Global Interest System and Global
Governance
Attributes of the Modern Global
System
 SELF-GOVERNING STATES OR
COUNTRIES
States - State refers to a
community of persons
permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory,
independent from external
control, and possessing an
organized government to
which a great body of
inhabitants renders habitual
obedience.
Elements of State
1. POPULATION
2. TERRITORY
3. GOVERNMENT
4. SOVEREIGNTY
External – Independent
from external control,
Autonomy and non-
interference
Internal – Great deal of
population renders
habitual obedience,
Supreme authority to
govern
Nation vs State
Nation is a cultural and especially a
linguistic grouping of people who feel
that they belong together. It is based
on a “sense of belongingness” founded
on commonality or shared history,
culture and languages.
State is legal and political entity
founded on common authority and
loyalty to the government and the
whole polity. It does not matter
whether the people may have
different languages or diverse culture
so long as the people recognizes the
legitimacy and sovereignty of the
state.
Arab Nation
Arab Nation is composed of different
Middle-Eastern and North African
Countries who share the same
language and religion.
Japan as Nation
Japanese culture is distinct and is
widely embraced in the whole
country.
China as State
China may not call itself a Nation as it
is composed of diverse cultures and
linguistic groups.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Island is composed of
four nations: England, Scotland, Wales
and Northern Ireland. THEREFORE,
UK is not a nation but a state.
However, many states tries to unite
people by creating a new national
identity. In this case, the “Britishness”
of Welsh, Scottish, English and also
Irish Successful integration of
different nations under a state can be
referred as NATION-STATE.
 INTERACTION OF STATES
PRIMARILY THROUGH
DIPLOMACY
Diplomacy - Diplomacy is the
relations of one state with
another through well-trained
representatives known as
diplomats and ambassadors
usually to promote and
possibly arrive on common
interests on social, political and
economic respects.
 Diplomatic missions are
established based on the
agreement between two
countries in recognition of
common interests.
RECIPROCITY THROUGH
MUTUAL UNDERSTANDING
Purpose of Diplomatic
Mission
1. Mainly as a form of
recognition that one
state recognizes the
sovereignty of another
state.
2. To monitor the current
affairs of the state.
3. To promote economic,
political and social
interest of the home
country.
4. To attend the needs and
concern of the overseas
citizen of the home
country. Protestant Reformation
Two Forms of Diplomatic
Relations
1. Bilateralism - a
diplomatic relations
which include two
states.
2. Multilateralism - a
diplomatic relations
which involves three or
more states usually
facilitated by an
international
organization
ORIGINS OF NATION-STATES
What Is The Rationale Behind The
Establishment Of A State?
 According to Thomas Hobbes,
without a higher authority
humans are in a LAW OF
JUNGLE – where life is
“solitary, poor, nasty, brutish
and short.”
 Under the State of Nature, its
either you are prey or the
predator. You can’t trust
anyone except yourself, with
self-preservation as your
utmost priority.
 Humans enter in what we call
as “SOCIAL CONTRACT” – in
which humans become part of
a human social group, which
he/she agrees to give up some
of his privileges and freedom to
a central authority.
 Hobbes calls this the Leviathan,
or an overarching ruler that
exercise sovereignty over its
people with the purpose of
maintaining peace and order.
 Social Contract – Freedom
exchange to Security
 In the late Middle Ages, the
influence of the church over
Kingdoms weakened due to its
inability to find a cure for the
plague.
 Also, many people expressed
their dissent on the prevalent
corruption and indulgences of
the Catholic church.
 The key figure in the Protestant
Reformation is Martin Luther,
who in 1517 posted his Ninety-
Five Thesis on a Catholic
Church as a sign of protest.
 The idea of Protestantism
appealed to many Kings and
Queens due to their own
political interests.
  Kings and Queens resist the
political power of the Catholic
Church over them.
 By mid-1600s, most North
Europeans were Protestant,
most in South Europeans were
Catholic.
War of Religions
 Rulers used religion to unite
their people
 Country’s subjects is expected
to practice the ruler’s faith.
 Under Elizabeth I, England
became the leading Protestant
Power in Europe.
 Spain Was Leading the Catholic
power this time.
Thirty Years War
 The final religious war was the
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
which was fought in the
German soil but engaged most
of the European Countries in
fighting and financing the war.
 England vs. Spain
 Spain vs. Netherlands
 France vs. Huguenots
Protestants
Treaty of Westphalia
 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
 European states regarded each
other as equal
 They mutually recognized their
rights to organize their own
domestic affairs, including
religion.
 The treaty established the era
of sovereign states.
International Law
 The rise of sovereign states led
to heightened interaction
between various sovereign
states, particularly the desire
for greater cooperation and
unity among states and
peoples. This desire is called
Internationalism
 One of the major manifestation
of Internationalism is the
creation of International Law.
Major advocate, Jeremy
Bentham believe that
International Law would
govern the inter-state relations.
Global Governance
 Law of Jungle A.K.A. State of
Nature
 Formation of State
 If the formation with its
centralized government led to
the stability and security of its
people. Would it follow that the
formation of a world
government lead to the same?
SO WOULD A WORLD
GOVERNMENT LEAD TO WORLD
PEACE
 We really don’t know. But,
 Managing diverse
communities/states with
different cultures, needs and
belief system is not impossible
but certainly challenging, and
would take too much
resources.
 Conflicts are rooted mainly on
the competition of resources
from economic (wealth
inequality and opportunities),
political (groups in power),
 social (ethnic and racial
tensions).
 Governance refers to the way
in which something is
governed meaning “Directed
and Controlled”
 Government > decisions on
how to solve an issue or a
concern > policy or law
 In Global Governance we are
looking on how to direct and
control many pressing issues at
the Global Level.
World Government > Global
Governance > International
Organizations
Main Attributes of Modern Global
System
3&4 (Key role of the International
Organizations in the Affairs of the
State.)
Global Governance
“Unlike the state government where
every decisions are made in this
institution alone. Global Governance
should be thought of as the power
diffused across different actors: States,
International Organizations and Non-
governmental Organizations.”
 PRESENCE OF
INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATION TO
FACILITATE INTERACTIONS
International Organizations are
established by the states
themselves to provide an avenue
in discussing issues that concerns
them, and which requires a
collective effort to solve and/or
pursue.
Examples are – United Nations,
Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, European Union etc.
Global Warming / Climate Change
affects not just one or two states,
but is felt across the globe
Since many states share common
interests, (threat brought about by
the Global Warming) they come
together to discuss the issue and
come up with a solution.
Since many states share common
interests, (threat brought about by
the Global Warming) they come
together to discuss the issue and
come up with a solution.
The Paris Agreement was settled
through the United Nations that
aims to curb the effects of Global
Warming
 INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS NOT ONLY
AS A FACILITATOR OF
INTERACTIONS BUT A
DYNAMIC INDEPENDENT
ACTOR IN THE SYSTEM
International Organizations are not
just a platform for discussing state
interests, it also exercise a great
degree of independence in pursuing
its own agenda and advocacy with its
own structures and decision-making
body.
International Organizations are not
just facilitator of the interactions of
state, it also works as an independent
power capable of initiating many
advocacies and agenda.
One of the agenda of United Nations is
the UNESCO World Heritage, which
aims to recognize structures and
natural sites that reflects human
ingenuity.
- The International Labor
Organization is an IO that aims to
promote decent work around the
world
- The World Trade Organization
focuses on regulating and setting
standards on trade issues and
disputes around the world.
Civil Society
 Civil society is comprised of
groups or organizations
working in the interest of the
citizens but operating outside
of the governmental and for-
profit sectors (businesses).
 Civil Society is considered to be
the third sector in the society,
distinct from the Government
and Business.
 They are also known as Non-
government Organizations
mostly operate in one
particular state, but recently
had extended beyond the
borders of their home country.
 RED CROSS AND RED
CRESCENT - Is an International
Non-Governmental
Organization that aims to
alleviate human suffering in
assisting people, protecting its
life and health.
 Greenpeace International
advocates action towards
environmental protection and
conservation around the world.