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Source: CPAR Batch 65 Handout RFBT 8501 & Notes in Business Law by Fidelito Soriano

501001 - IS A JURIDICAL NECESSITY TO GIVE, TO DO OR OBLIGATION

NOT TO DO.
501002 - MEANS THAT THE COURT MAY BE ASKED TO JURIDICAL NECESSITY
ORDER THE PERFORMANCE OF AN OBLIGATION IF THE
DEBTOR REFUSES TO PERFORM IT.
501003 - REQUISITES OF AN OBLIGATION (4 ITEMS) 1. CREDITOR / OBLIGEE / ACTIVE SUBJECT
2. DEBTOR / OBLIGOR / PASSIVE SUBJECT
3. PRESTATION / OBJECT
4. EFFICIENT CAUSE / VINCULUM JURIS / LEGAL OR
JURIDICAL TIE
501004 - IS THE PARTY WHO HAS THE RIGHT TO DEMAND CREDITOR, OBLIGEE OR ACTIVE SUBJECT
PERFORMANCE OF THE OBLIGATION.
501005 - IS THE PARTY WHO IS OBLIGED TO PERFORM DEBTOR, OBLIGOR OR PASSIVE SUBJECT
THE OBLIGATION.
501006 - IS THE SUBJECT MATTER OF THE OBLIGATION. PRESTATION OR OBJECT
501007 - POSSIBLE PRESTATIONS OF AN OBLIGATION (3 PRESTATION TO GIVE (REAL OBLIGATION), TO DO
ITEMS) (PERSONAL OBLIGATION) OR NOT TO DO (PERSONAL
OBLIGATION)
501008 - IS THE LEGAL FACTOR WHICH BIND THE PARTIES EFFICIENT CAUSE / VINCULUM JURIS / LEGAL OR
TO AN OBLIGATION. IT ALSO REFERS TO ANY OF THE FIVE JURIDICAL TIE
SOURCES OF OBLIGATION.
501009 - IS BASED ON POSITIVE LAW; HENCE IT IS CIVIL OBLIGATION
ENFORCEABLE BY COURT ACTION.
501010 - IS BASED ON NATURAL LAW; HENCE IT IS NOT NATURAL OBLIGATION
ENFORCEABLE BY COURT ACTION.
501011 - RULE IF THE DEBTOR VOLUNTARILY PERFORMS THE DEBTOR CAN NO LONGER RECOVER WHAT HE HAS
A NATURAL OBLIGATION GIVEN.
501012 - SOURCES OF OBLIGATION (5 ITEMS) 1. LAW
2. CONTRACTS
3. QUASI-CONTRACTS
4. DELICTS
5. QUASI DELICTS
501013 - A RULE OF CONDUCT, JUST AND OBLIGATORY, LAW
LAID DOWN BY LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY FOR COMMON
OBSERVANCE AND BENEFIT.
501014 - EXPLAIN: OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM LAW PARA MASABING MAY OBLIGATION GALING SA LAW,
ARE NOT PRESUMED DAPAT NAKASAAD ITO SA ISANG SPECIFIC PROVISION NG
BATAS. HINDI PWEDENG MAG-PE-PRESUME KA LANG NA
MAY GANON SA BATAS.
501015 - IS A MEETING OF MINDS BETWEEN TWO CONTRACTS
PERSONS WHEREBY ONE BINDS HIMSELF, WITH RESPECT
TO THE OTHER, TO GIVE SOMETHING OR TO RENDER
SOME SERVICE.

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501016 - EXPLAIN: OBLIGATIONS ARISING FROM
CONTRACTS HAVE THE FORCE OF LAW BETWEEN THE
CONTRACTING PARTIES AND SHOULD BE COMPLIED
WITH IN GOOD FAITH.
501017 - REFER TO CERTAIN LAWFUL, VOLUNTARY AND
UNILATERAL ACTS GIVING RISE TO A JURIDICAL RELATION
TO THE END THAT NO ONE SHALL BE UNJUSTLY
ENRICHED AT THE EXPENSE OF ANOTHER.
601018 - KINDS OF QUASI CONTRACTS (3 ITEMS)
601019 - REFERS TO THE VOLUNTARY ADMINISTRATION
OF THE PROPERTY, BUSINESS OR AFFAIRS OF ANOTHER
WITHOUT HIS CONSENT OR AUTHORITY.
601020 - IS THE OFFICIOUS MANAGER OF ANOTHER'S
AFFAIRS IN NEGOTIORUM GESTIO
601021 - THE NATURE OF RESPONSIBILITY OF TWO OR
MORE OFFICIOUS MANAGERS IN NEGOTIORUM GESTIO
601022 - INSTANCES WHERE THE OFFICIOUS MANAGER
SHALL BE HELD LIABLE FOR ANY FOURTUITOUS EVENT (4
ITEMS)
601023 - INSTANCES WHERE NEGOTIORUM GESTIO WILL
NOT ARISE (2 ITEMS)
601024 - REFERS TO PAYMENT BY MISTAKE OF AN
OBLIGATION WHICH WAS NOT DUE WHEN PAID.
601025 - NATURE OF RESPONSIBILITY OR LIABILITY OF
TWO OR MORE PAYEES WHEN THER HAS BEEN PAYMENT
OF WHAT IS NOT DUE
601026 - A PERSON WHO ACCEPTS AN UNDUE PAYMENT
OF A SUM OF MONEY WILL BE LIABLE FOR INTEREST
WHEN...
601027 - A PERSON IN GOOD FAITH ACCEPTING AN
UNDUE PAYMENT OF A THING CERTAIN OR
DETERMINATE WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOSS OF
THE SAME OR ITS ACCESSORIES AND ACCESSIONS…
601028 - IS A SOURCE OF OBLIGATION THAT REFERS TO
ANY ACT OR OMISSION PUNISHABLE BY LAW.
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DAPAT SUNDIN NG PARTIES KUNG ANO MAN ANG
NAKASAAD SA CONTRACT (PARANG BATAS), PERO HINDI
IBIG SABIHIN NA ABOVE THE LAW ANG CONTRACTS.
KUNG MAY CONFLICT BETWEEN THE CONTRACT AND
LAW, THE LAW SHALL PREVAIL. KAILANGAN DIN NG
PARTIES MAG EXERCISE NG INTEGRITY SA PAG-COMPLY
SA OBLIGATION (GOOD FAITH).
QUASI-CONTRACTS
1. NEGOTIORUM GESTIO
2. SOLUTIO INDEBITI
3. OTHER QUASI-CONTRACTS
NEGOTIORUM GESTIO
GESTOR
GENERALLY IT SHALL BE SOLIDARY UNLESS THE
MANAGEMENT WAS ASSUMED TO SAVE THE THING OR
BUSINESS FROM IMMINENT DANGER WHICH WILL MAKE
THEIR LIABILITY JOINT ONLY.
1. IF HE UNDERTAKES RISKY OPERATIONS WHICH THE
OWNER WAS NOT ACCUSTOMED TO EMBARK UPON;
2. IF HE PREFERRED HIS OWN INTEREST TO THAT OF THE
OWNER;
3. IF HE FAILS TO RETURN THE PROPERTY OR BUSINESS
AFTER DEMAND BY THE OWNER; AND
4. IF HE ASSUMED THE MANAGEMENT IN BAD FAITH
1. WHEN THE PROPERTY OR BUSINESS IS NOT
NEGLECTED OR ABANDONED; AND
2. IF IN FACT THE MANAGER HAS BEEN TACITLY
AUTHORIZED BY THE OWNER.
SOLUTIO INDEBITI
SOLIDARY
HE RECEIVES THE UNDUE PAYMENT IN BAD FAITH
IN SO FAR AS HE HAS THEREBY BEEN BENEFITED.
DELICT, CRIME OR FELONY
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601029 - AS A GENERAL RULE: SCOPE OF CIVIL LIABILITY 1. RESTITUTION

OF AN OFFENDER UPON COMMISSION OF A CRIME (3 2. REPARATION
ITEMS) 3. INDEMNIFICATION
601030 - PERSONS WHO WILL NOT BE IMPRISONED BUT 1. AN IMBECILE OR INSANE PERSON
WILL BE LIABLE FOR CIVIL DAMAGES FOR THEIR ACTS (4 2. A PERSON UNDER 18 OF AGE
ITEMS) 3. ANY PERSON WHO ACTS UNDER THE COMPULSION OF
AN IRRESISTIBLE FORCE
4. ANY PERSON WHO ACTS UNDER THE IMPULSE OF AN
UNCONTROLLABLE FEAR OF AN EQUAL OR GREATER
INJURY
601031 - PERSON WHO WILL NOT BE LIABLE EITHER ANY PERSON WHO ACTS UNDER SELF-DEFENSE OR IN THE
CRIMINALLY OR CIVILLY FOR HIS ACTS PERFORMANCE OF HIS OFFICIAL DUTY SUFFERING FROM
BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME WHO KILLED OR
INJURED HIS BATTERER.
601032 - DEGREE OF EVIDENCE THAT MUST BE PROVED PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT
BY THE PROSECUTION FOR THE ACCUSED TO BE
CRIMINALLY LIABLE
601033 - DEGREE OF EVIDENCE THAT MUST BE PROVED PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE
BY THE PLAINTIFF IN ORDER TO RECOVER CIVIL DAMAGES
BASED ON CONTRACT OR QUASI-DELICT
601034 - ARE ACTS OR OMISSIONS THAT CAUSE DAMAGE QUASI-DELICTS, TORTS OR CULPA AQUILIANA
TO ANOTHER, THERE BEING FAULT OR NEGLIGENCE BUT
WITHOUT ANY PRE-EXISTING CONTRACTUAL RELATION
BETWEEN THE PARTIES.
601035 - THE RIGHT VIOLATED BY A __________ IS A CRIME; QUASI-DELICT
PUBLIC RIGHT, WHILE THE RIGHT VIOLATED BY A
__________ IS A PRIVATE RIGHT
601036 - EVERY ___________ GIVE RISE TO LIABILITY FOR QUASI-DELICT; CRIMES
DAMAGES TO THE INJURED PARTY BUT THERE ARE
__________ FROM WHICH NO CIVIL LIABILITY ARISES.
601037 - LIABILITY FROM __________ CAN NEVER BE CRIMES; CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE; QUASI-DELICT
COMPROMISED EXCEPT IN __________ BUT LIABILITY
FROM __________ CAN BE COMPROMISED.
601038 - IN ORDER TO PROVE CRIME, __________ IS PROOF BEYOND REASONABLE DOUBT; ONLY
REQUIRED BUT IN ORDER TO PROVE NEGLIGENCE IN PREPONDERANCE OF EVIDENCE
QUASI-DELICT, __________ IS NEEDED.
601039 - IN CASE OF TORT, THE PLAINTIFF OR INJURED WHEN THE PLAINTIFF'S OWN NEGLIGENCE WAS THE
PARTY WILL BE BARRED OR PRECLUDED FROM IMMEDIATE AND PROXIMATE CAUSE OF HIS INJURY.
RECOVERING DAMAGES…
601040 - THE __________ AND, IN CASE OF HIS DEATH FATHER
OR INCAPACITY, THE MOTHER, ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR
THE DAMAGES CAUSED BY MINOR CHILDREN WHO LIVE
IN THEIR COMPANY.
601041 - __________ ARE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES CAUSED GUARDIANS
BY THE MINORS OR INCAPACITATED PERSONS WHO ARE
UNDER THEIR AUTHORITY AND LIVE IN THEIR COMPANY.

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601042 - THE __________ OF AN ESTABLISHMENT OR OWNERS AND MANAGERS

ENTERPRISE ARE LIKEWISE RESPONSIBLE FOR DAMAGES
CAUSED BY THEIR EMPLOYEES IN THE SERVICE OF THE
BRANCHES IN WHICH THE LATTER ARE EMPLOYED OR ON
THE OCCASION OF THEIR FUNCTIONS.
601043 - __________ SHALL BE LIABLE FOR THE EMPLOYERS
DAMAGES CAUSED BY THEIR EMPLOYEES AND
HOUSEHOLD HELPERS ACTING WITHIN THE SCOPE OF
THEIR ASSIGNED TASKS, EVEN THOUGH THE FORMER ARE
NOT ENGAGED IN ANY BUSINESS OR INDUSTRY.
601044 - __________ OR HEADS OF ESTABLISHMENTS OF TEACHERS
ARTS AND TRADES SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES
CAUSED BY THEIR PUPILS AND STUDENTS OR
APPRENTICES WHO ARE WITHIN THEIR CUSTODY.
601045 - NATURE OF LIABILITY OF TWO OR MORE SOLIDARY
PERSONS WHO ARE LIABLE FOR QUASI-DELICT OR TORT
601046 - A THING IS __________ WHEN IT IS DETERMINATE
PARTICULARLY DESIGNATED OR PHYSICALLY
SEGREGATED FROM ALL OTHERS OF THE SAME CLASS.
601047 - A THING IS __________ WHEN IT ONLY
INDICATED BY ITS KIND, WITHOUT BEING DESIGNATED
OR DISTINGUISHED FROM OTHERS OF THE SAME KIND.
601048 - OBLIGATIONS OF ONE OBLIGED TO GIVE A 1. TO EXERCISE THE PROPER DEGREE OF DILIGENCE
DETERMINATE THING (4 ITEMS) 2. TO DELIVER THE THING
3. TO DELIVER THE FRUITS OF THE THING
4. TO DELIVER THE ACCESSIONS AND ACCESSORIES OF
THE THING
601049 - RULE ON THE DEGREE OF DILIGENCE TO BE IN ORDER OF PRIORITY
APPLIED IN THE PERFORMANCE OF AN OBLIGATION 1. WHAT IS MANDATED BY LAW
2. WHAT IS STIPULATED BY THE PARTIES
3. DILIGENCE OF A GOOD FATHER OF A FAMILY
601050 - KINDS OF FRUITS (3 ITEMS) 1. NATURAL FRUITS
2. INDUSTRIAL FRUITS
3. CIVIL FRUITS
601051 - ARE THE SPONTANEOUS PRODUCTS OF THE NATURAL FRUITS
SOIL AND THE YOUNG AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF
ANIMALS.
601052 - REFER TO THOSE PRODUCED BY LAND OF ANY INDUSTRIAL FRUITS
KIND THROUGH CULTIVATION OR LABOR.
601053 - REFER TO FRUITS WHICH ARE THE RESULT OF A CIVIL FRUITS
JURIDICAL RELATION SUCH AS THE RENT OF A BUILDING,
PRICE OF LEASE OF LAND AND OTHER PROPERTY AND
THE AMOUNT OF PERPETUAL OR LIFE ANNUITIES.
601054 - THE POINT AT WHICH THE CREDITOR GAINS THE AT THE TIME THE OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE
RIGHT TO THE FRUITS OF A DETERMINATE THING PRINCIPAL THING ARISES (PERSONAL RIGHT UNTIL
DELIVERY OF THE SAME WHICH GIVES RISE TO REAL
RIGHT)

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601055 - WHEN OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE THING 1. PURE OBLIGATION - PERFECTION

ARISES 2. UPON THE FULFILLMENT OF SUSPENSIVE PERIOD OR
CONDITION IF ANY
601056 - IS THE POWER BELONGING TO A PERSON OVER REAL RIGHT
A SPECIFIC THING, WITHOUT A PASSIVE SUBJECT
INDIVIDUALLY DETERMINED, AGAINST WHOM SUCH
RIGHT MAY BE PERSONALLY EXERCISED.
601057 - IS THE POWER BELONGING TO ONE PERSON TO PERSONAL RIGHT
DEMAND OF ANOTHER, AS A DEFINITE PASSIVE SUBJECT,
THE FULFILLMENT OF A PRESTATION TO GIVE, TO DO OR
NOT TO DO.
601058 - INCLUDE EVERYTHING THAT IS PRODUCED BY A ACCESSIONS
THING OR IS INCORPORATED OR ATTACHED THERETO,
EITHER NATURALLY OR PHYSICALLY.
601059 - ARE THOSE JOINED TO OR INCLUDED WITH THE ACCESSORIES
PRINCIPAL THING FOR THE LATTER'S BETTER USE,
PERFECTION OR ENJOYMENT.
601060 - RULE ON THE INCLUSION OF ACCESSIONS AND THEY ARE INCLUDED UNLESS THE PARTIES STIPULATED
ACCESSORIES IN THE OBLIGATION OTHERWISE.
601061 - REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IF THE DEBTOR 1. SPECIFIC PERFORMANCE
FAILS TO PERFORM HIS OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A 2. DAMAGES
DETERMINATE THING (2 ITEMS)
601062 - REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IF THE DEBTOR 1. TO ASK THAT THE OBLIGATION BE COMPLIED WITH AT
FAILS TO PERFORM HIS OBLIGATION TO DELIVER A THE EXPENSE OF THE DEBTOR; AND
GENERIC THING (2 ITEMS) 2. DAMAGES
601063 - REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IF THE DEBTOR 1. TO HAVE THE OBLIGATION EXECUTED AT THE EXPENSE
FAILS TO PERFORM HIS OBLIGATION IN OBLIGATIONS TO OF THE DEBTOR; AND
DO OR PERFORMS IT BUT CONTRAVENES TO THE TENOR 2. DAMAGES
THEREOF (2 ITEMS)
601064 - REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IF THE DEBTOR 1. TO HAVE THE PERFORMANCE BE UNDONE AT THE
PERFORMS THE OBLIGATION BUT DOES IT POORLY (2 DEBTOR'S EXPENSE; AND
ITEMS) 2. DAMAGES
601065 - REFERS TO BEING FORCED THROUGH COERCION INVOLUNTARY SERVITUDE
TO WORK FOR ANOTHER.
601066 - REMEDY OF THE OFFENDED PARTY IN CASE A SPECIAL CIVIL ACTION FOR MANDAMUS
PUBLIC OFFICIAL WHO HAS MINISTERIAL DUTY TO
PERFORM A PARTICULAR OBLIGATION OR PUBLIC DUTY
UNDER THE LAW FAILS TO DO SUCH OBLIGATION.
601067 - REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR IF THE DEBTOR 1. TO DEMAND THAT WHAT HAS BEEN DONE BE
DOES WHAT HAS BEEN FORBIDDEN HIM (2 ITEMS) UNDONE; AND
2. DAMAGES
601068 - GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY TO PAY DAMAGES (4 1. FRAUD
ITEMS) 2. NEGLIGENCE
3. DELAY
4. CONTRAVENTION OF THE TENOR O THE OBLIGATION
601069 - REFER TO HARM DONE AND THE SUM OF DAMAGES
MONEY THAT MAY BE RECOVERED IN REPARATION FOR
THE HARM DONE.

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601070 - KINDS OF DAMAGES (6 ITEMS) 1. MORAL

2. EXEMPLARY
3. NOMINAL
4. TEMPERATE
5. ACTUAL
6. LIQUIDATED
601071 - REFER TO THE PECUNIARY LOSS (SUCH AS LOSS ACTUAL DAMAGES OR COMPENSATORY DAMAGES
IN BUSINESS OR PROFESSION) THAT MAY BE RECOVERED.
601072 - INCLUDE PHYSICAL SUFFERING, MENTAL MORAL DAMAGES
ANGUISH, FRIGHT, SERIOUS ANXIETY, BESMIRCHED
REPUTATION, WOUNDED FEELINGS, MORAL SHOCK,
SOCIAL HUMILIATION AND SIMILAR INJURY.
601073 - REFER TO DAMAGES TO EXERCISE A RIGHT. NOMINAL DAMAGES
601074 - MAY BE RECOVERED IF THE COURT FINDS THAT TEMPERATE OR MODERATE DAMAGES
SOME PECUNIARY LOSS HAS BEEN SUFFERED BUT ITS
AMOUNT CANNOT, FROM THE NATURE OF THE CASE, BE
PROVED WITH CERTAINTY.
601075 - ARE THOSE AGREED UPON BY THE PARTIES TO A LIQUIDATED DAMAGES
CONTRACT, TO BE PAID IN CASE OF BREACH.
601076 - ARE IMPOSED BY WAY OF EXAMPLE OR EXEMPLARY OR CORRECTIVE DAMAGES
CORRECTION FOR PUBLIC GOOD, IN ADDITION TO OTHER
KINDS OF DAMAGES.
601077 - IS THE DELIBERATE OR INTENTIONAL EVASION FRAUD OR DOLO
BY THE DEBTOR OF THE NORMAL COMPLIANCE OF HIS
OBLIGATION.
601078 - KINDS OF FRAUD ACCORDING TO MEANING (3 1. CAUSAL FRAUD OR DOLO CAUSANTE
ITEMS) 2. INCIDENTAL FRAUD OR DOLO INCIDENTE
3. FRAUD IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE OBLIGATION
601079 - REFERS TO FRAUD WITHOUT WHICH CONSENT CAUSAL FRAUD OR DOLO CAUSANTE
WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN GIVEN.
601080 - REFERS TO FRAUD WITHOUT WHICH CONSENT INCIDENTAL FRAUD
WOULD HAVE STILL BEEN GIVEN BUT THE PERSON
GIVING IT WOULD HAVE AGREED ON DIFFERENT TERMS.
601081 - EFFECT OF CAUSAL FRAUD TO THE CONTRACT CAUSAL FRAUD RENDERS THE CONTRACT VOIDABLE.
GIVING RISE TO AN OBLIGATION
601082 - EFFECT OF INCIDENTAL FRAUD TO THE THE CONTRACT IS VALID BUT THE PARTY EMPLOYING IT
CONTRACT GIVING RISE TO AN OBLIGATION SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES.
601083 - KINDS OF FRAUD ACCORDING TO TIME OF 1. FUTURE FRAUD
COMMISSION (2 ITEMS) 2. PAST FRAUD
601084 - A WAIVER OF AN ACTION FOR THIS KIND OF FUTURE FRAUD
FRAUD CANNOT BE MADE. ANY AGREEMENT FOR ITS
WAIVER IS VOID.
601085 - A WAIVER OF AN ACTION FOR THIS KIND OF PAST FRAUD (PAGPAPATAWAD ON THE PART OF THE
FRAUD MAY BE MADE, SINCE THE COMMISSION OF CREDITOR)
FRAUD CAN NO LONGER BE ENCOURAGED.
601086 - IS THE OMISSION OF THAT DILIGENCE WHICH IS NEGLIGENCE OR CULPA
REQUIRED BY THE NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION AND
CORRESPONDS WITH THE ENCUMBRANCES OF THE
PERSON, OF THE TIME AND OF THE PLACE.
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601087 - KINDS OF NEGLIGENCE (3 ITEMS)
601088 - IS NEGLIGENCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF A
CONTRACT.
601089 - IS NEGLIGENCE THAT RESULTS IN THE
COMMISSION OF A CRIME.
601090 - IS THE NON-FULFILLMENT OF AN OBLIGATION
WITH RESPECT TO TIME.
601091 - KINDS OF DELAY (3 ITEMS)
601092 - IS THE DELAY ON THE PART OF THE DEBTOR.
601093 - IS THE DELAY ON THE PART OF THE DEBTOR IN
REAL OBLIGATIONS.
601094 - IS THE DELAY ON THE PART OF THE DEBTOR IN
PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS
601095 - IS THE DELAY ON THE PART OF THE CREDITOR
601096 - IS THE DELAY IN RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS
WHERE BOTH PARTIES ARE IN DEFAULT.
601097 - GENERAL RULE ON THE TIME AT WHICH THE
DEBTOR INCURS IN DELAY
601098 - EXCEPTIONS WHERE DELAY WOULD EXIST EVEN 1. WHEN THE LAW SO PROVIDES
WITHOUT DEMAND (5 ITEMS)
601099 - REQUISITES FOR DELAY TO EXIST IN RECIPROCAL 1. THE OBLIGATIONS ARISE OUT OF THE SAME CAUSE
OBLIGATIONS EVEN WITHOUT DEMAND (2 ITEMS)
601100 - EFFECTS OF DELAY ON THE PART OF THE
DEBTOR (2 ITEMS)
601101 - EFFECTS OF DELAY ON THE PART OF THE
CREDITOR (2 ITEMS)
601102 - ARE THOSE EVENTS THAT COULD NOT BE
FORESEEN, OR WHICH THOUGH FORESEEN, ARE
INEVITABLE.
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1. CULPA CONTRACTUAL OR CONTRACTUAL NEGLIGENCE
2. CULPA AQUILIANA OR CIVIL NEGLIGENCE (ALSO TORT
OR QUASI-DELICT)
3. CULPA CRIMINAL OR CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE
CULPA CONTRACTUAL (DRIVER OF BUS & PASSENGER)
CULPA CRIMINAL (RECKLESS IMPRUDENCE RESULTING IN
PHYSICAL INJURIES)
DELAY, DEFAULT OR MORA
1. MORA SOLVENDI
2. MORA ACCIPIENDI
3. COMPENSATIO MORAE
MORA SOLVENDI
MORA SOLVENDI EX RE
MORA SOLVENDI EX PERSONA
MORA ACCIPIENDI
COMPENSATIO MORAE
LEGAL DELAY BEGINS AT THE TIME THE CREDITOR
JUDICIALLY OR EXTRA-JUDICIALLY DEMANDS
FULFILLMENT OF THE OBLIGATION BUT THE DEBTOR
FAILS TO COMPLY WITH SUCH DEMAND.
2. WHEN THE OBLIGATION EXPRESSLY SO DECLARES
3. WHEN TIME IS OF THE ESSENCE OF THE CONTRACT
4. WHEN DEMAND WOULD BE USELESS
5. IN RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS
AND MUST BE FULFILLED AT THE SAME TIME
2. ONE OF THE PARTIES FULFILLS HIS OBLIGATION
1. THE DEBTOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES.
2. THE DEBTOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR ANY FORTUITOUS
EVENT (OBLIGATIONS TO DELIVER A DETERMINATE
THING).
1. THE CREDITOR SHALL BEAR THE RISK OF LOSS AND
EXPENSES FOR THE PRESERVATION OF THE THING.
2. THE DEBTOR MAY RESORT TO THE CONSIGNATION OF
THE THING DUE.
FORTUITOUS EVENTS
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601103 - EXCEPTIONS WHERE A PERSON WILL BE LIABLE 1. WHEN THE LAW EXPRESSLY PROVIDES FOR LIABILITY
EVEN FOR FORTUITOUS EVENTS (3 ITEMS) EVEN IN CASE OF FORTUITOUS EVENTS.
2. WHEN THE PARTIES HAVE DECLARED LIABILITY EVEN IN
CASE OF FORTUITOUS EVENT.
3. WHEN THE NATURE OF THE OBLIGATION REQUIRES
THE ASSUMPTION OF RISK.
601104 - KINDS OF PRESUMPTIONS (2 ITEMS) 1. CONCLUSIVE PRESUMPTION
2. REBUTTABLE (DISPUTABLE) PRESUMPTION
601105 - PRESUMPTION ON THE RECEIPT OF PRINCIPAL THIS SHALL GIVE RISE TO THE (REBUTTABLE)
WITHOUT RESERVATION AS TO INTEREST PRESUMPTION THAT THE INTEREST HAS BEEN PAID.
601106 - PRESUMPTION ON THE RECEIPT OF LATER THIS SHALL GIVE RISE TO THE (REBUTTABLE)
INSTALLMENT WITHOUT RESERVATION AS TO PRIOR PRESUMPTION THAT THE PRIOR INSTALLMENTS HAVE
INSTALLMENTS BEEN PAID.
601107 - REMEDIES OF THE CREDITOR TO ENFORCE 1. PURSUE THE PROPERTY IN THE POSSESSION OF THE
PAYMENT OF HIS CLAIMS AGAINST DEBTOR (3 ITEMS) DEBTOR (EXCEPT THOSE EXEMPT BY LAW)
2. ACCION SUBROGATORIA
3. ACCION PAULIANA
601108 - IS THE EXERCISE OF ALL THE RIGHTS ANG ACCION SUBROGATORIA
BRINGING OF ALL THE ACTIONS OF THE DEBTOR EXCEPT
THOSE PERSONAL TO HIM.
601109 - MEANS TO IMPUGN THE ACTS WHICH THE ACCIO PAULIANA
DEBTOR MAY HAVE DONE TO DEFRAUD HIS CREDITORS.
601110 - EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE THAT ALL RIGHTS 1. IF THE LAW PROHIBITS THE TRANSMISSION OF THE
ACQUIRED IN VIRTUE OF AN OBLIGATION ARE RIGHT
TRANSMISSIBLE (3 ITEMS) 2. IF THE PARTIES AGREED AGAINST TRANSMISSION
3. IF THE RIGHT IS BY ITS NATURE NOT TRANSMISSIBLE
601111 - IS AN OBLIGATION WITHOUT A TERM OR PURE OBLIGATION
CONDITION AND IS DEMANDABLE AT ONCE.
601112 - IS AN OBLIGATION WHOSE DEMANDABILITY OR CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION
EXTINGUISHMENT DEPENDS UPON THE HAPPENING OF A
CONDITION.
601113 - IS AN UNCERTAIN EVENT WHICH WIELDS AN CONDITION
INFLUENCE ON A LEGAL RELATIONSHIP.
601114 - KINDS OF CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO EFFECT 1. SUSPENSIVE CONDITION
ON THE DEMANDABILITY OF OBLIGATION (2 ITEMS) 2. RESOLUTORY CONDITION
601115 - IS A CONDITION THE HAPPENING OF WHICH SUSPENSIVE CONDITION
WILL GIVE RISE TO THE DEMANDABILITY OF THE
OBLIGATION.
601116 - IS A CONDITION THE HAPPENING OF WHICH RESOLUTORY CONDITION
EXTINGUISHES THE OBLIGATION
601117 - KINDS OF CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO THE 1. POTESTATIVE CONDITION
PERSON OR EVENT TO WHICH SUCH CONDITION 2. CASUAL CONDITION
DEPENDS (3 ITEMS) 3. MIXED CONDITION
601118 - IS A CONDITION THAT DEPENDS UPON THE WILL POTESTATIVE
OF ONE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES.
601119 - EFFECT OF A SUSPENSIVE CONDITION IF IT IS THE OBLIGATION IS VOID.
POTESTATIVE ON THE PART OF THE DEBTOR
601120 - EFFECT OF RESOLUTORY CONDITION IF IT IS THE OBLIGATION IS VALID.
POTESTATIVE ON THE PART OF THE CREDITOR
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601121 - EFFECT OF CONDITION IF IT IS POTESTATIVE ON THE OBLIGATION IS VALID WHETHER THE CONDITION IS
THE PART OF THE CREDITOR. SUSPENSIVE OR RESOLUTORY.
601122 - IS A CONDITION THAT DEPENDS UPON CHANCE CASUAL CONDITION
OR UPON THE WILL OF A THIRD PERSON.
601123 - IS A CONDITION THAT DEPENDS PARTLY UPON MIXED CONDITION
THE WILL OF ONE OF THE PARTIES AND PARTLY UPON
CHANCE OR THE WILL OF A THIRD PERSON.
601124 - KINDS OF CONDITION ACCORDING TO 1. POSSIBLE CONDITION
POSSIBILITY OF OCCURRENCE (2 ITEMS) 2. IMPOSSIBLE CONDITION
601125 - IS A CONDITION THAT IS CAPABLE OF POSSIBLE CONDITION
FULFILLMENT IN ITS NATURE AND BY LAW.
601126 - IS A CONDITION THAT IS NOT CAPABLE OF IMPOSSIBLE CONDITION.
FULFILLMENT IN ITS NATURE OR DUE TO OPERATION OF
LAW.
601127 - KINDS OF CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO 1. POSITIVE CONDITION
REQUIREMENT FOR AN EVENT TO HAPPEN OR NOT (2 2. NEGATIVE CONDITION
ITEMS)
601128 - IS A CONDITION THAT SOME EVENT SHOULD POSITIVE CONDITION
HAPPEN AT A DETERMINATE TIME.
601129 - EXTINGUISHMENT OF AN OBLIGATION SUBJECT AS SOON AS THE TIME EXPIRES WITHOUT THE EVENT
TO A POSITIVE CONDITION HAPPENING OR IT HAS BECOME INDUBITABLE THAT THE
EVENT WILL NOT HAPPEN.
601130 - IS A CONDITION THAT SOME EVENT SHOULD NEGATIVE CONDITION
NOT HAPPEN AT A DETERMINATE TIME.
601131 - EFFECTIVENESS OF AN OBLIGATION SUBJECT TO AS SOON AS THE TIME INDICATED HAS ELAPSED OR IT
A NEGATIVE CONDITION CONDITION HAS BECOME EVIDENT THAT THE EVENT WILL NOT
OCCUR.
601132 - KINDS OF CONDITIONS AS TO DIVISIBILITY (2 1. DIVISIBLE CONDITION
ITEMS) 2. INDIVISIBLE CONDITION
601133 - IS A CONDITION THAT IS CAPABLE OF PARTIAL DIVISIBLE CONDITION
PERFORMANCE.
601134 - IS A CONDITION THAT IS NOT CAPABLE OF INDIVISIBLE CONDITION
PARTIAL PERFORMANCE BY ITS NATURE OR BY LAW OR
AGREEMENT OF THE PARTIES.
601135 - EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE THAT THE EFFECT OF 1. RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS (FRUITS AND INTERESTS
THE FULFILLMENT OF A SUSPENSIVE CONDITION SHALL BE DEEMED TO HAVE BEEN MUTUALLY
RETROACTS (WITH RESPECT TO THE FRUITS AND COMPENSATED)
INTERESTS) TO THE DAY OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE 2. UNILATERAL OBLIGATIONS (THE DEBTOR KEEPS THE
OBLIGATION (2 ITEMS) FRUITS AND INTERESTS RECEIVED)
601136 - EFFECT WHEN THE DEBTOR VOLUNTARILY THE CONDITION IS DEEMED FULFILLED.
PREVENTS THE FULFILLMENT OF THE CONDITION
601137 - RULE IN CASE LOSS OF THE DETERMINATE OBLIGATION IS EXTINGUISHED
THING WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF THE OBLIGATION -
WITHOUT DEBTOR'S FAULT
601138 - RULE IN CASE LOSS OF THE DETERMINATE DEBTOR IS OBLIGED TO PAY DAMAGES.
THING WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF THE OBLIGATION - WITH
DEBTOR'S FAULT

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601139 - A THING IS CONSIDERED __________ WHEN IT LOST

PERISHES, OR GOES OUT OF COMMERCE OR DISAPPEARS
IN SUCH A WAY THAT ITS EXISTENCE IS UNKNOWN OR IT
CANNOT BE RECOVERED.
601140 - RULE IN CASE OF DETERIATION OF THE THE IMPAIRMENT SHALL BE BORNE BY THE CREDITOR.
DETERMINATE THING WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF AN
OBLIGATION - WITHOUT DEBTOR'S FAULT
601141 - RULE IN CASE OF DETERIATION OF THE THE CREDITOR MAY CHOOSE BETWEEN:
DETERMINATE THING WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF AN 1. RESCISSION, PLUS DAMAGES; AND
OBLIGATION - WITH DEBTOR'S FAULT 2. FULFILLMENT, PLUS DAMAGE
601142 - RULE IN CASE OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE THE IMPROVEMENT SHALL INURE TO THE BENEFIT OF
DETERMINATE THING WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF AN THE CREDITOR.
OBLIGATION - BY NATURE OR BY TIME
601143 - RULE IN CASE OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE THE DEBTOR WILL HAVE THE RIGHTS GRANTED TO A
DETERMINATE THING WHICH IS THE OBJECT OF AN USUFRUCTUARY.
OBLIGATION - AT THE EXPENSE OF THE DEBTOR
601144 - IS THE RIGHT TO ENJOY THE USE AND USUFRUCT
ADVANTAGES OF ANOTHER PERSON'S PROPERTY SHORT
OF DESTRUCTION OR WASTE OF ITS SUBSTANCE.
601145 - ARE OBLIGATIONS WHICH ARISE FROM THE RECIPROCAL OBLIGATIONS
SAME CAUSE AND IN WHICH EACH PARTY IS A DEBTOR
AND A CREDITOR OF EACH OTHER, SUCH THAT THE
OBLIGATION OF ONE IS DEPENDENT UPON THE
OBLIGATION OF THE OTHER.
601146 - REMEDIES OF THE INJURED PARTY IN 1. RESCISSION WITH DAMAGES; OR
RECIPROCAL OBLIGATION (2 ITEMS) 2. FULFILLMENT OF THE OBLIGATION WITH DAMAGES
(ONLY ONE, NOT BOTH; EXCEPT WHEN FULFILLMENT
WAS CHOSE BUT LATER, THE OBLIGATION BECOMES
IMPOSSIBLE.)
601147 - IS AN OBLIGATION WHOSE DEMANDABILITY OR OBLIGATION WITH A PERIOD
EXTINGUISHMENT DEPENDS UPON THE HAPPENING OF A
PERIOD.
601148 - IS A SPACE OF TIME WHICH DETERMINES THE PERIOD
EFFECTIVITY OR EXTINGUISHMENT OF AN OBLIGATION.
601149 - IS A POINT IN TIME THAT WHICH MUST DAY CERTAIN
NECESSARILY COME ALTHOUGH IT MAY NOT BE KNOWN
WHEN.
601150 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: IS AN EVENT THAT MAY CONDITION
OR MAY NOT HAPPEN.
601151 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: IS AN EVENT THAT PERIOD
MUST NECESSARILY COME, AT A DATE KNOWN
BEFOREHAND, OR AT A TIME THAT CANNOT BE
DETERMINED.
601152 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: MAY REFER TO THE CONDITION
FUTURE OR TO A PAST EVENT UNKNOWN TO THE
PARTIES.
601153 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: ALWAYS REFERS TO PERIOD
THE FUTURE.

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601154 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: CAUSES AN CONDITION

OBLIGATION TO ARISE OR TO CEASE.
601155 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: MERELY FIXES THE PERIOD
TIME FOR THE EFFICACIOUSNESS OF AN OBLIGATION
601156 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: ONE THAT DEPENDS PERIOD
UPON THE WILL OF THE DEBTOR AUTHORIZES THE
COURT TO FIX ITS DURATION.
601157 - CONDITION OR PERIOD: ONE THAT DEPENDS CONDITION
UPON THE WILL OF THE DEBTOR WHICH IS SUSPENSIVE
SHALL ANNUL THE OBLIGATION.
601158 - IS A PERIOD WITH A SUSPENSIVE EFFECT. EX DIE
601159 - IS A PERIOD WITH A RESOLUTORY EFFECT. IN DIEM
601160 - IS A PERIOD FIXED BY LAW. LEGAL PERIOD
601161 - IS A PERIOD FIXED BY THE PARTIES. VOLUNTARY PERIOD.
601162 - IS A PERIOD FIXED BY THE COURT. JUDICIAL PERIOD.
601163 - INSTANCES WHEN THE COURT MAY FIX THE 1. IF THE OBLIGATION DOES NOT FIX A PERIOD, BUT
PERIOD (2 ITEMS) FROM ITS NATURE AND CIRCUMSTANCES IT CAN BE
INFERRED THAT A PERIOD WAS INTENDED.
2. WHEN THE DURATION OF THE PERIOD DEPENDS UPON
THE WILL OF THE DEBTOR.
601164 - PRESUMPTION AS TO WHO HAS THE BENEFIT IT SHALL BE PRESUMED TO HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED FOR
OF THE PERIOD THE BENEFIT OF BOTH THE CREDITOR AND THE DEBTOR
UNLESS OTHERWISE INTENDED.
601165 - EXPLAIN: THE PERIOD IS FOR THE BENEFIT OF KUNG MAY INTEREST ANG OBLIGATION, HINDI PWEDENG
BOTH THE DEBTOR AND THE CREDITOR. MAGBAYAD NG MAAGA SI DEBTOR (BENEFIT OF
CREDITOR). HINDI RIN NAMAN PWEDENG MAAGANG
SINGILIN NI CREDITOR SI DEBTOR (BENEFIT OF THE
DEBTOR).
601166 - INSTANCES WHEN THE DEBTOR LOSES HIS 1. INSOLVENCY OF THE DEBTOR
RIGHT TO MAKE USE OF THE PERIOD IF IT IS FOR HIS 2. FAILURE OF THE DEBTOR TO FURNISH PROMISED
BENEFIT (5 ITEMS) GUARANTIES OR SECURITIES
3. IMPAIRMENT OF THE SAID GUARANTIES OR
SECURITIES
4. VIOLATION OF ANY UNDERTAKING IN CONSIDERATION
THE CREDITOR AGREED TO THE PERIOD
5. WHEN THE DEBTOR ATTEMPTS TO ABSCOND
601167 - THE DEBTOR MAY STILL MAKE USE OF THE HE GIVES A GUARANTY OR SECURITY FOR THE DEBT.
PERIOD, IN CASE HE BECOMES INSOLVENT IF
601168 - THE DEBTOR MAY STILL MAKE USE OF THE THE DEBTOR GIVES NEW ONES EQUALLY SATISFACTORY.
PERIOD IN CASE THE GUARANTIES OR SECURITIES HAVE
BEEN IMPAIRED (THROUGH DEBTOR'S FAULT OR
FORTUITOUS EVENT) IF
601169 - KINDS OF OBLIGATIONS ACCORDING TO THE 1. SIMPLE OBLIGATION
NUMBER OF PRESTATIONS (2 ITEMS) 2. COMPOUND OBLIGATION
601170 - IS AN OBLIGATION WHERE THERE IS ONLY ONE SIMPLE OBLIGATION
PRESTATION.
601171 - IS AN OBLIGATION WHERE THERE ARE SEVERAL COMPOUND OBLIGATION
PRESTATIONS
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601172 - KINDS OF COMPOUND OBLIGATIONS (2 ITEMS) 1. CONJUNCTIVE OBLIGATION

2. DISJUNCTIVE OR DISTRIBUTIVE OBLIGATION
601173 - IS A COMPOUND OBLIGATION WHERE SEVERAL CONJUNCTIVE OBLIGATION
PRESTATIONS ARE DUE AND ALL MUST BE PERFORMED.
601174 - IS A COMPOUND OBLIGATION WHICH MAY BE DISJUNCTIVE OR DISTRIBUTIVE OBLIGATION
ALTERNATIVE OR FACULTATIVE.
601175 - IS AN OBLIGATION WHERE SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATION
PRESTATIONS ARE DUE BUT THE COMPLETE
PERFORMANCE OF ONE OF THEM IS SUFFICIENT TO
EXTINGUISH THE OBLIGATION.
601176 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS, THE RIGHT OF DEBTOR; CREDITOR
CHOICE BELONGS TO THE __________, UNLESS IT HAS
BEEN EXPRESSLY GIVEN TO THE _________.
601177 - LIMITATIONS ON DEBTOR'S RIGHT TO CHOOSE 1. THE DEBTOR CANNOT COMPEL THE CREDITOR TO
IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS (2 ITEMS) RECEIVE PART OF ONE AND PART OF ANOTHER
UNDERTAKING.
2. THE DEBTOR CANNOT CHOOSE THE PRESTATIONS
WHICH ARE IMPOSSIBLE, UNLAWFUL OR WHICH COULD
NOT HAVE BEEN THE OBJECT OF THE OBLIGATION.
601178 - INSTANCES WHEN OBLIGATION CEASES TO BE 1. WHEN THE DEBTOR (OR CREDITOR IF RIGHT TO
ALTERNATIVE AND BECOMES A SIMPLE OBLIGATION (2 CHOOSE HAS BEEN GIVEN TO HIM) HAS COMMUNICATED
ITEMS) HIS CHOICE TO THE CREDITOR (DEBTOR).
2. WHEN AMONG THE PRESTATIONS WHEREBY THE
DEBTOR IS ALTERNATIVELY BOUND, ONLY ONE IS
PRACTICABLE.
601179 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE DEBTOR MAY DELIVER ANY OF THE REMAINDER, OR
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS WITH THE DEBTOR, RULE IF ONLY THAT WHICH REMAINS IF ONLY ONE SUBSISTS.
ONE OR SOME ARE LOST THROUGH A FORTUITOUS
EVENT OR THROUGH THE DEBTOR'S FAULT
601180 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE OBLIGATION IS EXTINGUISHED.
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS WITH THE DEBTOR, RULE IF ALL
PRESTATIONS ARE LOST THROUGH A FORTUITOUS EVENT
601181 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE DEBTOR SHALL PAY THE VALUE OF THE LAST THING
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS WITH THE DEBTOR, RULE IF ALL THAT WAS LOST PLUS DAMAGES.
PRESTATIONS ARE LOST THROUGH DEBTOR'S FAULT
601182 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE DEBTOR'S OBLIGATION IS EXTINGUISHED.
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS WITH THE DEBTOR, RULE IF ALL
PRESTATIONS EXCEPT ONE ARE LOST THROUGH
DEBTOR'S FAULT AND THE REMAINING ITEM IS
SUBSEQUENTLY LOST THROUGH A FORTUITOUS EVENT
601183 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE DEBTOR SHALL PAY DAMAGES.
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS WITH THE DEBTOR, RULE IF ALL
PRESTATIONS EXCEPT ONE ARE LOST THROUGH A
FORTUITOUS EVENT, AND THE REMAINING ITEM IS
SUBSEQUENTLY LOST THROUGH DEBTOR'S FAULT
601184 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE DEBTOR SHALL DELIVER THAT WHICH THE CREDITOR
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS EXPRESSLY GRANTED TO THE SHOULD CHOOSE AMONG THE REMAINDER, OR THAT
CREDITOR, RULE IF ONLY ONE OR SOME OF THE WHICH REMAINS IF ONLY ONE SUBSISTS.
PRESTATIONS ARE LOST THROUGH A FORTUITOUS EVENT
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601185 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE OBLIGATION SHALL BE EXTINGUISHED.

RIGHT OF CHOICE IS EXPRESSLY GRANTED TO THE
CREDITOR, RULE IF ALL PRESTATIONS ARE LOST
THROUGH A FORTUITOUS EVENT
601186 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE CREDITOR MAY CLAIM ANY OF THOSE SUBSISTING,
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS EXPRESSLY GRANTED TO THE OR THE PRICE OF ANY OF THOSE WHICH WERE LOST
CREDITOR, RULE IF ONLY ONE OR SOME OF THE THROUGH THE DEBTOR'S FAULT PLUS DAMAGES.
PRESTATIONS ARE LOST THROUGH DEBTOR'S FAULT
601187 - IN ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATIONS WHERE THE THE CREDITOR MAY CLAIM THE PRICE OF ANY OF THE
RIGHT OF CHOICE IS EXPRESSLY GRANTED TO THE PRESTATIONS PLUS DAMAGES.
CREDITOR, RULE IF ALL PRESTATIONS ARE LOST
THROUGH DEBTOR'S FAULT
601188 - IS AN OBLIGATION WHERE ONLY ONE FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION
PRESTATION IS DUE BUT THE DEBTOR MAY RENDER
ANOTHER IN SUBSTITUTION.
601189 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE OBLIGATION IS EXTINGUISHED.
PRINCIPAL THING IS LOST DUE TO A FORTUITOUS EVENT
BEFORE SUBSTITUTION
601190 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE DEBTOR SHALL PAY DAMAGES.
PRINCIPAL THING IS LOST DUE TO THE DEBTOR'S FAULT
BEFORE SUBSTITUTION
601191 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE DEBTOR STILL HAS THE OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE
SUBSTITUTE THING IS LOST DUE TO A FORTUITOUS PRINCIPAL THING.
EVENT BEFORE SUBSTITUTION
601192 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE DEBTOR STILL HAS THE OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE
SUBSTITUTE THING IS LOST DUE TO THE DEBTOR'S FAULT PRINCIPAL THING.
BEFORE SUBSTITUTION
601193 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE DEBTOR STILL HAS THE OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE
PRINCIPAL THING IS LOST THROUGH A FORTUITOUS SUBSTITUTE THING.
EVENT AFTER SUBSTITUTION
601194 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE DEBTOR STILL HAS THE OBLIGATION TO DELIVER THE
PRINCIPAL THING IS LOST THROUGH THE DEBTOR'S SUBSTITUTE THING.
FAULT AFTER SUBSTITUTION
601195 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE OBLIGATION IS EXTINGUISHED.
SUBSTITUTE THING IS LOST DUE TO A FORTUITOUS
EVENT AFTER SUBSTITUTION
601196 - IN FACULTATIVE OBLIGATIONS, RULE IF THE THE DEBTOR SHALL PAY DAMAGES.
SUBSTITUTE THING IS LOST DUE TO THE DEBTOR'S FAULT
AFTER SUBSTITUTION
601197 - ALTERNATIVE OR FACULTATIVE: IF THERE ARE ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATION
VOID PRESTATIONS, THE OTHERS MAY STILL BE VALID,
HENCE THE OBLIGATION REMAINS.
601198 - ALTERNATIVE OR FACULTATIVE: IF THE FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION
PRINCIPAL OBLIGATION IS VOID, THE DEBTOR IS NOT
REQUIRED TO GIVE THE SUBSTITUTE.
601199 - ALTERNATIVE OR FACULTATIVE: THE RIGHT OF ALTERNATIVE OBLIGATION
CHOICE IS WITH THE DEBTOR, UNLESS EXPRESSLY GIVEN
TO THE CREDITOR.

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601200 - ALTERNATIVE OR FACULTATIVE: THE RIGHT OF FACULTATIVE OBLIGATION

CHOICE BELONGS TO THE DEBTOR ONLY.
601201 - IN A __________, EACH DEBTOR IS LIABLE ONLY JOINT OBLIGATION
FOR A PROPORTIONATE PART OF THE DEBT, AND/OR
EACH CREDITOR IS ENTITLED ONLY TO A
PROPORTIONATE PART OF THE DEBT.
601202 - IN A _________, EACH DEBTOR IS LIABLE FOR SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
THE WHOLE OBLIGATION, AND/OR EACH CREDITOR IS
ENTITLED TO DEMAND PAYMENT OF THE WHOLE
OBLIGATION.
601203 - KINDS OF SOLIDARY OBLIGATION (3 ITEMS) 1. PASSIVE SOLIDARITY
2. ACTIVE SOLIDARITY
3. MIXED SOLIDARITY
601204 - IS SOLIDARITY ON THE PART OF THE DEBTORS. PASSIVE SOLIDARITY
601205 - IS SOLIDARITY ON THE PART OF THE CREDITORS. ACTIVE SOLIDARITY
601206 - IS SOLIDARITY ON THE PART OF BOTH DEBTORS MIXED SOLIDARITY
AND CREDITORS.
601207 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "JOINTLY AND SEVERALLY" SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
601208 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "PROPORTIONATELY" JOINT OBLIGATION
601209 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "INDIVIDUALLY AND SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
COLLECTIVELY"
601210 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "PRO RATA" JOINT OBLIGATION
601211 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "IN SOLIDUM" SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
601212 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "MANCOMUNADA" JOINT OBLIGATION
601213 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "MANCOMUNADA SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
SOLIDARIA"
601214 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "MANCOMUNADA JOINT OBLIGATION
SIMPLE"
601215 - JOINT OR SOLIDARY: "JUNTOS O SOLIDARY OBLIGATION
SEPARADAMENTE"
601216 - AS A GENERAL RULE, THE OBLIGATION IS JOINT
PRESUMED TO BE _________ WHEN THERE IS A
CONCURRENCE OF TWO OR MORE DEBTORS AND/OR
TWO OR MORE CREDITORS IN ONE AND THE SAME
OBLIGATION.

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