511111

K1= 0.5908 K2= 0.5231 K3= 0.3146
Measurement Unit Analysis % Total Variation (TV) % Tolerance
Repeatability - Equipment Variation (EV)
EV = Rbar * K1 % EV = 100(EV/TV) % EV = 100(EV/(USL-LSL)/6)
= 0.20186 = 17.61% = 20.19%
Reproducibility - Appraiser Variation (AV)
2 2
AV= Sqrt((XbarDiff * K2) - (EV )/nr)) % AV = 100(AV/TV) % AV = 100(AV/(USL-LSL)/6)
= 0.22967 = 20.04% = 22.97%
Repeatability & Reproducibility (R & R)
2 2
R&R= sqrt(EV + AV ) % R&R = 100(R&R/TV) % R&R = 100(R&R/(USL-LSL)/6)
= 0.30577 = 26.68% = 30.58%
Part Variation (PV)
PV= Rp * K3 % PV = 100(PV/TV) % PV = 100(PV/(USL-LSL)/6)
= 1.1046 = 96.38% = 110.46%
Total Variation (TV)
2 2
TV= sqrt(R&R + PV ) ndc= 1.41(PV/R&R)
= 1.14614 = 5.093652
Conclusion
% R&R under 10% of Total Variation: Measurement system is acceptable
**** % R&R from 10% to 30% of Total Variation: Measurement system may be acceptable based the application
% R&R over 30% of Total Variation: Measurement system needs improvement
 Scatter Plot – plots the individual readings by part-by-appraiser to examine how consistent
the appraisers are, to look for part-appraiser interactions, and to look for outliers.
 Whiskers Charts – plots the high, average, and low value by part for each appraiser to
examine how consistent the appraisers are, to look for part-appraiser interactions, and to look
for outliers (same items as for the scatter plot).
 Error Charts – plots the error (observed value – average measurement of the part) by part-
appraiser to determine which operator may have bias and which operator has the most
variability.
 Normalized Histograms – plots the normalized value (observed value – average measurement
of part) as a histogram to determine how the error is distributed by appraiser.
 X-Y Plot – plots the average of the readings by each appraiser against the overall part
averages to examine consistency in linearity between appraisers.
 Appraiser Charts – consists of three charts:
o Range charts for each appraiser to determine if each is in control
o Bias chart for all appraisers to determine if different appraisers display detectably
different average values for the parts.
o Consistency chart for all appraisers to determine if different appraisers display detectably
different standard deviations for the parts.

ANOVA Method
Set-up Data Entry
The set-up is the same as for the Average and Range Method. Please follow the instructions for set-up
data entry as well as data entry for the Average and Range Method.
Generating the Results
After the data has been entered into the worksheet, select the MSA icon on the SPC toolbar. You will get
the form below. Select the ANOVA Method option as shown in the form and then select OK.
The program generates two new worksheets. One (ANOVA Report) contains the Gage Repeatability and
Reproducibility ANOVA Method Report as shown below. The acceptability of the measurement system
is based on percent contribution, not on % Total Variation.
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility ANOVA Method Report
Gage Name: Thickness Gage Product: Widget Date: 10/31/05

Gage No. T-101 Characteristic: Thickness Performed by: Bill
Gage Type: Thickness USL: 3
LSL: -3
% TOTAL PERCENT
STD DEV. VARIATION CONTRIBUTION
Repeatability (EV) 0.199933 18.42% 3.39%

Reproducibility (AV) 0.226838 20.90% 4.37%
Appraiser by Part (INT) 0 0.00% 0.00%
GRR 0.302372 27.86% 7.76%
Part (PV) 1.042327 96.04% 92.24%
% R&R under 10%: Measurement system is acceptable
Number of distinct data categories (ndc)= 4

Total Variation (TV) = 1.0853
The other worksheet (GRR ANOVA) contains the ANOVA table and the residuals plot as shown below.
The residuals chart plots the residual versus the average for each appraiser for each part. The residual is
the result minus that average. The points should be randomly scattered above and below zero.

ANOVA Results
Source df SS MS F Sig
Appraiser 2 3.16726222 1.58363111 34.44 0.0000
Part 9 88.3619344 9.81799272 213.517 0.0000
Appraiser by Part 18 0.35898222 0.01994346 0.434 0.9740
Equipment 60 2.75893333 0.04598222
Total 89 94.6471122
F values in italics are significant at alpha = 0.05 level
Source of Estimate of % Total %

Variation Variance Std. Dev. 5.15 Std Dev. Variation Contribution
Equipment 0.03997328 0.19993318 EV = 1.02965588 18.42% 3.39%
Appraiser 0.05145526 0.22683752 AV = 1.16821324 20.90% 4.37%
Interaction 0 0 INT = 0 0.00% 0.00%
GRR 0.09142854 0.30237152 GRR = 1.55721334 27.86% 7.76%
Part 1.0864466 1.04232749 PV = 5.36798659 96.04% 92.24%
Total Variation 1.17787514 1.08529956 TV = 5.58929275 100.00%
ndc = 4.86051648 or 4
Residuals versus Average Values
0.8
0.6
Residuals
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Average Values

Range Method for Gage R&R
This method provides a quick look at measurement variability and requires that you have an estimate of
the process standard deviation. This method typically uses two appraisers and five parts. Each appraiser
measures the part one time only. An example of the data input required is shown in the figure below and
is based on the data from page 98 of Measurement Systems Analysis, Third Edition. The data can be
anywhere on the worksheet.
Select the data as highlighted above. Do not select the column headings. To run the program, select the
icon on the SPC toolbar. You will see the first page of the form as usual. Select the second page tab
labeled “Range/Bias/Linearity/Attribute Gage R&R.”
Select the Range Gage R&R Method and select OK. The dialog below will appear.
The range that appears in the “Range containing part numbers and appraiser results’ is the range that is
selected on the worksheet. You can save some time by selecting the data before selecting the icon on the

toolbar. Enter the process standard deviation. For the example, this standard deviation is 0.0777. Then
select OK. A new worksheet will be added to the workbook with the following output.
Range Method for Gage R&R
Average Range (Rbar) = 0.07

Upper Control Limit = 0.22869
Lower Control Limits = None
In Control? Yes
GRR = Rbar/d2* = 0.058772
Process Standard Deviation = 0.0777
%GRR = 100(GRR/Process Standard Deviation = 75.6%
Conclusion: The measurement system needs improvement.
Range Chart
0.25
0.2
Range
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5
Part Number
The results give the average range and control limits. The range chart is shown to check for special
causes of variation. The % GRR is calculated and the conclusion given based on the % GRR.

Bias – Independent Sample Method
This method determines if the measurement system is biased. It is done by using one
sample and determining its reference value. The one appraiser measures the sample ten
or more times. The data used in this example is from page 87 in Measurement Systems
Analysis, Third Edition. An example of how the data is entered in the spreadsheet is
given to the right. The data can be anywhere in the spreadsheet.
Select the data as highlighted to the right. Do not select the column heading or the trial
numbers – just the results of running the sample multiple times. To run the program,
select the icon on the SPC toolbar. You will see the first page of the form as usual.
Select the second page tab labeled “Range/Bias/Linearity/Attribute Gage R&R.” Select
the Bias (Independent Sample Method) option and select OK. You will then see the
dialog below.
The range that appears in the dialog box is the range selected on the
worksheet. You can change it here if it is not correct. Enter the
reference value (which is 6.00 in this example); enter the number of
decimal places (1), and alpha. The default value is 0.05 which gives
95% confidence limits.
The second page of the dialog box is output options. It is shown to

the left. These options are available for both bias reports. There are
two options for plotting the histogram – by midpoint or by class
width. By midpoint is the default value. The histogram can be
plotted on the same sheet as the analysis (recommended) or as a new
sheet in the workbook. There are two output options for the analysis
of bias study. You can place it in the worksheet where the data is or
as a new sheet (recommended). You do not have to go to this page if
you are satisfied with the default options.
Select OK and the results are generated. A new worksheet is added

with the results as shown on the next page. A histogram of the
results is included along with the numerical calculation results. The
numerical values include:
 n = number of readings
 Mean = average of the readings
 Reference Value = reference value of the sample
 Standard Deviation (s) = standard deviation of the readings
 t statistic = the t value based on the degrees of freedom
 df = degrees of freedom
 t value (2 tailed) = t value from the t tables
 Bias = average – reference value
 Lower = lower confidence interval (based on alpha)
 Upper = upper confidence interval (based on alpha)
A conclusion is also presented that states if you can assume the bias is zero.

Alpha=0.05 Confidence Interval
Standard
Reference Deviation t value (2
n Mean Value () t statistic df tailed) Bias Lower Upper
Measured Value 15 6.006667 6 0.21202 0.121781 14 2.144787 0.006667 5.889254 6.124079
There is no evidence that the average is significantly different than reference value. You may assume the bias is zero.
Bias - Independent Sample Method
5
4
Frequency
3
2
1
0
5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4
Measured Value

Bias – Control Chart Method
This method uses the control charts to determine if the measurement system is biased. It
can also be used to check the stability of the measurement system. You must have a
reference value for the sample. The control chart can be an individuals chart (X-MR),
X -R chart, or X -s chart. The example below uses the X-MR chart. An example of the
data entry requirements are shown to the right.
Select the data as highlighted to the right. Do not select the column heading but do select
the sample numbers. To run the program, select the icon on the SPC toolbar. You will
see the first page of the form as usual. Select the second page tab labeled
“Range/Bias/Linearity/Attribute Gage R&R.” Select the Bias (Control Chart Method)
option and select OK. You will then see the dialog below.
You have an option of selecting the type of chart

you are using. The program selects what it thinks you have based
on the selected area on the worksheet. You can change it if it is not
correct. The dialog box also shows the range containing the
subgroup identifiers (sample numbers) and the range containing the
measurements. The subgroup identifiers are always assumed to be
in the first column, followed by the data.
Enter the reference value, the number of decimal places in the data,
and alpha (default is 0.05). In this example, the reference value is
100.3.
The second page in the dialog box contains the Output Options.
These are the same as those given in the Bias – Independent Sample
Method above. Please refer to that section for instructions.
The third page of the dialog box contains the chart title and labels as shown below. You can use the
default ones or change them. You can also change the titles and labels after the results are generated.
Once you have entered the information into the dialog box, select OK. A new worksheet is added to the
workbook with the results as shown on the next page for this example.

Alpha=0.05 Confidence Interval
Standard
Reference Deviation t value (2
n Mean Value () t statistic df tailed) Bias Lower Upper
Measured Value 0 101.045 100.3 0.566127 5.885146 19 2.093024 0.745 100.78 101.31
There is evidence that the average is significantly different than the reference value. The bias is not zero.
Bias - Independent Sample Method
2.5
2
Frequency
1.5
1
0.5
0
1
0
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
2.
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Measured Value
X Chart
104
103 UCL=102.98
Sample Result
102
101 Avg=101.05
100
99 UCL=99.11
98
97
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Sample Number
Moving Range Chart
2.5 UCL=2.38
Moving Range
2
1.5
1
Avg=0.73
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Sample Number
The output contains the same information as given in the Bias – Independent Sample Method. It also
includes the control charts for the sample to help determine stability.

Linearity
Linearity is the difference of bias throughout the

measurement range. To determine linearity, the
samples you select must cover the expected operating
range of the measurement system. You should use at
least five samples that cover this range. One
appraiser should measure each of the parts at least ten
times. An example of the required data input is
shown to the right (page 95, Measurement Systems
Analysis, Third Edition). The data must be in
columns. The first row of data contains the part
number; the second row contains the reference values
for each part; and the remaining rows contain the
measurements.
Select the data as highlighted above. Do not select the first column. To
run the program, select the icon on the SPC toolbar. You will see the
first page of the form as usual. Select the second page tab labeled
“Range/Bias/Linearity/Attribute Gage R&R.” Select the Linearity
option and select OK. You will then see the dialog box to the left.
The range is the range selected on the worksheet before starting the
program. Enter the number of decimal places and alpha (default is
0.05). The “Rounding in Equations” determines how the best fit equation is displayed. The default value
is 3. Once you have entered the information, select OK and the program will generate a chart like the one
below.
The linearity is NOT acceptable. Ta=12.043, Tcritical=2.002

Linearity
The bias is NOT the same for all reference values. Tb=10.158, Tcritical=2.002
y = -0.132x + 0.737, R Sqr = 71.4%
1.5
0.5 Bias
Regression
Upper 95% CI
Bias
Lower 95% CI
Bias Average
0
Bias=0
-0.5
-1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reference Values
In the upper left-hand side of the chart, the conclusion is given for linearity. In this example, there is a
prl0bem with linearity. The bias = 0 line (green on the chart) should be contained by the upper and lower
95% confidence intervals. The equation is the title is the best fit equation for the individual readings.
The R squared value gives the % of variation in the bias that is explained by the variation in reference
values.

Attribute Gage R&R
Set-up Data Entry
The attribute gage R&R component will generate the effectiveness table, crosstabulations and kappa
scores. The example below uses the data from page 127 of Measurement System Analysis, Third Edition.
To set-up the data entry, select the icon on the SPC toolbar and then:
 Select the second page tab labeled “Range/Bias/Linearity/Attribute Gage R&R.”
 Select the Attribute Gage R&R option.
 Select the first option to setup the data entry sheet based on the number of operators, parts and
trials
 Select OK.
You will then see the dialog box to the right. Enter the number of
appraisers, parts, and trials. Enter the pass value and fail value (e.g, 1
and 0, pass and fail, etc.). Then enter the name of the Gage R&R
study. The values in the dialog box to the right are for this example.
Then select OK. A new worksheet will be added containing the data
entry sheet as shown below for this example (first 13 parts shown).
Attribute Gage R&R Study
Date: Operator 1: Enter Operator 1 Name Here
Gage Name: Operator 2: Enter Operator 2 Name Here
Gage Number: Operator 3: Enter Operator 3 Name Here
Gage Type:
Product:
Characteristic:
Pass Value 1
Fail Value 0
Performed By:
Reference
Operator Trial/Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Enter the operator names in the upper right hand corner. The names will automatically appear in the first
column. NOTE: The program uses Microsoft Excel’s naming function to run. You cannot have
spaces or certain characters (e.g. /). Instead of using John Smith, use John_Smith. Enter the rest of
the information for Date, Gage Name, Gage Number, Gage Type, Product, Characteristic, Pass Value,
Fail Value, and Performed By. None of this information is required to run the program except the Pass
Value and Fail Value. Then fill in the data as shown below.
Attribute Gage R&R Study
Date: Operator 1: A
Gage Name: Operator 2: B
Gage Number: Operator 3: C
Gage Type:
Product:
Characteristic:
Pass Value 1
Fail Value 0
Performed By:
Reference 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
Operator Trial/Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
A 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
A 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
B 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
B 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
B 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
C 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
C 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
C 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

To generate the results, select the icon on the SPC toolbar. You will see the first page of the form as
usual. Select the second page tab labeled “Range/Bias/Linearity/Attribute Gage R&R.” You will see the
form below. Select the Attribute Gage R&R option, followed by the Run the Attribute Gage R&R
analysis.
There are three options: crosstabulations, kappa values, and the effectiveness table. Select the options
you want and select OK. The program will generate the following results depending on options selected.
Crosstabulations
You will get a table like this one for each of the
combinations of appraisers. The kappa value is A * B Crosstabulation
given. If kappa is above 0.75 there is good B
agreement between the appraisers. If it is less Fail Pass Total Kappa
than 0.40, there is poor agreement. The count A Fail Count 44 6 50 0.86
information is as follows: Expected Count 15.7 34.3 50.0
Pass Count 3 97 100
A and B both rate as fail Expected Count 31.3 68.7 100
A rates as fail and B rates as pass Total Count 47 103 150
A rates as pass and B rates as fail Expected Count 47.0 103.0
A and B both rate as pass
These tables will help you determine how well

the appraisers agree with one another.
Kappa Values
The output for Kappa values is shown on the next page. It includes the kappa values for the appraisers as
well as the kappa value compared to the reference values (if there are any).
Effectiveness Table
The effectiveness table is shown on the next page. This table determines how effective each appraiser is.

Kappa Measures Output
Kappa Measures for the Appraisers
Kappa A B C
A - 0.86 0.78
B 0.86 - 0.79
C 0.78 0.79 -
There is good to excellent agreement since all kappa values are greater than 0.75
Kappa Values For Each Appraiser to Reference
A B C
Kappa 0.88 0.92 0.77
There is good to excellent agreement since all kappa values are greater than 0.75
Effectiveness Table
Attribute Gage R&R Effectiveness
Gage Name: Product: Date:

Gage No. Characteristic: Performed by:
Gage Type:
% Appraiser1 % Score vs Attribute2

Source A B C A B C
Total Inspected 50 50 50 50 50 50
# Matched 42 45 40 42 45 40
False Negative (Appraiser biased toward rejection) 0 0 0
False Positive (Apprasier biased toward acceptance) 0 0 0
Mixed (Appraiser accepts and rejects the same part) 8 5 10
95% UCI 92.8% 96.7% 90.0% 92.8% 96.7% 90.0%
Calculated Score 84.0% 90.0% 80.0% 84.0% 90.0% 80.0%
95% LCI 70.9% 78.2% 66.3% 70.9% 78.2% 66.3%
System % Effectiveness Score3 System % Effectiveness Score vs Reference4

Total Inspected 50 50
# in Agreement 39 39
95% UCI 88.5% 88.5%
Calculated Score 78.0% 78.0%
95% LCI 64.0% 64.0%
Notes:
(1) Appraiser agrees with him/herself on all trials
(2) Appraiser agrees on all trails with the known reference
(3) All appraisers agreed within and between themselves
(4) All appraisers agreed with and between themselves and agreed with the reference
(5) UCI and LCLI are the upper and lower confidence interval bounds respectively
If the calculated score for each appraiser falls within the confidence interval of the other appraisers, the
effectiveness of the appraisers is the same.

Transfer Charts to PowerPoint or Word
You can transfer one or more charts to PowerPoint by selecting “PP” on the SPC toolbar or to Word by
selecting “W.”
PowerPoint
To transfer to PowerPoint, a presentation must be opened. The program adds a slide to the presentation
and copies the chart over. You can transfer multiple charts at once by selecting multiple worksheets in
Excel before running this option.
Word
A Word document must be opened to transfer a chart. The chart is placed in the open document wherever
the cursor is. You can transfer multiple charts at once by selecting multiple worksheets in Excel before
running this option.

Regression
The program contains a multiple regression component under the miscellaneous button on the SPC
toolbar. This is used to determine which independent variables (the X’s) have a significant impact on the
dependent variable Y. An example of the data entry is shown below. In this example, we want to find
out if attendance (Y) at major league baseball games is impacted by the team batting average, the number
of home runs hit by the team, the team’s earned run average, winning percentage of total payroll. Data
for the 2005 baseball season is given below.
Home Earned Winning

Team Average Runs Run Avg. % Total Payroll Attendance
Arizona Diamondbacks 0.256 191 4.84 0.475 $62,329,166 2,059,331
Atlanta Braves 0.265 184 3.98 0.556 $86,457,302 2,521,534
Baltimore Orioles 0.269 189 4.56 0.457 $73,914,333 2,624,804
Boston Red Sox 0.281 199 4.74 0.586 $123,505,125 2,813,354
Chicago Cubs 0.27 194 4.19 0.488 $87,032,933 3,100,262
Chicago White Sox 0.262 200 3.61 0.611 $75,178,000 2,342,834
Cincinnati Reds 0.261 222 5.15 0.451 $61,892,583 1,943,157
Cleveland Indians 0.271 207 3.61 0.574 $41,502,500 1,973,185
Colorado Rockies 0.267 150 5.13 0.414 $48,155,000 1,915,586
Detroit Tigers 0.272 168 4.51 0.438 $69,092,000 2,024,505
Florida Marlins 0.272 128 4.16 0.512 $60,408,834 1,823,388
Houston Astros 0.256 161 3.51 0.549 $76,779,000 2,762,472
Kansas City Royals 0.263 126 5.49 0.346 $36,881,000 1,371,181
Los Angeles Angels 0.27 147 3.68 0.586 $97,725,322 3,404,686
Los Angeles Dodgers 0.253 149 4.38 0.438 $83,039,000 3,603,680
Milwaukee Brewers 0.259 175 3.97 0.5 $39,934,833 2,211,023
Minnesota Twins 0.259 134 3.71 0.512 $56,186,000 2,013,453
New York Mets 0.258 175 3.76 0.512 $101,305,821 2,782,212
New York Yankees 0.276 229 4.52 0.586 $208,306,817 4,090,440
Oakland Athletics 0.262 155 3.69 0.543 $55,425,762 2,109,298
Philadelphia Phillies 0.27 167 4.21 0.543 $95,522,000 2,665,301
Pittsburgh Pirates 0.259 139 4.42 0.414 $38,133,000 1,794,237
San Diego Padres 0.257 130 4.13 0.506 $63,290,833 2,832,039
San Francisco Giants 0.261 128 4.33 0.463 $90,199,500 3,140,781
Seattle Mariners 0.256 130 4.49 0.426 $87,754,334 2,689,529
St. Louis Cardinals 0.27 170 3.49 0.617 $92,106,833 3,491,837
Tampa Bay Devil Rays 0.274 157 5.39 0.414 $29,679,067 1,124,189
Toronto Blue Jays 0.267 260 4.96 0.488 $55,849,000 2,486,925
Washington Nationals 0.265 136 4.06 0.494 $45,719,500 1,977,949
Texas Rangers 0.252 117 3.87 0.5 $48,581,500 2,692,123
To run the regression program, select the shaded area as shown. You MUST select the column labels
(data can be rows also). Then select the regression option under the MISC icon on the SPC toolbar. You
will get the dialog box shown below.

This two-page dialog box is used to enter the
information for the regression. The first page
contains the following:
 Enter unique name for regression: This
is the name that is used on the
worksheet tab containing the results
and for updating regression results.
 Enter range containing the Y values:
This is assumed to be the last
column/row in the selected range on the
worksheet.
 Enter range containing X values: This
is assumed to be all except the Y values
above. You can select just one cell in
the data field and the program will
expand that range as the input range.
 Data in: Select columns if the data is I columns; the default depends on the number of columns
and rows selected on the worksheet prior to selecting the SPC toolbar.
 Set b0 = Zero: Select Yes is you want to force the best line through the origin. The default value
is No.
 All Residual Data and Charts?: This option allows you to select all the options on the second
page of the dialog box (see below). The default value is No.
The second page of the dialog box is shown to

the right. Select the options you want for the
charts and data. These include:
 Time sequence plot of residuals: the
difference between the actual and
predicted y over time.
 Residuals versus the predicted Y
 Residuals versus the X variables
 Normal probability plot
 Line fit plots for each X variables.
You can also print out the residuals and
standardized residuals on a worksheet.
The output from the regression program

(excluding the charts and data options shown on
the second page of the dialog box) is given
below.

Regression Output
Regression Summary for Attendance
ANOVA Table
df SS MS F Signif. F
Regression 5 9.79271E+12 1.95854E+12 14.54672883 1.33582E-06
Residual 24 3.23131E+12 1.34638E+11
Total 29 1.3024E+13
Coefficients
Coefficient Standard Error t Stat p Value 95% Lower 95% Upper
Intercept 8099237.433 2667080.801 3.03674243 0.005686025 2594653.242 13603821.62
AVG -18922620.41 12537980.63 -1.509223931 0.144295197 -44799740.41 6954499.592
HR 689.429779 2600.899626 0.265073582 0.793216208 -4678.56318 6057.422738
ERA -355703.5027 270091.4996 -1.316974074 0.200284332 -913144.9564 201737.9511
Winning % -863435.1508 2564965.184 -0.33662646 0.739324292 -6157263.068 4430392.766
Totalpayroll 0.016759643 0.00246773 6.791523367 5.03538E-07 0.0116665 0.021852787
Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.867119393
R Square 0.751896042
Adjusted R Square 0.700207717
Standard Error 366930.4105
Observations 30
Durbin-Waston Statistic 1.655584043
Actual verus Predicted
4,790,000
4,290,000
3,790,000
Predicted
3,290,000
2,790,000
2,290,000
1,790,000
1,290,000
790,000
790,000 1,290,000 1,790,000 2,290,000 2,790,000 3,290,000 3,790,000 4,290,000 4,790,000
Actual

Changing the Variables in the Regression
You have the option to change the variables included in the regression after you have run the initial
regression. There are often variables that are not significant and you may want to remove them from the
regression. You start this routine from the sheet with the regression summary (as shown above). Select
the Update icon on the SPC toolbar. You will get the dialog box below.
You have the following options:

 Select variables from the listbox to
include
 Remove any variable with a p value
>0.05
 Remove any variable with a p value >
0.20
 Remove the variable with the highest p
value
 Remove the variable with a p value
greater than a value you enter
You also have the option here to change the

chart options. The default value is No. If you
select Yes, you get the dialog box to the right.
Select the option you want or check the “Select
All” box for all options.
You will not lose any previous regression data.

The new worksheets will be named the same as
the previous regression with a “1” after the
previous name.

Miscellaneous
Selecting the miscellaneous option (Misc) on

the SPC toolbar generates the dialog box
shown to the right. Select the option you
want. The various options are described
below.
Descriptive Statistics
Observation % Moisture
1 0.08
This option displays certain statistics on a number of samples. For example, 2 0.13
suppose you have measured the moisture content of a powder over time and 3 0.12
have fifteen sample results. The data is entered into the spreadsheet as shown 4 0.17
5 0.1
to the right. Select the data only (shaded area), then select the miscellaneous
6 0.16
option (Misc) on the SPC toolbar and then the descriptive statistics option. 7 0.14
You will get the dialog below. 8 0.14
9 0.13
10 0.14
The input range is the range selected on the 11 0.10
spreadsheet. You can change this if it is 12 0.17
not correct. You have two output options: 13 0.14
14 0.12
on the current worksheet (select the cell 15 0.13
location) or a new worksheet. Select OK
and the program will generate the descriptive statistics. A check is
made to ensure that there is no data in the area selected for the output.
The output for the data in this example is shown below.
Descriptive Statistics
Mean 0.131333
Standard Error 0.006537
Median 0.13
Mode 0.14
Standard Deviation 0.025317
Sample Variance 0.000641
Kurtosis -0.0048
Skewness -0.29422
Range 0.09
Minimum 0.08
Maximum 0.17
Sum 1.97
Count 15

Confidence Interval Around a Mean
This option constructs a confidence interval around a mean based on a number of observations (samples)
There are two cases: one with a known standard deviation and one without a known standard deviation.
The procedure is essentially the same for both. With the know standard deviation, you enter the value and
the program uses the normal distribution to set the confidence interval. When the standard deviation is
not known, the program calculates the standard deviation of the samples and uses the t distribution to set
the confidence interval.
Known Standard Deviation
As an example, consider a process that produces a powdered product whose moisture content is critical to
downstream applications. Too much moisture causes clumping problems in downstream equipment.
Control charts have been kept on moisture content for a long time, and the process is in statistical control.
The average has been estimated to be 0.15% moisture (from the center line on the X chart); the standard
deviation has been estimated to be 0.02 (from the R chart).
Observation % Moisture
An engineer has made a process change that she believes will decrease the 1 0.08
average moisture content. After making the process change, fifteen samples 2 0.13
were collected from the process and measured for moisture content. The 3 0.12
4 0.17
results are given to the right. The question we want to answer is "Has the 5 0.1
process change significantly decreased the moisture content of the product?" 6 0.16
7 0.14
8 0.14
Select the shaded data as shown. Select the confidence interval around a mean 9 0.13
option after selecting the miscellaneous option (Misc) from the SPC toolbar. 10 0.14
You will get the dialog box below. 11 0.10
12 0.17
 Enter data range (no headings): The default range is the range 13 0.14
selected on the spreadsheet. You can change this if necessary. 14 0.12
 Alpha: The default value for alpha is 0.05. This represents the chance 15 0.13
of what we find out in this sample is not representative of the population. It is typically 0.05.
 Enter the known standard deviation (if known): In
this example, it is known and is 0.02.
 Output Options: You have two output options: on
the current worksheet (select the cell location) or a
new worksheet. Select OK and the program
generates the output shown below.

Mean 0.131333
Count 15
Degrees of Freedom 14
Alpha 0.05
t Value 1.959964
Upper Confidence Level 0.141455
Lower Confidence Level 0.121212
Since the range of the lower to upper confidence levels (0.121 to 0.141) does not include 0.15, you
conclude that the change has made a significant difference.

Unknown Standard Deviation
The procedure for the unknown standard deviation is identical to the one for the known standard
deviation. When you get the dialog box, leave the box for the known standard deviation empty. For the
example data above, the resulting output is shown below.

Mean 0.131333
Count 15
Alpha 0.05
t Value 2.144787
The confidence interval for the average is between 0.117 and 0.145.

Confidence Interval Around a Variance
This option places a confidence interval around the variance (the square of the standard deviation) based
on a number of observations (samples). The chi-squared distribution is used.
For example, suppose you are interested in determining a 95% confidence interval Sample Bulk
Number Density
for the variance in bulk density of a powdered product. Ten observations are
1 0.697
pulled from the process and measured for bulk density in grams/cc. The results are 2 0.698
given to the right. 3 0.673
4 0.657
Select the confidence interval around a variance option after selecting the 5 0.710
miscellaneous option (Misc) from the SPC toolbar. You will get the dialog box 6 0.702
7 0.680
shown to the right below. This is the same used for the variance around a mean 8 0.709
(with the standard deviation box not used). See above for the description of each 9 0.670
item. Select the output option and OK to generate the output shown below. 10 0.671
Confidence Interval Around a Variance

Mean 0.6867
Variance 0.00035
Count 10
Alpha 0.05
The confidence level for the variance is 0.000165 to 0.001166.

Confidence Interval for the Difference in Two Means
This option is used to determine the confidence interval for the difference in two means – that is, are two
processes operating at difference averages.
To compare the averages and variances of two processes, we take observations from each process.
Suppose we take n1 observations from process 1 and n2 observations from process 2. We can then
calculate the sample statistics listed below.
Process 1 Process 2
Sample size n1 n2
– –
Sample average Y1 Y2
Sample standard deviation s1 s2
2 2
Sample variance s1 s2
These sample statistics will be used to compare the variances and averages of the two processes. The
variances will be compared by taking the ratio of the two variances and using the F distribution to
determine if there is a significant difference between the two. The averages will be compared by
constructing a confidence interval around the difference in two averages. If the confidence interval
contains zero (i.e., the difference could be zero), we will conclude that there is no evidence that the two
processes are operating at different averages. If the confidence interval does not include zero, we will
conclude that there is evidence that the processes are operating at different averages.
For example, consider two batch reactors that make the "same" product. Reactor
Questions have arisen about whether the reactors really do make the same Reactor 1
2
product. One indication of the completeness of reaction is the residual 450 482
catalyst remaining after reaction. Ten observations were taken from each 423 422
reactor. The results are given to the right. 443 463
476 492
Select the cells in the shaded area for the two processes (do not have to be 490 445
adjacent on spreadsheet) and then select the confidence interval for the 436 483
difference in two means option after selecting the miscellaneous option 457 476
(Misc) from the SPC toolbar. You will get the dialog box shown below. 421 462
485 479
 Enter range for variable 1: The default range is the first range 491 495
selected on the spreadsheet. You can change this if necessary.
 Enter range for variable 2: The default range is the second range selected on the spreadsheet.
You can change this if necessary.
 Alpha: The default value for alpha is 0.05. This
represents the chance of what we find out in this
sample is not representative of the population. It is
typically 0.05.
 Enter the known standard deviation (if known): In
this example, it is known and is 0.02.

 Output Options: You have two output options: on the current worksheet (select the cell location)
or a new worksheet. Select OK and the program generates the output shown below.
Difference Betwen Two Means Confidence Interval

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 457.2 469.9
Standard Deviation 26.93119 22.56078
Variance 725.2889 508.9889
Observations 10 10
Pooled Variance 617.1389
Variance Same? Yes
t Statistic 1.143134
Alpha 0.05
Critical t value 2.100922
Lower Confidence Level -36.0408
P(T<t) 0.26796
Conclusion No statistical difference in the means.
The program will provide the conclusion for you. In this case, there is no statistical difference in the
means. Note that the program also tells you if the variances in the two processes are the same. In this
case, the variances are the same also.

Confidence Interval for Multiple Processes
This option is used to determine if the averages and variation in multiple processes are the same or not.
You start with n samples from each process. You can have up to 25 samples per process.
For example, suppose you have four furnaces producing ethylene. You measure the % ethylene from
each furnace. You want to know if there a difference in the average results from each furnace. To
determine this you take seven samples from each furnace. The results are given below.
Furnace Furnace Furnace Furnace

1 2 3 4
67 64 68 69
67 64 65 72
64 64 67 70
65 64 64 68
64 64.1 67 67
65 64 65 68
67 64 65 70
To run the program, select the data including the headings. Then select the Confidence Interval for
Multiple Processes. You will see the dialog box below.
Alpha: The default value for alpha is 0.05. This represents the chance of what we find out in this sample
is not representative of the population. It is typically 0.05. Select OK. The program will insert a new
worksheet with the output. The output from the data above is shown on the next page. The following are
calculated:
 Mean: average for each process

 Sigma: standard deviation of each process
 Variance: variance of each process
 Observations: number of observations per process
 Average Sigma: average standard deviation
 UCLs: Upper control limit for the s control chart
 LCLs: Lower control limit for the s control chart
 Pooled Variance: the estimated variance
 Interval Alpha: the interval alpha (which is the alpha entered above divided by the number of
confidence intervals)
 t value: the value of the t distribution

Furnace Furnace Furnace
Furnace 1 2 3 4
67 64 68 69
67 65 65 72
64 67 67 70
65 64 64 68
64 65 67 67
65 68 65 68
67 64 65 70
Mean 65.57143 65.28571 65.85714 69.14286
Sigma 1.397276 1.603567 1.46385 1.676163
Variance 1.952381 2.571429 2.142857 2.809524
Observations 7 7 7 7
Average
Sigma 1.535214
UCLs 2.889273
LCLs 0.181155
Pooled
Variance 2.369048
Interval Alpha 0.008
T Value 2.892495
Lower
Process Confidence Upper Confidence
Furnace 1 -2.094 2.665432 No statistical difference in the means.
Furnace 2

Furnace 3
Furnace 1 -5.95115 -1.19171 Means are different

Furnace 4

Furnace 3

Furnace 4

Furnace 4
Each possible pair of averages is checked. The program tells you if the means are different (see italics
above).

Paired Sample Comparison
There are occasions when the same samples may be used in two different processes. For example, you
might be interested in comparing two test methods. To do this, you would mix a sample thoroughly and
then split it in two. Half of the sample would be run in one test, and the other half would be run in the
other test. The samples used are not independent. In this case, the method for comparing two processes
given above can not be used. The paired sample comparison method option must be used.
For example, suppose you are interested in comparing two test

Particle
methods for analyzing particle size in microns. One test method Observation Sieve
Size
involves the use of sieves. The other test method is a particle Number Test
Analyzer
analyzer that measures particle size in slurry. Ten samples are split 1 245 242
in half and run in each test method. The results are shown to the 2 196 190
right. The program is examining the difference between each 3 205 208
process for the same sample to see if the mean difference is 4 226 215
significantly different than 0. 5 213 203
6 234 235
Select the shaded areas (the data for the two tests; do not have to be 7 229 220
adjacent) and then select the paired sample comparison option after 8 192 193
selecting the miscellaneous option (Misc) from the SPC toolbar. 9 233 224
You will get the dialog box shown below. This is identical to the 10 204 195
dialog box for the confidence interval between two means. Please
see the above section for the description of the dialog box
entries.
Fill in the dialog box and select OK. The program will
generate the output below.
The program will provide the conclusion for you. In this

case, there is a difference between the two processes. The
confidence interval defined by the lower and upper
confidence limits do not contain zero.
Paired Sample Comparison

Mean Difference 5.2
Variance 27.73333
Observations 10
Alpha 0.05
t value 2.262157
Conclusion Means are different

Analysis of Means
Analysis of means is a graphical and statistical way of comparing k treatments means with the overall
mean. The method used in this program is described in the book Advanced Topics in Statistical Control
by Dr. Donald J. Wheeler (www.spcpress.com). The example is from the book.
The maximum number of treatments is 25. The maximum subgroup size for each treatment is also 25.
Suppose you are studying five different methods A B C D E

(treatments) of applying a coating and are 250 310 250 340 250
measuring the weight of the coating. The data 260 330 230 270 240
entry requirement for this option is shown to the 230 280 220 300 270
right. The treatments are A – E. The weight for 270 360 260 320 290
each treatment is given in the column under the treatment letter.
To run the Analysis of Means, select the treatment headings and the data
(the shaded area above). Then select the Analysis of Means option after
selecting the miscellaneous option (Misc) from the SPC toolbar. The
dialog box to the right appears.
 Select the range containing the treatments with the headings:

Select both the data and the treatment names.
 Treatment Data in Columns/Row: The data can either be in
columns or rows.
 Output Options: You have two output options: on the current
worksheet (select the cell location) or a new worksheet.
 Title: The title of the averages chart. Default is “ANOM.”
 Y-Axis Label: Default value is “Treatment Average”
 X-Axis Label: Default value is “Treatment Number.”
 Rounding to Use in Titles: This is the rounding that is used in the
chart titles for the averages and control limits.
Select OK and the output and charts on the next page are generated. The UDL and LDL are the upper
decision limit and the lower decision limits. Any points beyond these limits on the top chart represent
significant differences from the overall treatment average. The range chart is a classical range chart and
compares the variation within treatments to see if they are the same.

Treatment A B C D E
250 310 250 340 250
260 330 230 270 240
230 280 220 300 270
270 360 260 320 290
Average 252.5 320 240 307.5 262.5
Maximum 270 360 260 340 290
Minimum 230 280 220 270 240
Range 40 80 40 70 50
Treatment Variance 291.6666667 1133.333333 333.3333333 891.6666667 491.6666667
Treatment DF 3 3 3 3 3
Overall Average 276.5
Average Range 56
Est. V(X) N/A
d2* 2.096
Est SD(X) 26.71755725
Est SD(Xbar) 13.35877863
H 2.266666667
ANOM Upper Limit 306.7798982
ANOM Lower Limit 246.2201018
ANOM (Avg=277, UDL=307, LDL=246)
336
Treatment Average
316
UDL
296
276 Avg
256
LDL
236
216
A B C D E
Treatment Number
Range Chart (Avg=56, UCL=128, LCL=None)
140
UCL
120
Treatment Range
100
80
60 Avg
40
20
0 LCL
A B C D E
Treatment Number

Correlation Coefficients
Lines Hours
The linear correlation coefficient, R, is a measure of the association between two Picked Overtime
variables. The data to the right shows the lines picked per hour in a warehouse and 599 23.5
the overtime hours. The value of R will measure the degree of association 658 28.5
between these two variables. The maximum value for R is + 1. The minimum 699 29
738 30.5
value for R is - 1. In both these cases, all sample points fall on a straight line. 791 31.5
685 28
As R approaches +1 or -1, the stronger the correlation between x and y. The 656 28
square of this coefficient (R2) indicates the fraction of variation in y that is 570 24.5
associated with x. 614 26
684 29.5
749 30
To determine the correlation coefficient, select the data including the headings 608 24.5
(shaded area to the right) and then select the Correlation Coefficients options after 653 25.5
selecting the miscellaneous option (Misc) from the SPC toolbar. The dialog box 650 27
below appears. 671 29
606 24
648 25.5
 Input Range: The input 758 31
range is the range selected 712 30
on the worksheet. If it is not 611 25.5
correct, you can change it. 671 26
651 27
 Output Options: You have
two output options: on the current worksheet
(select the cell location) or a new worksheet.
Select OK and the output below is generated.
Hours
Lines Picked Overtime
Lines Picked 1.00 0.92
Hours
Overtime 0.92 1.00
The value of R is 0.92 indicating a strong relationship between lines picked and overtime hours.
In most cases, you will have more than two variables that you are examining. The program works the
same for multi-variables and will generate a correlation matrix as shown below (for an example using 6
variables, A – F.
A B C D E F
A 1.00 0.14 0.37 -0.03 -0.15 -0.04
B 0.14 1.00 0.30 0.08 -0.34 0.19
C 0.37 0.30 1.00 -0.17 -0.35 -0.05
D -0.03 0.08 -0.17 1.00 0.09 0.12
E -0.15 -0.34 -0.35 0.09 1.00 0.13
F -0.04 0.19 -0.05 0.12 0.13 1.00

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis
A Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) template is included in the program. To access the
template, select the FMEA option from the toolbar. The template below will be added to the workbook.
Failure Effects and Mode Analysis
Prepared by: Date Prepared:
Occurrence
Detection
Severity
What is the How Do We Currently Prevent
What is the What are the Potential Effects of What are the Possible Causes of
Potential Failure Each Listed Cause of Failure from S O D RPN
Process? the Failure Mode the Failure?
Mode? Happening?
Recommended Action Steps and Status Due Improved

S O D
No. What Needs to Be Done Responsibility Status Date RPN
Add the text as you would in an Excel spreadsheet.

Box and Whisker Plots
A Box and Whisker plot is used to present a visual San

Seattle, Antonio New
representation of how data is spread out and how much WA TX York, NY
variation there is in the data. It focuses attention on the Jan 46 61 38
median, the quartiles, and the minimum and maximum Feb 51 66 40
values. For example, the data to the right shows how the Mar 54 74 50
average monthly temperature for three cities varies. The Box Apr 58 80 61
and Whisker plot can show this variation. May 64 85 72
June 70 92 80
July 74 95 85
Select the data including the headings (the shaded area to the Aug 74 95 84
right) and then select the Box and Whisker plots option after Sept 69 89 76
selecting the miscellaneous option (Misc) from the SPC Oct 60 82 65
toolbar. You will see the dialog box below. Nov 52 72 54
 Select the range: The default range is the range that Dec 46 64 43
is selected on the worksheet.
 Treatment Data in Columns/Rows: The data can be in
columns or rows.
 Box and Whisker Title and Labels
o Title: The title that will appear on the chart
o Y and Axis Label: The label that will appear on the
y axis.
Selecting OK will generate the Box and Whisker plot shown on the
next page. The graph below shows the values for each part of the
plot. The maximum value is presented by the top line (whisker).
Box and Whisker Chart
The top part of the box is the 75% quartile; the bottom part is the
25% quartile. The minimum is represented by the bottom line
100
(whisker).
90
80 Maximum
75% quartile
70
Median
Subgroup Average
60
San Antonio TX
25% quartile
50
Minimum
Seattle, WA
40
New York, NY
30
20
10

Box and Whisker Chart
100
90
80
70
Subgroup Average
60
San Antonio TX
50
Seattle, WA
40
New York, NY
30
20
10

Sample Size Calculator
The sample size calculator is available under the MISC option on the
SPC toolbar. When you select this option, you will see the dialog
boxes to the right. The first page is for variables data. The second
page is for attributes data.
For variables data, enter the following:
 Confidence interval
 Standard deviation
 Measurement error
Then select “Calculate Sample Size,” and the sample size needed
will appear in the bottom box.
For attributes data, enter the following:
 Confidence interval
 Estimated percentage of successes
 Measurement error
 Population size (if known)
Then select “Calculate Sample Size,” and the sample size needed
will appear in the bottom box.

Side by Side Histogram
You can develop side by side histograms to compare results. For example, you may have done a survey
that separates the male and female responses. A side by side histogram is shown below.
Histogram of Male/Female Responses
6
6
5
5
4 4 4
4
Frequency
Female
Male
3 3 3 3 3
3
2 2 2
2
1 1 1 1
1
0 0 0
0
0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100
Rating
Class Female Male

There are two options you have. The first option Female Male
0-10 1 1
is that you have already totaled the data by 41 18
11-20 3 6
groups. In this case, your data entry will look 99 89
21-30 1 0
the data to the right. The classes are in the first 78 56
31-40 0 1 column, followed by the data that you have 96 78
41-50 2 5 already totaled. 99 88
51-60 4 4
58 45
61-70 3 2 The second option is to let the program total the 69 51
71-80 3 2 data. In this case, you simply enter in the results 85 65
81-90 3 3 as shown to the left. 54 45
91-100 4 0
79 60
65 47
7 4
52 36
23 14
15 12
63 45
41 15
78 55
12 11
87 76
96 87
13 12
55 45
85 64

When you select the “Side by Side Histogram” option
under the Misc icon on the SPC toolbar, you will get the
form shown to the right. Each dialog box entry is
described below.
 Enter range containing data including labels;

data must be in columns: Enter the worksheet
range containing the data including the column
headings (see examples above). The data must be
in columns. The default value is the range
selected on the worksheet before selecting the
Side by Side Histogram option.
 Data: There are the two options explained above.
o Totaled by Class Already: The data has
already be summed by class.
o Not Totaled: The data has not been
totaled. The program will perform this
function based on the following two
values:
 Lower Bound >: This value gives the starting point for the histogram. For
example, if you enter 0 here, the first class will involve values greater than 0 to
the class width
 Class Width =: This is the width of one class.
 Enter Histogram Title: Enter the title that will appear on the chart. The default title is
“Histogram.”
 Enter Y-Axis (Vertical Label): Enter the label for the y axis. The default value is “Frequency.”
 Enter X-Axis (Horizontal Label): Enter the label for the x axis. The default value is
“Measurement.”
 Date of Data Collection: You can enter the dates of data collection. This is optional.

Plot Multiple Y Variables Against One X Variable
The program will plot multiple Y variables against one X variable. An example of this type of chart is
shown below.
Amps versus Time
2
Experimental Intensity (amps)
Y
Theoretical Intensity (amps)

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2
-2
-4
-6
time (sec)
The data for this chart must be in columns with the X variable in
the first column. The Y variables must be in adjacent columns. time
Experimental Theoretical
The data used to generate the above chart is shown to the right. Intensity Intensity
(sec)
(amps) (amps)
When you select the “Plot Multiple Y Variables Against One X
Variable” from the “Misc” icon on the SPC toolbar, you will get 0 6 6
the form shown below. Each entry is discussed below. 0.2 5.8 5.967131372
0.4 5.8 5.868885604
0.6 5.6 5.706339098
0.8 5.5 5.481272746
1 5 5.196152423
1.2 4.7 4.854101966
1.4 4.5 4.458868953
1.6 4 4.014783638
1.8 3.4 3.526711514
2 2.9 3
2.2 2.3 2.440419858
2.4 1.7 1.854101966
2.6 1 1.247470145
2.8 0.5 0.62717078
3 0 -9.64723E-16
3.2 -0.05 -0.62717078
The first entry is for the range containing the data (including the 3.4 -1.25 -1.247470145
headings as shown to the right). The default value is the range 3.6 -1.75 -1.854101966
selected on the worksheet. Enter the title for the chart as well as 3.8 -2.25 -2.440419858
the axis labels. You can enter the dates of data collection 4 -3 -3
(optional). 4.2 -3.5 -3.526711514

Select Cells
You can save some time with some of the tools in this program by selecting the appropriate cells prior to
selecting the icon on the SPC toolbar. For example, if you are making a p control chart, it is beneficial to
select the subgroup identifiers before selecting the attribute control chart icon from the SPC toolbar. This
can be a little cumbersome if you have lots of subgroups. The Select Cells (SC) on the SPC toolbar helps
make this easier.
Selecting One Cell Only
If you have the cursor in one cell only (as shown by the Number of Number that
shaded cell in the table to the right) and you select the SC Date Telemarketing Result in an
icon on the SPC toolbar, the program will select the cells Calls (n) Order (np)
directly below the shaded cell (including the shaded cell)
as shown the table below. 2/1/2003 40 5
2/2/2003 63 10
2/3/2003 47 12
Number of Number that 2/4/2003 52 7
Date Telemarketing Result in an 2/5/2003 34 3
Calls (n) Order (np)
2/6/2003 59 21
2/1/2003 40 5
2/2/2003 63 10
2/3/2003 47 12
2/4/2003 52 7
2/5/2003 34 3
2/6/2003 59 21
Selecting More Than One Cell
If you select more than one cell (as shown to the right), all Number of Number that
adjacent cells (beginning with the first row and first Date Telemarketing Result in an
column) will be selected. Calls (n) Order (np)
2/1/2003 40 5
Number of Number that 2/2/2003 63 10
Date Telemarketing Result in an 2/3/2003 47 12
Calls (n) Order (np) 2/4/2003 52 7
2/5/2003 34 3
2/1/2003 40 5 2/6/2003 59 21
2/2/2003 63 10
2/3/2003 47 12
2/4/2003 52 7
2/5/2003 34 3
2/6/2003 59 21

Frequently Asked Questions
What out of control tests does the program use?
The program uses the following tests to check if a control chart is out of control:
 Points beyond the limits

 Rule of seven tests
o Seven in a row above or below the average
o Seven in a row trending up or trending down
 Zone Tests
o Zone A: 2 out of 3 consecutive points in zone A or beyond
o Zone B: 4 out of 5 consecutive points in zone B or beyond
o Zone C: 7 or more consecutive points in zone C or beyond
o Mixtures: 8 or more consecutive points fall outside of zone C on both sides the average
o Stratification: 15 or more consecutive points fall in zone C on either side of the average
Do all out of control tests apply to all the charts?
No. You will have the option to select which out of control charts you want to apply to your chart when
the dialog box for the control chart is shown. The out of control tests listed in the dialog box are the ones
that apply for your chart.
How do I know if the chart has any out of control points?
Out of control points are shown in red on the chart. The in-control points are in blue.
Can I remove the out of control points from the calculations?
Yes. You can remove the out of control point from the calculations by selecting the point and then
selecting “SP” from the SPC toolbar. This brings up a dialog box that allows you to remove the point
from calculations (or to add it back in). The point remains plotted on the graph but is outlined in color
only.
You can also remove all points beyond the control limits at once by selecting “All” from the SPC toolbar.
This brings up a dialog box that allows you to remove all the points beyond the limits at once (or add
them back in). This option does not remove the out of control points for the rule of seven tests or the
zone tests.
Can I change the name of the worksheet tab containing the chart?
If you do this, the program will not be able to find the chart if you want to update it or to make changes.
There is a manual method of doing this, but it is better if you just make a new chart.
How come I can’t see the name of one of my charts in the list of charts to be updated?
The most common cause of this problem is that the name on the worksheet tab containing the chart has
been changed. The program can no longer find the chart. The easiest solution is to make a new chart.

How can I change the title or the x and y labels on an existing chart?
To change the chart title or labels on an existing chart, you must go select the Options icon on the SPC
toolbar and change the title or labels there. If you make the changes directly on the chart, they will not be
saved if the chart is updated.
.
Any other questions?
Please feel free to e-mail us with your questions or suggestions for improvement (bill@spcforexcel.com)
or visit our website (www.spcforexcel.com) for all the SPC information we have in our e-zines and
articles.
Enjoy the program!

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Business Process Improvement 281-304-9504

20314 Lakeland Falls www.spcforexcel.com

Instruction Manual for SPC for MS Excel V3.0

Business Process Improvement

Instructions Manual for SPC for MS Excel V3.0 ......................................................................................... 1

2 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

3 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

C:\Documents and Settings\{username}\Application Data\SPC_for_MS_Excel

The following program files are installed into this directory:

The program also creates the following directory:

C:\Documents and Settings\{username}\My Documents\SPC for MS Excel

Gage R&R Example Workbook.xls

4 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

5 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

An example of a Pareto Pareto Diagram

diagram is shown to the 50 100% 100%

diagram, the number of 45 90%

return goods by product is 40 80% 80%

analyzed. The x axis is

how often each product

first bar (for Product B) 15

has the largest frequency.

Option 1: Basic Pareto Diagram

6 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

Option 3: Pareto Diagram Based on Data in One Product

Pareto Dialog Box

7 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

 Enter Category Range: This is the range

 Calculation Options: This is Option 2: Basic

8 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

Option 2: Summing the results for each week

Option 3: Reasons for return in one column

9 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

Histogram Dialog Box

10 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

11 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

Classes Freq. Rel. Freq. Descriptive Stats

82.5 to 83.5 0 0.0%

12 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

The values of p are plotted p Control Chart

over time. The average 45%

limit (LCL) are calculated 35%

using the equations below.

control limits are plotted as 20% Avg=19.47

example vary because the 10%

subgroup size varies. The

average subgroup size, n )

are also printed on the chart

13 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

p Chart Dialog Box

Input Ranges/Chart Name/Labels Page

 Range containing the subgroup identifiers: This is

14 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

Control Limits/Other Options Page

 Test for Control: There are two options:

15 ©2007 Business Process Improvement

calculated using the

number of subgroups used

plotted as red dashed lines.

and control limits, along

printed on the chart or in the Subgroup Number

chart title depending on the

16 ©2007 Business Process Improvement