THE EFFECTIVITY OF Origanum vulgare (OREGANO) AS A REPELLANT TO

Periplaneta americana (COCKROACH)

A Research Presented to the Faculty of

De La Salle University – Dasmariñas

Junior High School Department

City of Dasmariñas, Cavite

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements

In Research II

Gelle, Justin Joseph Elijah D.

Liclican, Cassandra Alexis E.

Garduce, Princess Nicole A.

Manuel, Christian Jason S.

Mabanes, Joen Gabriel I.

Martija, Irvin Nathan M.

Katigbac, Caila Fe D.

Gajo, Channdher C.
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May 2019
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APPROVAL SHEET

This study, entitled “The Effectivity of Origanum vulgare (Oregano) as a

Repellant to Periplaneta americana (Cockroach)” prepared by Channdher Gajo,

Princess Nicole Garduce, Justin Joseph Elijah Gelle, Caila Fe Katigbac, Cassandra

Alexis Liclican, Joen Gabriel Mabanes, Christian Jason Manuel, and Irvin Nathan

Martija, in partial fulfilment of the requirements in Research II, is hereby examined

and recommended for acceptance and approval of the oral defense exam.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements in Research II by the committee on

oral defense exam.

ELIZABETH P. JIMENEZ

Panel Member

ROZENE P. SANTIAGO ARIES P. ALBERTO

Panel Member Panel Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment in Research II

JOSEPHINE L. CRUZ, MA

JHS Assistant Director

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ABSTRACT

The study focuses on the effectivity of Origanum vulgare (Oregano) to Periplaneta

americana (Cockroaches) in terms of its repelling time. The study centers on how

effective O. vulgare is as a repellant in the form of a candle repellant and dried

leaves to the P. americana. The researchers determine the effectivity of Oregano by

measuring the time it takes for cockroaches to move from one spot to another inside

a terrarium under the presence of O. vulgare in the form of candle repellant and

dried O. vulgare leaves and under normal conditions. The researchers themselves

evaluated the experiments conducted. The results and the findings from the

experiment show that cockroaches under the presence of O. vulgare, specifically

under the dried O. vulgare leaves, quickly moved to the other side of the terrarium

and had a faster repelling time than the cockroaches under normal conditions. The

researchers conduct a one-way ANOVA to the obtained data to know if there is a

significant difference between the results from the three setups. They use a post-hoc

test to identify which among the setups differ the most from the others. Pertaining to

the results from the post-hoc test, the researchers concluded that the Origanum

vulgare, specifically in the form of dried O. vulgare leaves, is an effective repellant

against Periplaneta americana. The study recommends using O. vulgare, specifically

in the form of dried O. vulgare leaves, as a repellant to cockroaches

Key terms: Origanum vulgare, Periplaneta americana, post-hoc, ANOVA

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The researchers, Channdher C. Gajo, Princess Nicole A. Garduce, Justin

Joseph Elijah D. Gelle, Caila Fe D. Katigbac, Cassandra Alexis E. Liclican, Joen

Gabriel I. Mabanes, Christian Jason S. Manuel, and Irvin Nathan M. Martija, would

like to thank God first for giving them strength and determination to perform the

study and for giving them the patience to deal with it. Each researcher showed

his/her efforts in accomplishing this study.

First, the researchers would like to thank Mrs. Elizabeth P. Jimenez, their

Elective Science teacher, for mentoring them in the process of this study and helping

them with the revisions of the research paper which in turn made the research worth

presenting. They were gratified for her lasting patience in guiding the researchers

throughout the entire school year.

Second, they would also like to express their gratitude to Mr. Rozene P.

Santiago, their Elective Mathematics teacher, for teaching them statistics which

helped them a lot in conducting this research and for helping them analyze the data

they gathered. The researchers were thankful for all his efforts in guiding them on

making their results accurate, and their findings appropriate with the results.

Lastly, they would like to show their appreciation to Mr. Aries P. Alberto, their

Elective English teacher, for teaching them how to present the study that they made,

helping the researchers to improve their research paper, and for guiding them

throughout the making of the study. The researchers are gratified for all the support

that he has given to them.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Approval Sheet 2

Abstract 3

Acknowledgements 4

Table of Contents 5

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study 6

1.2 Conceptual Framework 7

1.3 Statement of the Problem 8

1.4 Hypothesis 8

1.5 Significance of the Study 8

1.6 Scope and Limitations 9

1.7 Definition of Terms 10

CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Conceptual Literature

2.1.1 Periplaneta americana 11

2.1.2 Origanum vulgare 12

2.1.3 Repellant 14

2.2 Related Study 15

2.3 Synthesis 16
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CHAPTER 3 - METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design 18

3.2 Research Setting 18

3.3 Research Procedure

3.3.1 Material Acquisition 18

3.3.2 Making of the Candle Repellant 19

3.3.3 Preparation of Dried O. vulgare Leaves 19

3.3.4 Preparation of the Terrarium 21

3.3.5 Exposure of the Cockroaches to the Repellants

3.3.5.1 Exposure of the Cockroaches to 22

Normal Conditions

3.3.5.2 Exposure of the Cockroaches to 23

the Candle Repellant

3.3.5.3 Exposure of the Cockroaches to 23

the Dried O. vulgare Leaves

3.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis 24

CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Results 26

4.2 Discussion 27

CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary 33

5.2 Conclusion 33
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5.3 Recommendation 34

References 35

Appendices

A. Taxonomic Account 43

B. Raw Data 45

C. Curriculum Vitae 49
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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

One of the most persistent problems not only in the Philippines but also in

other parts of the world is cockroaches. According to Shiff (1997), cockroaches bring

serious problems to human health and safety such as leprosy, cholera, dysentery,

parasitic worms, and other diseases. Here in the country, breeding spots for

cockroaches are resolved by cleaning and sanitizing one’s own homes. Commercial

products are available to kill and repel cockroaches. Cockroach exterminators are

ready to be hired by the people as well. In urban areas, places near informal settlers,

dirty canals/rivers, and filthy areas are one of the many areas wherein cockroaches

thrive since those areas are murky and filthy which is a suitable habitation for them.

People in the rural areas, particularly those in provinces, may not be able to get

commercial products since it may be costly for them, and exterminators might be out

of their reach.

In this study, the researchers proposed to produce a simple repellant which

could be utilized and be crafted by people who live in both urban and rural areas.

The researchers used O. vulgare to utilize it as a cockroach repellant. Teixeira,

Marques, Ramos, Matos, Neng, Nogueira, Saraiva, and Nunes (2013), asserted that

“The major components of oregano essential oil were carvacrol, β‐fenchyl alcohol,

thymol, and γ‐terpinene.” Nordqvist (2017), concluded that Oregano consists of

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potent antioxidants and anti-bacterial properties. O. vulgare is efficient as a

repellent, not only cockroaches but also to other insects like mosquitoes.

The researches preferred this study because citizens are at risk from the

dangers that cockroaches can bring to their health. The researchers harnessed two

methods to repel cockroaches. One is by creating a candle mixed with the leaves of

the O. vulgare plant, which could serve as a multipurpose product. It could be served

as a source of light, heat, aroma, and most certainly, as a cockroach repellant if

proven effective. The second one would be by using dried O. vulgare leaves and

burning them to avert cockroaches from their households. Both methods can aid

people in rural and urban areas to fend off cockroaches with the use of cheap and

readily available materials around them without worrying about the perils of taking in

harmful chemicals to the body. The relevance of our study is for the people to

acquire an alternative cockroach repellant, which could suffice many great purposes,

and to bring a budget-wise and simple option for households. The researchers

affirmed that their study can aid in improving the current condition of Filipino

households, by warding-off cockroaches that are vectors of different diseases.

1.2 Conceptual Framework

The diagram

below shows the

Repelling time of
Origanum vulgare
research paradigm of Periplaneta Americana
(Oregano)
the proposed study: (Cockroaches)
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In this study, the independent variable, O. vulgare, is present in the form of

candle repellant, and dried O. vulgare leaves, but it is not present when cockroaches

are exposed in normal conditions. It is hypothesized that O. vulgare will influence the

dependent variable, the repelling time of cockroaches.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The research aimed to know if O. vulgare is an effective repellant to

cockroaches. More specifically, the research answers the question:

Is there a significant difference on the time it takes for the cockroaches to

move from one spot to another inside a terrarium under the presence of O. vulgare

and under normal condition?

1.4 Hypothesis

HA: There is a significant difference in the time it takes for the cockroaches to

move from one spot to another inside a terrarium under the presence of O. vulgare

and under normal condition.

HO: There is no significant difference in the time it takes for the cockroaches

to move from one spot to another inside a terrarium under the presence of O.

vulgare and under normal condition.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This research was of great help especially to the following:

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To the Community, specifically for homeowners in rural and urban

areas. The study will give them an alternative solution on how to repel cockroaches

in their households. They will be able to save money in creating their own repellant

instead of buying expensive commercial ones. Lastly, the study will inform them of

the other uses of O. vulgare that can be utilized.

Students. This study will allow the students to spread the idea of the

alternative repellant. The study will be able to improve their knowledge, specifically

about O. vulgare and cockroaches. The study may also be used as a reference

when they conducted their own research.

To the Future Researchers. This study may serve as a basis to pursue

research about natural insect repellants. Thus, helping the community by making

alternative insect repellants.

1.6 Scope and Limitations

The study focused on how effective O. vulgare as a repellant to cockroaches.

To do so, the researchers placed the O. vulgare repellant made inside a terrarium

with the cockroach, and the researchers obtained the time it took for the cockroach

to move from one spot to another, in terms of seconds. The study made use of O.

vulgare leaves turned into a candle and dried O. vulgare leaves.

It was not the intention of the study to deteriorate or kill cockroaches with the

use of Origanum vulgare. The researchers did not use any other type of plant, and

any other species of cockroach.

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Evaluation of the repellants produced was done by the researchers

themselves. This is due to the limited time available and the sensitivity of students

and teachers to cockroaches.

1.7 Definition of Terms

Origanum vulgare (Oregano). It refers to the plants of genus Origanum. O.

vulgare contains major components such as carvacrol, β-fenchyl alcohol, thymol,

and γ-terpinene, which makes it effective as a repellant to not only cockroaches but

also to other insects. It would be the independent variable of the study.

Candle. It is the medium used by the researchers to turn the O. vulgare

leaves into a repellant and release the its aroma.

Cause. It is a term which refers to the content of O. vulgare that brought

changes to the tolerance of cockroaches.

Cockroach. It pertains to insects of kingdom Animalia. Its scientific name is

Periplaneta americana, more commonly known as the American cockroach. They

would be the dependent variable of the research.

Dried Oregano. Dried oregano refers to the leaves of the plant O. vulgare,

which were sun-dried for a few days until it turned brown, and its texture turned

crisp.

Effectivity. It is a term which pertains to the outcomes caused by O. vulgare

to the repellency time of cockroaches.

Normal Conditions. Normal conditions are observed when there is no

repellant, specifically O. vulgare, inside the terrarium where the cockroaches are

held for the experiment.

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Repellancy Time. It is the time it takes for the cockroaches to move from one

spot to another under the presence of O. vulgare and under normal conditions. It is

measured in seconds.

Spot. Also known as area, it refers to one of the 2 sides of the divided

terrarium.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains relevant information about the topic taken from thesis

and websites. The information gathered from the source is divided into three parts:

conceptual literature, research literature, and synthesis.

2.1 Conceptual Literature

2.1.1 Periplaneta americana

According to Science Daily (2018), there are 3,500 species in 6 families,

Cockroaches lived everywhere, but except in polar regions. Among the most well-

known species is the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, which is about 3

cm long.

As studied by The Terminix International Company Limited Partnership

(2017), the cockroach life cycle shifts, depending upon the types of the insect. All

cockroaches start as eggs, conveyed in a container known as the ootheca.

Cockroaches experience distinctive phases of improvement, called instars, as they

develop into grown-ups. In a solitary setting, a female cockroach may lay as few as

14 eggs or upwards of 36 eggs, with a hatching period anyplace between 24 days

and 215 days. Male cockroaches have lesser lives than females, with some living

right around two years. There are more than 4,500 distinguished cockroach species

living on the planet at the present time. The most trivial ones are German

cockroaches, American Cockroaches, and Oriental Cockroaches.

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LiveScience (2018) stated that the American cockroach is a denizen of the

sewers. The three essential things cockroaches look for are food, water, and shelter.

The German and American cockroaches are two of the most basic cockroaches

found in family units. American cockroaches are not restricted to kitchens as they

are an extraordinary hotspot for nourishment yet will likewise invade different

territories of your home.

Pai, Chen, and Peng (2003) asserted that since cockroach infestation

commonly occurs in a hospital environment, it is implied that they are a potential

cause of hospital-acquired infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria. In their

study, the researchers attempted to isolate mycobacteria from hospital and

household cockroaches from 90 hospitals and 40 households. Among the

cockroaches that they have gathered, four Mycobacterium kansai, three

Mycobacterium xenopi, two Mycobacterium gordonae, one Mycobacterium

hemophilioum, one Mycobacterium foruitum, and one Mycobacterium avium were

isolated and identified from 12 Periplaneta americana cockroaches, and no

mycobacteria were isolated from the Blatella germanica gathered from the hospitals

and the household cockroaches gathered.

Kinfu and Erko (2008) confirmed that “Cockroaches serve as carriers of

human intestinal parasites.” They conducted a microscopic examination of the

external body washes of pooled cockroaches and individual gut contents which then

revealed that they are carriers of Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica/dispar

cysts, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Taenia spp. and Ascaris

lumbricoides ova.
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2.1.2 Origanum vulgare

As stated by Nordqvist (2017), Oregano is an edible and medicinal herb from

the mint or Lamiaceae family. It has been utilized in cooking and medicine for

thousands of years. It includes flavor and may have various medical advantages.

The synthetic advantages that give the herb its one of a kind pleasing smell are

thymol, pinene, limonene, carvacrol, ocimene, and caryophyllene. It is concluded

that it consists of potent antioxidants and anti-bacterial properties.

Caines (2016) claimed that Origanum vulgare is greatly known as a culinary

herb that is regularly utilized in pizzas, soups, servings of mixed greens, meats, and

sauces. But, it can also double as an insect repellant to ensure your plants. It is

admitted that insects dislike herb’s aromatic oils.

Tabaru and Mochizuki (2005) discovered that “ethanol extracts of some herbs

showed strong repellency against the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, under

laboratory conditions.

Isman and Machial (2006) stated that it is very popular to use essential oils

worldwide for various uses, oils are present everywhere, and well characterized or

available in a very distinct degree of purity.

Milos, Mastelic, and Jerkovic (2000) identified fourteen volatile aglycones with

thymoquinone as the major component in the dried leaves and flowers of oregano.

They also discovered other important aglycones namely: benzyl alcohol, eugenol, 2-

phenyl-ethanol, thymol, 3-hexen-1-ol, and carvacrol. They found out that all the

aglycones have an antioxidant effect when they tested it by measuring peroxide

values of lard stored at 60°C. They then compared the results to the antioxidative
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activity of oregano essential oil, pure thymol, thymoquinone and to α-tocoferol, a

well-known among natural antioxidant compounds.

2.1.3 Repellant

The Centers for Disease Control and Protection (n.d.) stated that insect

repellants help us keep away insects that bug us every day. Some people don't

know the reason why insects are attracted to them every day. Apparently, these

pests, specifically the cockroaches, are attracted to bad odor, food, possible shelter,

water, and dirty places. These cockroaches harm us by infecting us through the

bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is particularly found in cockroaches.

These bacteria weaken our immune systems and cause infections to our body,

blood, and pneumonia.

Scientific American (n.d.) stated that to repel these insects, we use the insect

repellants to protects us from the danger that some insects may bring to us. The

insect repellants have important chemicals which help it to keep the insects away.

Among those chemicals, there are 2 which are the most effective and widely used

for making these repellants; the 2 chemicals are N, N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

(DEET), which is applied to exposed skin, and permethrin, for the clothes. Some

people claim that N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide or DEET, is unsafe to use in

mosquito repellants because of a study that found the long exposure of the

substance N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide could lead to brain cells die and behavioral

changes, some studies show that only some people are affected negatively by N, N-

Diethyl-meta-toluamide while most people are unaffected by it .

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Anderson (2013) discovered that N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide is shown to be

really effective to be used on our skins. In 2005, the Centers for Disease Control

approved of two better alternatives to N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide. The two

alternatives are picaridin and oil of lemon eucalyptus. The problem with the oil of

lemon eucalyptus is, it can't be applied to children below three years old but for

above, it's a great alternative to N, N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide used in insect

repellants. The other problem to insect repellants is the fact that it can worsen the

asthma condition of a person if used carelessly. However, If the insect repellant is an

Environmental Protection Agency-registered one, it's not expected to harm the

people or environment when it's used correctly.

2.2 Related Study

Based on research conducted by Sharififard, Safdari, Siahpoush, Kassiri

(2016) entitled ”Evaluation of Some Plant Essential Oils against the Brown-Banded

Cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae): A Mechanical Vector of

Human Pathogens,” cockroaches of any species play an important role in carrying

as distributing pathogens that can cause diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, leprosy,

plague, typhoid fever, and viral diseases such as poliomyelitis. Their movement

between waste and food are the cause of the transfer of pathogens from the surface

to surface. Their research immersed on using essential oils to present a safer

alternative to commercialized insecticides in controlling the number of cockroaches

in an area.

The same study by Sharififard, et. al. (2016) entitled ”Evaluation of Some

Plant Essential Oils against the Brown-Banded Cockroach, Supella longipalpa

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(Blattaria: Ectobiidae): A Mechanical Vector of Human Pathogens” proved that

oregano oil could be used as a potential repellant against S. longipalpa. Essential

oils serve as a secondary plant compound responsible for the aromatic

characteristics of plants, present the potential alternative to conventional

insecticides. They used essential oil, so it could also be utilized in areas which

chemical insectoids sold in markets are not allowed. After numerous studies have

demonstrated the toxicity and repellency of essential oils against cockroaches. The

researchers should consider the cockroaches’ role in the transmission and

distribution of many human pathogens, their resistance to many chemical

insecticides, the side-effects of insecticide usage in human dwellings.

2.3 Synthesis

Based on the different concepts, and previous researches gathered by the

researchers, they have concluded that O. vulgare is a viable repellant for

cockroaches. O. vulgare contains different chemicals which can be released through

its aroma, that’s why the researchers decided to use it into a candle and burn its

dried leaves to release the scent of O. vulgare. An evaluation conducted by

Sharifarfad M., et. al. (2016) proved that O. vulgare is a viable repellant since it

showed high repellency against cockroaches, which tells the researchers that O.

vulgare is really effective as a repellant. Unlike other plants such as Cymbopogon

citratus (Lemongrass), and Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary), Origanum vulgare is

not fully recognized as a repellant for cockroaches. There are only a few researches

that have been conducted. The researchers became more interested in pursuing

their researcher to support O. vulgare as a viable repellant.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Design

The study is designed as an experimental research which aims to observe

and describe the effect of O. vulgare to cockroaches. The sampling design used is

simple random sampling to obtain the cockroaches and the O. vulgare leaves

needed for the experiment. The researchers collected a random number of

cockroaches that are used for the research, and they also got the O. vulgare leaves

from O. vulgare plants selected at random.

3.2 Research Setting

The researchers conducted the study at the De La Salle University –

Dasmarinas Junior Highschool Complex’ Science Laboratory. It was later finished at

one of the researchers’ house. The evaluation took place at De La Salle University –

Dasmarinas Junior Highschool Complex’ 10-K room.

3.3 Research Procedure

3.3.1 Material Acquisition

The researchers acquired the O. vulgare leaves from their own neighborhood.

They acquired 20 stalks of the O. vulgare plant and picking of its leaves. The

researchers captured the cockroaches by looking for them in their own households

then trapping them inside a container and keeping them safe and healthy by giving
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them their basic needs such as water, food, and proper ventilation, until the

experimentation period. The candle wax, candle molder, candle wick, a double

boiler, and terrarium were bought from a market near the researchers’ respective

places.

Illustration 1. A healthy living Illustration 2.12 pieces of candle

cockroach

Illustration 3. A Diet weighing scale Illustration 4. Fresh O. vulgare leaves

3.3.2 Making of the Candle Repellant

In creating the candle, the researchers first prepared the double boiler by

boiling a big pot of water. While the researchers waited for the water to get boiled, 2

cups of used candle wax were chopped into smaller pieces to make for it to melt
 2

easier. When the water started to boil, the candle wax was then placed on the

double boiler for it to melt. As the candle melted up to 60° Celsius, the wax was

stirred occasionally to ensure that no chunks of hard candle wax remain. The melted

wax was then set aside on the double boiler as the researchers began to rinse 20 O.

vulgare leaves to be mixed to the candle. The O. vulgare leaves were then minced

into smaller pieces and were then mixed with the melted candle wax. The candle

wax and the minced O. vulgare was then mixed for 20 minutes until the wax started

to have a greenish color and the melted wax started to smell like the O. vulgare

leaves. The researchers then prepared the candle molder by first lining a piece of

ribbon around the edge of the molder, then placing the candle wick in the middle of

the molder. The candle wax was mixed with the minced oregano was then poured to

the molder. The researchers then made sure that the candle wick was properly

placed in the middle and was then set aside for 2-3 hours for it to harden. Once the

candle has fully hardened, the ribbon was then pulled upwards so that the candle

would be removed from the molder. The ribbon was then removed from the candle

so that it will not burn together with the wax. The candle was then ready to be used.

Illustration 5. Chopped candles Illustration 6. Candle wicks from the

chopped candle
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Illustration 7. Melting of the candle Illustration 8. Chopped O. vulgare

wax mixed with the candle wax

Illustration 9. Hardening and molding Illustration 10. Finished product

of the candle wax

3.3.3 Preparation of Dried O. vulgare Leaves

To dry the O. vulgare leaves, 25 leaves were placed in a basin. The basin

filled with the fresh O. vulgare leaves was then left on the roof for 5-7 days when the

leaves’ color has turned to a brownish color and its texture became dry and rather

crisp. The researchers afterward, gathered the dried leaves. The leaves were not

crushed into a fine powder but rather left in its original dried state. The leaves were

then stored in a small container for the experiment.

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Illustration 10. Dried O. vulgare leaves for the experiment

3.3.4 Preparation of the Setup

The terrariums that were bought measures 3.5 inches in height, 6.5 inches in

length, and 5.5 inches in width which also came with a lid to cover the top part. The

researchers first divided the terrariums into two parts using a piece of paper. Each

part measured ½ of the size of the entire terrarium. The researchers then made a

hole in the divider which measures 3 centimeters in height and 5 centimeters in

length. This hole served as the exit for the cockroaches trapped inside the ½ area to

the remaining open part of the terrarium. The second terrarium also observed the

same process, it was divided into two halves by a piece of paper with a hole cut in it.

Illustration 11. One of the terrariums used with a holed divider in the middle
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3.3.5 Exposure of Cockroaches to the Repellants

3.3.5.1 Exposure of Cockroaches to Normal Condition

To begin the experimentation proper, the researchers first did the first setup,

or the controlled setup wherein one of the prepared terrariums where used and 10

cockroaches were prepared. The cockroaches were placed one by one to the first

half area of the terrarium. Each of them was observed if they escaped to the second

half area of the terrarium. The researchers filmed the process, and they also timed

the cockroaches from one area until they moved to the other area of the terrarium.

Illustration 12. A cockroach exposed under normal conditions

3.3.5.2 Exposure of Cockroaches to the Candle Repellant

For the second setup, the researchers used the same terrarium from the first

setup. In this setup, the candle was first placed inside the first part of the terrarium

and was lit up. The burning will cause the aroma of the O. vulgare in it to be

released which will serve as the repellant. Afterward, another set of 10 cockroaches

were placed inside the first half of the terrarium near the repellant one by one. Each

of the cockroaches was observed if they were able to be repelled by the candle
 4

repellant by moving from their initial spot to the other spot. The processes were once

again filmed, and the cockroaches involved in the setup were timed as well.

Illustration 13. A cockroach under the presence of a burning O. vulgare candle

3.3.5.3 Exposure of Cockroaches to the Dried O. vulgare Leaves

For the third setup, the researchers used the second terrarium, since the first

terrarium was already used, and to ensure that only the dried leaves will be the only

one to repel the cockroaches and not the scent of the burnt candle repellant. The

third setup used the dried leaves as the repellant and the 10 cockroaches. The same

processes were observed as the previous setups. The dried leaves were placed

inside the first half of the terrarium, and it was lit up. The smoke emanating from the

burning leaves served as the repellant. While the dried leaves still burned, the

cockroaches were placed one by one inside and were observed if they were repelled

by the dried O. vulgare leaves. The researchers filmed the process and timed the

cockroaches involved in the setup.

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Illustration 14. A cockroach exposed under the presence of burning dried O.

vulgare leaves

3.4 Data Gathering and Statistical Analysis

After the experiment, the evaluators evaluated the repelling time of

cockroaches through the videos taken during the experiment. The evaluators were

given the evaluation sheet below for them to list down the time it has taken for each

of the cockroaches, from each setup to move, from one spot to another.

Table 1. Evaluation sheet

Cockroach (time in seconds)

Repellant
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

None

Candle

Dried
Leaves
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After the evaluators successfully evaluated each cockroach, the researchers

compiled the collected data and sorted each of the data out. The researchers then

took the average of the time it has taken for each cockroach to move from one spot

to another, as evaluated by the different evaluators on each setup. The averages

gathered were then placed on a bar graph to easily visualize the data gathered.

The statistical treatment that the researchers used was the one-way ANOVA

since the experiment made use of two treatments in repelling cockroaches, which

were the use of candle repellant, and dried O. vulgare leaves, both of which were

compared to cockroaches under normal conditions. They used one-way ANOVA to

determine whether a significant difference exists among the treatments. Should

there be a difference, it will be checked again using the post-hoc test.

 7

CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the answer to the specific problem of the study.

4.1 Results

After 3 days of experimentation, the researchers have gathered the data that

they need to answer their research question. The time it takes for the cockroaches to

be repelled with the use of the proposed candle repellant and dried O. vulgare

leaves repellant and under normal conditions were timed and evaluated by the

researchers themselves.

Problem. “Is there a significant difference on the time it takes for the

cockroaches to move from one spot to another inside a terrarium under the

presence of O. vulgare and under normal condition.

Hypotheses:

HA: There is a significant difference in the time it takes for the cockroaches to

move from one spot to another inside a terrarium under the presence of O. vulgare

and under normal condition.

HO: There is no significant difference in the time it takes for the cockroaches

to move from one spot to another inside a terrarium under the presence of O.

vulgare and under normal condition.

 8

Figure 1. Average Data of the Time it Takes for the Cockroaches to Move from One

Spot to Another Under Normal Conditions

Figure 1 illustrates that out of the 9 randomly selected cockroaches, 4

cockroaches remained in the same spot for more than 15 seconds. The remaining 5

cockroaches stayed only for less than 10 seconds before moving to the next spot.

This could be explained because of the cockroaches’ behavior during the

experiment. It is observed among the cockroaches that majority of them remained

calm while inside the terrarium, and some of them even had the time to groom

themselves which resulted in why some cockroaches took longer time than the

others who simply moved to the other spot immediately after they were dropped.
 9

Figure 2. Average Data of the Time it Takes for the Cockroaches to be Repelled by

the Candle Repellant from One Spot to Another

As shown in Figure 2, the majority of the times recorded are lower than 35

seconds. Cockroaches 4 and 5’s score stand out among the rest because they took

the longest time to move from one spot to another. The fastest ones were

cockroaches 1 and 9 which moved away from the spot with the repellant in 1

second. An explanation of why cockroaches 4 and 5 scored the highest because

they may have had grown to be much more resistant to the smell of O. vulgare.

During the duration of the experiment, it is distinguished that unlike the cockroaches

from the controlled setup, most of the cockroaches immediately fled the first spot

wherein the repellant was situated. It is also observed that most cockroaches tried to

find a way out other than the divider, causing them to remain on the same spot as

the repellant, and scoring a longer time than the others.

 10

Figure 3. Average Data of the Time it Takes for the Cockroaches to be Repelled by

the Dried O. vulgare Leaves Repellant from One Spot to Another

Figure 3 shows the time of 9 cockroaches which were repelled by the Dried

O. vulgare leaves. The researchers observed that most of the cockroaches exposed

under the dried oregano leaves fled the same spot as the repellant immediately right

after they were dropped in the terrarium. It is also observed that some cockroaches

are aiming for the wrong exit as some of the cockroaches in the second setup

causing them to take a longer time to move from the spot as the dried oregano

leaves. Cockroach 1 stand out among the rest because it took 18 full seconds for it

to be repelled by the burning dried O. vulgare leaves. The rest of the cockroaches

took only a matter of seconds for the cockroaches to be repelled before escaping

from their spot wherein the burning dried O. vulgare was situated. Cockroach 1’s

result may be caused by the cockroaches being more resistant to the smell of

burning dried O. vulgare and heat.

 11

The findings indicated that there is an evident difference in the time it took for

cockroaches to be repelled by O. vulgare to the time it took for cockroaches under

no normal conditions. It is indicated that cockroaches repelled by candle O. vulgare

and dried O. vulgare leaves has taken only a few seconds to move from one spot to

rather than the cockroaches under normal conditions wherein there was no repellant

at all.

Table 2. Summary of the Results of One-Way ANOVA

The findings stated earlier does not agree with the results of One-Way

ANOVA. As seen in table 2, the F computed which is 3.14 is lower than the F Critical

Value which is 3.4 Since the computed F is less than the critical value, the results of

the one-way ANOVA implies that there is no significant difference in the time it takes

for the cockroaches to move from one spot to another under the presence of O.

vulgare in the form of candle repellant and dried O. vulgare leaves and under normal

conditions.

Table 3. Summary of Post-hoc Test.

 12

After the researchers conducted the One-way ANOVA, the researchers

conducted a post-hoc test, which is a simultaneous pair-wise comparison between

the three setups. As seen in table 3, the computed t of the test between normal

condition & candle repellant and the test between candle repellant & dried O.

vulgare leaves is less than the critical value 2.12. The said results showed us that

there is no significant difference between the time taken of cockroaches under

normal condition and candle repellant, and the time taken of cockroaches under

candle repellant and dried O. vulgare leaves. The second test between the time

taken of cockroaches under normal condition and dried O. vulgare leaves, showed

that there is a significant difference between the time taken of cockroaches to be

repelled under the presence of dried O. vulgare leaves and under normal conditions

since the computed t is greater than the critical value. Thus, we can conclude that

there is a significant difference in the time it takes for the cockroaches to move from

one spot to another inside a terrarium under the presence of O. vulgare and under

normal condition.

4.2 Discussion

Based from the findings seen on Figures 1, 2, and 3, it is seen that the time it

has taken for cockroaches to move from one spot to another under the presence of

O. vulgare, is shorter than the time it has taken for cockroaches to move from one

spot to another under normal conditions. From the findings on Figures 1, 2, and 3,

the researchers deduced that the time it takes for cockroaches to move from one

place to another under the presence of O. vulgare, is shorter than the cockroaches

under normal conditions. This is supported by the findings shown in table 3 wherein
 13

it shows that in the post-hoc test between results of cockroaches under normal

conditions, and under dried O. vulgare leaves, the tc is greater than the t critical

value which then shows us that the time taken of the cockroaches under the

presence of dried O. vulgare leaves is significantly better than the time taken of the

cockroaches under normal conditions.

The findings gathered are supported by a similar study of Sharififard, M. et. al.

(2016) entitled ”Evaluation of Some Plant Essential Oils against the Brown-Banded

Cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Blattaria: Ectobiidae): A Mechanical Vector of

Human Pathogens” in which they proved that O. vulgare is a potential repellant

against Supella longipalpa. The results of the experiment agreed to the study of

Tabaru and Mochizuki (2005) during which they founded that the German

cockroaches or Blatella germanica are showed to be strongly repelled by the ethanol

extracts of some herbs. Lastly, the findings that we tend to had matched up to the

findings of Teixeira, Marques, Ramos, et al. (2013), which stated that “the major

components of O. vulgare essential oil were carvacrol, β‐fenchyl alcohol, thymol,

and γ‐terpinene,” which are chemicals known to repel cockroaches.

 14

CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Summary

The research intended to provide consumers with an alternative repellant out

of O. vulgare to be used against cockroaches by knowing O. vulgare’s effectivity to

cockroaches. The researchers were able to execute it by making a candle infused

with O. vulgare and by making dried leaves and applying them to cockroaches. The

experiment lasted for 3 days wherein the first day was dedicated to preparing the

repellants to be used and using them against the cockroaches, and the last two days

were used to evaluate the results and to organize the data gathered.

The findings from the experiment showed that the cockroaches under the

presence of O. vulgare were quickly repelled by the repellant causing them to move

from their original spot to the other spot faster than the cockroaches under normal

conditions. The findings stated were further proved by the post-hoc test which

concluded that the cockroaches under the presence of dried O. vulgare leaves

gathered a much shorter time than the cockroaches under normal conditions.

5.2 Conclusion

In relation to the findings gathered from the study, the conclusion below was

drawn by the researchers.

The researchers concluded that the O. vulgare is an effective repellant to

cockroaches, specifically in the form of dried O. vulgare leaves. The conclusion was
 15

based from the results of the post-hoc test which showed that the computed t of the

test between the results of cockroaches of under normal conditions and under the

presence of the dried O. vulgare leaves calculated a value of 2.3, which is higher

than the critical value of 2.12. Therefore, null hypothesis which states that there is no

significant difference in the time it takes for the cockroaches to move from one spot

to another under the presence of O. vulgare and under normal conditions is rejected.

5.3 Recommendations

The research proved that O. vulgare, specifically in the form of dried leaves,

is an effective repellant to cockroaches. The community can make use of this

product for it has already been tested, and unlike commercial products, it does not

contain any harmful chemicals and it is cheap and can be made easily. O. vulgare

as a repellant is only an alternative and should not be used in replacement to

commercial products.

In accordance with the findings and conclusions derived by the researchers, it

is recommended to:

1. use O. vulgare, specifically in the form of dried leaves, as an alternative repellant

to cockroaches.

2. use the alternative repellant, specifically in the form of dried leaves, only in

enclosed spaces such as closets and drawers instead of big open spaces such

as a room.
 16

3. conduct more researches relative to the use of O. vulgare and/or other natural

repellants on a wider scale since the researches only deducted results from

experiments within a small area.

4. conduct studies regarding the effects of O. vulgare to other species of

cockroaches such as Blatella germanica and Blatta Orientalis, since some

species of cockroaches can tolerate certain chemicals than the others, and

similar experiments may yield different results.

5. conduct more researches towards the use of plant repellants to other common

pests such as mosquitoes, flies, and others, for such pests are still a common

problem to households and repellants available are costly and harmful to the

human body.

6. make full use of the research conducted as a reference in pursuing a research

topic.
 17

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 21

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22
 23

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

TAXONOMIC ACCOUNT

Plate 1. Origanum vulgare L. (Oregano)

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Lamiaceae

Genus: Origanum L.

Species: Origanum vulgare L.

Oregano, also called as origanum or wild marjoram, is a perennial herb known for its

flavorful dried leaves and flowering tops. It has long been an essential ingredient of

Mediterranean cooking. It is usually grown as a small evergreen subshrub in mild

climates.
 24

Plate 2. Periplaneta americana (Cockroach)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Blattodea

Family: Blattidae

Genus: Periplaneta

Species: Periplaneta americana

The american cockroach can be found in different habitats. They generally survive in

most areas, but they can survive in dry areas if they have access to water. They

prefer warmer temperatures around 84° Fahrenheit and die at temperatures below

15° Fahrenheit.
 25

APPENDIX B

RAW DATA

Table 4. Time of Cockroaches Under Normal Conditions

NORMAL CONDITIONS
COCKROACH
EVALUATOR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 17 31 52 8 6 4 7 62 82 9
2 17 33 51 10 7 5 7 62 81 8
3 17 32 51 8 7 5 8 63 81 8
4 15 30 52 8 7 5 7 63 83 9
5 14 30 50 10 7 5 8 63 83 8
6 16 30 53 9 8 5 6 63 81 9
7 16 31 53 9 8 5 6 63 81 9
8 14 30 52 8 7 5 8 63 83 9

AVERAGE 15.75 30.875 51.75 8.75 7.125 4.875 7.125 62.75 81.875 8.625

Table 5. Time of Cockroaches Under Candle Repellant

CANDLE REPELLANT
COCKROACH
EVALUATOR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 1 3 5 33 30 13 8 4 45 1
2 1 4 4 33 29 14 8 5 44 1
3 1 4 4 34 29 13 8 4 45 1
4 1 3 5 33 30 14 8 5 45 1
5 1 4 5 33 29 13 7 5 45 1
6 1 4 5 34 29 13 7 4 44 1
7 1 4 5 33 29 13 7 5 45 1
8 1 4 5 33 29 13 7 5 45 1

AVERAGE 1 3.75 4.75 33.25 29.25 13.25 7.5 4.625 44.75 1

 26

Table 6. Time of Cockroaches Under Dried Oregano Leaves

DRIED LEAVES REPELLANT

COCKROACH
EVALUATOR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 18 3 2 1 71 1 1 9 3 5
2 18 2 3 1 73 2 1 9 3 6
3 18 2 3 1 73 2 1 9 3 5
4 18 2 2 1 72 3 1 9 2 5
5 18 3 2 1 72 3 1 8 2 6
6 18 3 2 1 72 3 1 8 2 5
7 18 3 2 1 72 3 1 8 2 6
8 18 3 2 1 72 3 1 8 3 5
AVERAGE 18 2.625 2.25 1 72.125 2.5 1 8.5 2.5 5.375

Table 7. Results of One-way ANOVA

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Normal Condition 9 197.625 21.95833333 469.2109375
Candle Repellant 9 98.375 10.93055556 147.2074653
Dried Oregano Leaves 9 43.75 4.861111111 29.86501736

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 1352.2951 676.14756 3.138627 0.06153 3.4028261
Groups 39 2 94 18 71 05
5170.2673 2 215.42780
Within Groups 61 4 67

2
Total 6522.5625 6
 27

Table 8. Post-hoc Test Between Normal Conditions and Candle Repellant

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

NORMAL CONDITIONS CANDLE REPELLANT
Mean 21.95833333 10.93055556
Variance 469.2109375 147.2074653
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 308.2092014
Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 1.332513025
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.100679609
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.201359218
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299

Table 9. Post-hoc Test Between Normal Conditions and Dried Oregano Leaves

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

NORMAL DRIED OREGANO
CONDITIONS LEAVES
Mean 21.95833333 4.861111111
Variance 469.2109375 29.86501736
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 249.5379774
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 2.295955615
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.017763396
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.035526792
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299
 28

Table 10. Post-hoc Test Between Candle Repellant and Dried Oregano Leaves

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

CANDLE DRIED OREGANO
REPELLANT LEAVES
Mean 10.93055556 4.861111111
Variance 147.2074653 29.86501736
Observations 9 9
Pooled Variance 88.53624132
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 16
t Stat 1.368341999
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.095057085
t Critical one-tail 1.745883676
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.190114169
t Critical two-tail 2.119905299
 29

APPENDIX C

CURRICULUM VITAE

GAJO, CHANNDHER C.

Channdher C. Gajo was born on July 14, 2003. He studied at Corinthian

Institute of Cavite from Pre-school until Grade school. He studied junior high school

at De La Salle University Dasmariñas – Junior Highschool. He is a consistent honor

student who obtained various medals such as Bronze, Silver, and Gold during his

stay at CIC. He is also consistent on being one of the Top 10 students in his classes

at both CIC and at DLSUD – JHS. He is also a conduct awardee during his stay at

CIC. He was a subject awardee for Arts, Computer, and Filipino. He once was

honored with high distinction when he was on 7th grade, and until now, he is

consistently honored with distinction. He pursued the Humanities and Social

Sciences strand for senior high school. He is an aspiring teacher/professor in the

future and he wishes to obtain a masters and a doctorate degree if he is still able to

manage.
30
 31

GARDUCE, PRINCESS NICOLE A.

Princess Nicole A. Garduce was born on September 8, 2003. She spent her

Pre-school at Abbey De Saint Augustine School, Grade School at Elizabeth Seton

School – South, and she studied junior high school at De La Salle University

Dasmariñas – Junior High School. She was honored a Bronze medalist, and with

high distinction. She is consistent with honor student up until today. She chose the

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics strand for senior high school.

She aspires to be a civil engineer someday in the future.

 32

GELLE, JUSTIN JOSEPH ELIJAH C.

Justin Joseph Elijah C. Gelle was born on May 8, 2002. He spent his nursery

up until Grade 4 at Mary Help Christian School. He then spent Grades 5 and 6 at Vel

Maris School. He started junior high school at De La Salle University Dasmariñas –

Junior Highschool. He chose to take the HUMMS strand for senior high school. He

also aspires to be a pilot or take tourism in the future.

 33

CAILA FE D. KATIGBAC

Caila Fe D. Katigbac was born on June 27, 2003. She studied at Casa De

San Miguel Montessori School during her Nursery until Grade 3, at St. Dominic

College of Asia during her 4th to 6th Grade. She spent her junior high school years at

De La Salle University Dasmariñas - Junior High School. She chose STEM –

Medicine as her chosen track for senior high school. She has always dreamed of

being a doctor because of her grandmother’s influence. It all started when her

grandmother usually brings Caila with her on medical missions.

 34

LICLICAN, CASSANDRA ALEXIS E.

Cassandra Alexis E. Liclican was born on June 15, 2002. She studied at

Angelicum Immanuel Montessori from Kindergarten to Grade 1; Mother Theresa

School from 2nd grade to 6th grade. She studied junior high school at De La Salle

University Dasmariñas – Junior High School. She was top 2 when she was at

kindergarten; she was a first honor awardee from Preparatory to Grade 1; she

received excellence award from when she was at Grade 2 to Grade 5, and she

received a gold medal when she was at Grade 6. She was honored with high

distinction twice, highest distinction thrice when she was at Grade 7, and with

distinction throughout her stay in DLSUD-JHS. She pursued the STEM – Medicine

strand for senior high school. She aspires to be a biochemist/chemist in the future.

She isn’t certain yet if she would like to continue med school afterward, but she’s still

open for that opportunity.

 35

MABANES, JOEN GABRIEL I.

Joen Gabriel I. Mabanes was born on August 12, 2003. He studied nursery at

Angelicum Immanuel Montessori. He went to Philippine Christian University from

Preparatory until Grade 3. He studied at Elizabeth Seton School South from Grade 4

to Grade 6, and he studied junior high school at De La Salle University Dasmariñas

– Junior Highschool. He was honored high distinction twice in Grade 7, and With

Distinction 6 times during his stay in DLSUD – JHS. He chose STEM – Medicine as

his track for senior high school and he hopes to be a cardiologist in the future.
 36

MANUEL, CHRISTIAN JASON S.

Christian Jason S. Manuel was born on October 15, 2004. He studied

Nursery up until 3rd grade at Maranatha Christian Academy, and 4th Grade to 6th

Grade at Elizabeth Seton School – South. He started high school at De La Salle

University Dasmariñas – Junior High School, and he is part of the Chess Varsity. He

chose to take the STEM strand as his track for senior high school. He plans to be an

Information Technology technician in the future

 37

MARTIJA, IRVIN NATHAN M.

Irvin Nathan M. Martjia was born on August 18, 2002. He studied

Kindergarten to Grade 6 at Guadalupe Catholic School from 2008-2015. He started

high school at De La Salle University Dasmariñas – Junior Highschool and is

currently part of the Taekwondo club. He chose the Science, Technology,

Engineering, and Mathematics strand as his chosen track for senior high school. He

aspires to be a mechanical engineer in the future.