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STUDY ON GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION TECHNIQUES RELATED TO

BAKRESWAR-TANTLOI GEOTHERMAL AREA

Conference Paper · March 2016

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 STUDY ON GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION TECHNIQUES RELATED TO
BAKRESWAR-TANTLOI GEOTHERMAL AREA

Ritwik Das*, Ritesh Kant Gupta, Tapapriya Gupta, Chiranjit Maji, Hirok Chaudhuri

Helium & Geothermal Project, Department of Physics, NIT Durgapur

M G Road, Durgapur 713209, India
*email: rik.das8@gmail.com

ABSTRACT
It is well recognized by different geophysical & geochemical techniques such as Audio
Magnetuteluric survey, Magnetuteluric survey, geochemical survey that Bakreswar-Tantloi area
is a potential geothermal province located in eastern part of India. We have estimated that
reservoir temperature lies in the range of 126 0C-139 0C. In this paper we mostly discussed about
different aspects on geothermal power plant technologies. Here we propose pilot scale Kalina
cycle based binary power plant utilizing geothermal fluids (hot water) as hot fluid. A steam and
gas separator will be used to separate the water and gas phase. Organic fluid of lower boiling
temperature may be used as working fluid for the proposed binary cycle power plant. Our study
shows that the Kalina cycle will be appropriate for power production from this low enthalpy
geothermal system at Bakreswar. Here we have discussed in detailed about the Kalina cycle and
proposed operational aspect of the power plant.

Keywords: Bakreswar Geothermal area, Geothermometry, Binary cycle power plant, Kalina
cycle

1. INTRODUCTION
Eco-friendly power generation techniques stand as a challenge in front of the scientific
community of the world. In today’s world the main focus is on the issue of climate change
resulted out of the deliberating pollution caused by conventional fossil fuels based power plants.
Therefore, the developed countries and developing countries are giving attention towards
reduction of production of electricity by coal, gas etc. as much as possible and to produce
electricity by renewable and green energy resources. A quick switch over to the non-
conventional methods of producing power such as geothermal, solar, wind etc. is very much
required in the current scenario. It is to be noted that geothermal energy is an excellent example
of renewable energy and can be a promising source of electricity generation. Geothermal power
is independent of weather condition and it is grid interactive also. Geothermal energy is a clean
and green energy technology. Many countries throughout the globe already developed
geothermal power plant, however the electricity production using geothermal heat is still ignored
in India [1].
Geothermal energy is the natural heat of the earth’s interior. This energy is produced from decay
of radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium, potassium etc. which are stored in the rock
structure of the earth’s crust. This is radiogenic heat. The other source, namely primordial heat
source, is supplying heat from the inception of the earth’s about 4.5 billion years ago [2]. Based
on the surface manifestation of geothermal resources in terms of hot springs, geothermal systems
are divided into three categories (i) high (> 200 0C), (ii) medium (100-200 0C) and (iii) low (<
100 0C) enthalpy geothermal systems based on the temperature of the hot water at surface [3].
India’s geothermal zones are mostly medium to low enthalpy systems. These are manifested as
hot springs and scattered throughout the country. In comparison with the other geothermal zones
in India, Bakreswar [23.87 0N, 87.37 0E] and Tantloi [24.03 0N, 87.28 0E] seem to be promising
and these are located at Birbhum district of West Bengal and Dumka district of Jharkhand
respectively [4]. In fact several hot springs are found in cluster in the Bakreswar-Tantloi
geothermal area. The geothermal gradient (90 0C/km) of this area is almost three times higher
than the average global geothermal gradient (30 0C/km) [5]. Since the maximum hot spring water
temperature at Bakreswar is 67 0C, therefore it can be treated as a low enthalpy geothermal
system.
There are different techniques such as Audio Magnetotelluric survey, Magnetotelluric survey and
geochemical survey which are already performed to explore the potential of Bakreswar
geothermal area [6]. Recently we have estimated the reservoir temperature which lies in the
range of 126-129 0C. In this paper we have discussed about some well-known geothermal power
generation techniques and focused on the Kalina cycle based binary power plant for production
of power from the aforesaid geothermal system. Moreover the paper describes our research
activities through different geochemical and geophysical techniques to explore the potential of
the Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal area.

2. HEAT STORAGE AND HEAT TRANSFER METHODS

Heat source of a geothermal system is basically radiogenic heat source. Continuous radioactive
decay of radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium presents in the rock matrix produces
huge amount of heat energy at the order of 51.7 MeV/atom for uranium series and 42.6
MeV/atom for thorium series [7]. As a result helium and radon gases are produced through
radioactive decay processes and these are emanated through hot spring vents. Most of the heat is
carried to the surface by the hot water and steam. Emanating gas contains steam, radioactive
radon, nitrogen, carbon-di-oxide, helium, methane, argon, oxygen etc. The heat is being
transferred through rock, fluid, porous media by means of conduction, convection and radiation.
The natural geothermal water also contains dissolve chemicals such as: sodium, calcium,
magnesium, chlorides, fluorides, carbonates, bi-carbonates, lithium, silicate, boron etc. and
different algae also. The cumulative specific heat of these constituents increases the heat
containing property of the geothermal fluid significantly.

3. POWER GENERATION TECHNIQUES

Worldwide several power generation techniques have been used to produce geothermal power
from a geothermal system. The geothermal power plant typically comprises of production well,
injection well, gas and steam separator, heat exchanger, preheater, steam turbine, condenser,
injection pump. Schematic diagram of production well, injection well, heat exchanger, turbine
etc. is shown in Fig. 1.

3.1 DRY STEAM POWER PLANT

This technology was first commercially used for power production from a geothermal system
[8]. High enthalpy geothermal systems (temperature > 200 0C) are the sources of dry steam. The
general characteristics of a dry-steam reservoir are that it comprises porous rock with fractures,
either interconnected, that are filled with steam. The steam appears to have either magmatic or
meteoric origins [8]. The first possibility involves the slow evolution of vapour from magma
chambers located at great depth and at very high temperatures close to the molten rock [9]. The
second one involves the percolation of rainwater through faults and fractures at great depth
where it encounters high temperature rock [10]. Basically this is a vapour dominated system. Dry
steam can be used directly to the turbine. The schematic diagram (Fig. 2) shows that the dry
steam is directly used to run the turbine.

Figure 1: Schematic diagram for harnessing geothermal energy

 Figure 2: Schematic flow diagram of a dry steam plant (modified after [11])

3.2. SINGLE-FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT

Single flash steam plants are usually installed at high temperature geothermal zones. The
geothermal wells produce mixture of steam and hot water. The single-flash plant is a relatively
simple way to convert the geothermal energy carried by hot fluid into electric energy. At first the
mixture is separated into distinct steam and liquid phase with a minimum pressure loss. The
arrangement of separator is part of the general design of the plant and there are several possible
arrangements. After the separation of hot water and steam within separator, the separated liquid
is not used to produce additional steam at lower pressure. It directly goes to injection wells.
Separated steam directly enters to turbine. Fig. 3 represents the schematic diagram of a single
flash steam plant cycle.

Figure 3: Schematic flow diagram of single flash steam (Modified after [11])

3.3. DOUBLE-FLASH STEAM POWER PLANT

Double flash steam plants are also installed at high temperature geothermal zones. The double
flash steam plant is an improvement on the single-flash design. It can produce 15-25% more
power output for the same geothermal fluid properties. This type of plants is more complex,
more costly and requires more maintenance, but extra power output increases its utility. The
fundamental feature of double flash system is that the separated liquid is used to produce
additional steam at lower pressure. Separated and additional steam both enters to turbine. Fig. 4
represents the schematic diagram of a double flash steam plant.

Figure 4: Schematic flow diagram of double flash steam (Modified after [11])
3.4. PROPOSED BINARY TYPE KALINA CYCLE BASED POWER PLANTS
Hot fluid coming out from the production well will pass through separator, heat exchanger,
preheater and then again send back to the reservoir through injection well. If the geothermal
fluid temperature is less than 150 0C it becomes difficult to harness power using a flash-
steam plant which can efficiently and economically deliver power. If the geothermal system
is of kind of low enthalpy system, it is always better to use Kalina cycle based binary power
plant to harness power. Organic fluid, ammonia-water mixture is used as working fluid in
binary type Kalina cycle.

Figure 5: Schematic flow diagram of a binary plant (Modified after [12])

Geothermal heat carried by the hot fluid is transferred from hot fluid to working fluid as the hot
fluid enters into long heat exchanger. The heating fluids remains single phase but its temperature
gradually falls between inlet and outlet of heat exchanger as it transferring heat to another. The
working fluid heats upto saturation temperature and remains isothermal until it is totally
evaporated. After releasing the heat, hot fluid become cool and it is directed to flow to the
underground through injection well. Fig. 5 indicates the schematic diagram of a binary cycle
operation.

Figure 6: T-S diagram of Kalina Cycle (modified after [13]

In binary cycle power plant different cycles are used to generate power from hot fluid. One of
them is Rankine cycle which is classified into many categories such as water Rankine, organic
Rankine, and other multi-fluids cycles. The working fluids for the Rankine cycle are composed
of water, organic fluids of different kinds, or mixture of multi-fluids or binary fluids. The
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) which uses refrigerants or other organic working fluids with
lower boiling points as working fluid is widely used in power production technique from a wide
range of low and medium temperature heat sources including geothermal, solar thermal, ocean
thermal and industrial waste heat. The selection of working fluid is based on the temperature of
the heat sources. Based on the temperature of the reservoir at Bakreswar we are proposing Kalina
cycle for power generation. The Kalina cycle is a thermodynamic cycle that works on the same
Rankine cycle but uses a mixture of ammonia and water as the working fluid. Because of the
particular thermodynamic properties of the working fluid, the shape of the Kalina cycle diagram
is different from the ORC diagram. A typical Kalina cycle diagram for power generation is
shown below in Fig. 6.

4. EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY:

The water and gas samples were collected from the cluster of hot springs at Bakreswar to study
the chemical characteristics, radioactive profile of the geothermal area. Fig. 7 shows the
photographs of water & gas sample collection from Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal field and
analysis of the samples at NIT Durgapur. Chemical analysis of water samples was done using
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Moreover Fig. 7 shows the photograph of geochemical
monitoring laboratory at Bakreswar. Helium and radon gases emanations were monitored at
Bakreswar geochemical monitoring laboratory using different equipment such as micro gas
chromatograph and Alpha Guard radon monitor. Continuous observation was made for long time
(July 22, 2005 - December 31, 2010) in soil gases and hot spring gases of Bakreswar.
Subsequently statistical analysis was made to estimate average concentration of helium & radon
and also the reservoir temperature. The recorded time series data has been analysed and
smoothened using MATLAB 2011. Mean (M) and standard deviation (σ) calculated for original
and smoothened data set of helium and radon. The analysis assists to focus on the sustainable
nature of the heat reservoir.
 Figure 7: Field work at Bakreswar-Tantloi area and Laboratory Experiment

5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

5.1. GEOCHEMICAL AND GEOPHYSICAL STUDY

Chaudhuri et al. [14] earlier in 2010 measured the temperature, pH, and concentrations radon &
helium at various hot springs at Bakreswar geothermal area as shown in Table I. We have also
measured temperature, pH of hot spring waters and concentrations of radon & helium in spring
gas emanations of different hot springs at Bakreswar during 2015. The measured values of
 temperature and pH are shown in Table II. Chemical compositions of hot spring waters as
measured by us are also shown in Table III. It is observed that the helium concentration in hot
spring gas was sufficiently high in comparison to ambient helium concentration. Not only the
helium but the radon concentration is also high in different hot spring gases of the study area.

Table I: Geochemical and geophysical characteristics of hot spring waters and gases at
Bakreswar geothermal area as measured by Chaudhuri et al. [14]

222Rn 222Rn He
Sl. Spring Temp. pH (spring (spring (spring
No. (0C) water) gas) gas)
kBq/m3 kBq/m3 vol%
1 Agnikunda 69.0 9.2 38.9±3 830±48 1.46
(230 52/ 50.0// N; 870 22/ 41.9// E)
2 Kharkunda 66.0 9.3 46.9±5 850±42 1.42
(230 52/ 50.4// N; 870 22/ 42.0// E)
3 Bhairabkunda 62.2 9.3 34.7±4 377±32 1.12
(230 52/ 49.4// N; 870 22/ 41.1// E)

4 Soubhagyakunda 50.5 9.1 9.9±2 684±30 0.9218

(230 52/ 43.5// N; 870 22/ 40.4// E)
5 Suryakunda 63.3 9.3 14.2±3 -- --
(230 52/ 49.6// N; 870 22/ 43.2// E)
6 Brahmakunda 46.1 9.2 18.7±2 570±18 1.26
(230 52/ 50.2// N; 870 22/ 43.6// E)
7 Jibatsakunda 37.0 7.5 3.18±1 -- --
(230 52/ 50.2// N; 870 22/ 42.8// E)
 Table II: Temperature & pH profile of hot spring waters at Bakreswar-Tantloi area

Sl Location pH Temp. Date of gas & water

No. (Latitude, Longitude, Elevation) ( 0C ) sample collection
1. Agnikunda Hot spring 10.7 670 23.08.2015
23° 52' 52.3" N, 87° 22' 32.9" E; (88m)
2. Souvagyakunda Hot spring 10.4 55.40 23.08.2015
23° 52' 51.9" N, 87° 22' 34.4" E; (93m)
3. Swetganga Hot spring 10.5 48.60 23.08.2015
23° 52' 52.8" N, 87° 22' 34.8" E; (93m)
4. Tantloi 1 Hot spring 10.7 660 24.08.2015
24° 02' 25.8" N, 87° 17' 3.8" E; (95m)
5. Tantloi 2 Hot spring 10.7 69.40 24.08.2015
24° 02' 24.9" N, 87° 17' 3.8" E; (97m)

Table III: Chemical characteristics of hot spring waters at Bakreswar and Tantloi
HCO3 (ppm)
Measurement

(ppm)

NO32- (ppm)

SO42- (ppm)
Spec. Cond.
EC at 25°C

SiO2 (ppm)
Ca2+ (ppm)

TDS (mg/l)
B- (ppm)

Na+ (ppm)
Cl- (ppm)

Li+ (ppm)
K+ (ppm)
Hardness
F- (ppm)
(μS/cm)

(ppm)
Total
No.
pH

-
2-
CO 3

Bakreswar, (Agni kunda) hot spring

552.0

124.8

315.0
<0.2
10.7

26.0

70.0

92.0

26.0

10.0

2.29

87.0
2.0

5.0

2.0
<1
1

Tantloi hot spring 1

451.0

105.6

255.0
<0.2
10.7

36.0

46.0

55.0

38.0

12.5

0.26

1.45

81.0
2.0

5.0
<1
2

Tantloi hot spring 2

454.0

106.2

260.0
<0.2
43.0
31.0

56.0

12.5

0.28

1.34

81.0
NA

NA
9.6

5.0
<1
3
5.2. GEOTHERMOMETRY
Moreover we have performed geothermometry study of the Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal area.
Geothermometers helps to estimate the temperature of under earth fluid reservoir. This
geothermometer are classified in different categories such as silica (quartz and chalcedony),
Na/K, Na-K-Ca, Na/Li, Li/Mg, K/Mg ratios and many more. Here investigation was made
through (A) silica geothermometer and (B) Na-K-Ca geothermometer since temperature of the
hot spring water is restricted to 67 0C (surface manifestation only), whereas the other
geothermometers are applicable for high temperature hydrothermal waters. Details of the
estimation related to geothermometer applied in case of Bakreswar and Tantloi is described in
Table IV.
Table IV: Different types of geothermometers applied during investigation

0
Quartz , (applying θ ( C) =[1309/5.19-log SiO2 ]-273.15 as described by
no steam loss
Fournier [15]
Silica criteria)
geo-
0
thermometer Quartz , (applying θ ( C) =[1522/5.75-log SiO2 ]-273.15 as described by
max. steam loss
Fournier [15]
criteria)
0 1/2
Na-K-Ca θ ( C) =[1647/log (Na/K) + β {log(Ca /Na) + 2.06}+2.47 ]- 273.15
geo- 0
β =4/3 for t <100 C
thermometer 0
=1/3 for t >100 C as described by Fournier and Truesdell [16]

Table I & Table II are showing values of temperature, pH and chemical compositions which
were measured at Bakreswar-Tantloi area. Temperature varies in the range of 37 0C - 69 0C and
48 0C-69 0C reported in Table I & Table II. The hydrothermal waters are alkaline in nature with
pH values 7.5-9.3 and 10.4-10.7 reported in Table I & Table II. The TDS of the samples are in
the range of 255-315 mg/l. Electrical conductance (EC) ranges from 451-552 μS/cm. SiO2
content is moderate to high i.e. 81-87 ppm. The spring waters are low in K+ (1.34-2.29 ppm), low
in Ca2+ content (0.26-2.00 ppm), low in (31-70 ppm), low in (26-38 ppm) and
moderate to high , (56-99 ppm) and the waters contain high , (10-12.5 ppm).
The estimated reservoir temperature at Bakreswar spring and Tantloi spring 1 and Tantloi spring
2 are in the range of 126-129 0C, 123-125 0C and 123-125 0C respectively using silica
geothermometer. On the other hand these values are 104 0C, 139 0C and 133 0C in case of
Bakreswar spring and Tantloi spring 1 and Tantloi spring 2 respectively using Na-K-Ca
geothermometer.

Table V: Estimated Reservoir Temperatures

Sl. Details of the Reservoir Silica geothermometer Na-K-Ca

No. geothermometer
0 0 0
Temp. ( C) Temp. ( C) Temp. ( C)

1 Bakreswar 129 126 104

5. Tantloi 1 125 123 139

6. Tantloi 2 125 123 133

5.3. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS OF RECORDED DATA

The recorded helium and radon time series data has been shown in the Fig. 8 and Fig. 9. Window
I and Window II representing the original and smoothen helium and radon concentration profile
which were recorded during July 22, 2005 to December 31, 2010 at Bakreswar observatory. A
limit of (>M+2 σ, < M-2σ) has been set to designate the anomalies present in the said profile
(Fig. 8 & Fig. 9) where M is the mean and σ is standard deviation of data sets. Some anomalous
behavior (data values >M+2σ and/or < M-2σ) are observed in the data set. The values of M and
σ for the original and smoothen data set for helium and radon are listed in Table VI. Average
radon concentration for original and smoothened data sets is invariant but the standard deviation
value deviates from the original data in case of smoothened set value.
 Table VI: Statistical measurement of helium and radon concentration profile

Data Type No. of data Mean Standard Minimum Maximum

points deviation Value Value
Radon 47723 869.72 52.14 KBq/m3 446.46 1392.6
(Original) KBq/m3 KBq/m3 KBq/m3
Radon 47700 869.7 45.11 KBq/m3 623.78 1047.6
(Smoothen) KBq/m3 KBq/m3 KBq/m3
Helium 47695 1.72 vol% 0.12 vol% 1.38 vol% 2.39 vol%
(Original)
Helium 47672 1.72 vol% 0.11 vol% 1.38 vol% 2.32 vol%
(Smoothen)
Figure 8: Time series data of hot spring helium recorded
during July 22, 2005-December 31, 2010
Figure 9: Time series data of hot spring radon recorded
during July 22, 2005-December 31, 2010
The helium and radon emanations are continuous and dynamic in nature. The measured
statistical parameters of helium and radon in the time series profile showed almost invariant
nature. The original data set has been filtered to make it smooth. The average helium and radon
concentration remains almost same after smoothening. Sometimes emanations are beyond the
limit i.e. anomalous variation. These must be an outcome of some internal influence on the
emission process such as unbalanced pressure distribution within rocks, unbalanced hydrostatic
pressure distribution or seismic activity. The helium and radon emanations are continuous and
dynamic in nature. The measured statistical parameters of helium and radon in the time series
profile showed almost invariant nature. The original data set has been filtered to make it smooth.
The average helium and radon concentration remains almost same after smoothening. Sometimes
emanations are beyond the limit i.e. anomalous variation. These must be an outcome of some
internal influence on the emission process such as unbalanced pressure distribution within rocks,
unbalanced hydrostatic pressure distribution or seismic activity. The concentration of helium
and radon is high in the study area compared to a non-geothermal area. This signifies that the
geothermal reservoir of Bakreswar is a consistent heat source. Therefore the preliminary
requirement for installation of a geothermal power plant is fulfilled.
Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal area is considered as one of the more promising than many other
geothermal fields in the country. In fact, cluster of hot springs are found in the area. The
geothermal gradient and the heat flux of the area is thrice the global average geothermal gradient
and global average heat flux respectively. The spring temperature is around 66-69 0C, however
the reservoir temperature is in the range of 104-139 0C. Bakreswar geothermal area is a liquid
dominated geothermal system. Concentration of various gases at hot spring and chemical
compositions of the hot spring water remain same for many years as already shown in Table I,
Table II & Table III. Therefore, one can say that the heat reservoir did not experience any
influence of terrestrial phenomena in last several years and therefore can be exploited for power
generation using Kalina cyle based binary power plant.
Hot spring emanated fluid is sometime highly contaminated with several chemical constituents
which may cause serious corrosion and erosion of the turbine blade. In Kalina cycle, the steam is
produced from heat exchanger using organic fluid mainly ammonia which is very less corrosive
and erosive in nature. Therefore, Kalina cycle based binary power plant has been proposed at
Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal area to minimize the loss of life time of the turbine. The benefit of
the Kalina cycle is that the working fluid is ammonia-water mixture having very low boiling
temperature. As the mixture increases temperature the ammonia comes out of solution and the
saturation temperature of mixture rises. Then the system will experience less heat loss due to
lower temperature drop between the heating fluid and the evaporating mixture. High pressure
flow of vapour is made through turbine to rotate it. Subsequently generator is connected on the
other side of the rotating shaft to convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Overall
thermal efficiency using organic fluid varies in the range of 12% -53% [17]. The cycle efficiency
can be improved using feed heating of working fluid before entering the heat exchanger. Feed
heating is usually done in recuperator where the latent heat of hot fluid is used to heat the
working fluid.

6. CONCLUSION
Our experimental and analytical observations clearly say that the Bakreswar-Tantloi geothermal
area has a sustainable heat reservoir. Before installation of a power plant the primary concern is
the source of heat. From this point of view the heat source is reliable and that can be exploited
for long time. Since our study area is one of the low temperature geothermal systems, the binary
type Kalina cycle power plant will be suitable for the power production instead of having lower
efficiency. Binary-cycle technology is the most efficient solution to produce electricity from
such low temperature resources.

7. ACKNOWLADGEMENT
The authors acknowledge the financial support and institutional support from National
Institute of Technology Durgapur. Authors are grateful to Geothermal Division, GSI, Lucknow
for their assistance in analyzing silica content of the water samples.
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