FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 1
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• Frictional resistance is 80 to 85 percent of the total
resistance in slow speed ships and as much as 50
percent in high speed ships.

• Frictional resistance is thus the largest single

component of the total resistance of a ship.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 2
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• The fictional resistance of a ship depends upon:
1- the speed of the ship V
2- the wetted surface area S
3- the length of the ship L
4- the roughness of the hull
5- the density of water

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 3
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Froude’s Experiments on Friction

William Froude
(1810-1871)

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 4
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Carriage

Rail and wheels

Tank
Walls

Strut
and
Plate

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 5
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Towing
Strut
Force

Water
surface
Enough
Immersion

Flat
plate

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 6
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Froude's Test Particulars

Plate lengths 1ft - 50 ft 0.3045m-15.0m

Plate Depth 19 in 0.4826m
Plate Thickness 3/16 in 0.0048m
Tank Length 278 ft 84.73m
Tank Width 36 ft 10.97m
Tank Depth 10 ft 3.05m
Towing Speed 50 - 1000 ft/min 0.254-5.08m/s

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 7
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• From measurements, Froude established his formula
for frictional resistance RF

RF  fSV n

• Where n was a power of the speed that varied with

the length and smoothness of the surface.

• For ships, Froude proposed a value of 1.83.

• Values of f depends on the length of the flat plate.
Dr. Adel Banawan
December 5, 2009 8
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• To apply Froude’s results to ship lengths, we must
correct for the following:
1- Length
2- Water density

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 9
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Comments on the experiments

• The resistance results contain a bit of wave-making

resistance.

• No correction for temperature of water.

• No turbulent stimulators, i.e. flow condition is

unknown by most likely laminar flow existed.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 10
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 R.E. Froude frictional constants

• R.E. Froude extended the coefficients to lengths up to

1200 ft.

• He put forward the following formula:

RF  f 2 SV 1.825

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 11
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 International Towing Tank Conference ITTC
1935
• ITTC 1935 Paris has agreed on the following friction
formulation:

RF  fSV 1.825
Where RF in N
S is the wetted surface area in m2
V the ship speed in knots

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 12
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 0.773
f SW  0.417 
L  2.862

L is the ship length in m

f FW  f SW / 1.025

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 13
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Two Dimensional Frictional Resistance
Formulations

VL 
R F  1 SV 2 f 
2  

RF VL 
CF   f
1 SV 2   
2

C F  f Rn 

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 14
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• 1904 Blasius succeeded in calculating the total
resistance in laminar flow by integrating across the
boundary layer and gave the formula for CF in
laminar flow in terms of Rn:

1

RF  VL  2
CF   1.327 
1 SV 2
2  

RF 1.327
CF  
1
2
SV 2 Rn L

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 15
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• Blasius found good agreement between his calculated
resistance and direct experiment, but found that the
laminar flow became unstable at Reynolds numbers
of the order of 4.4 x 105, beyond which the resistance
coefficients increased rapidly above the calculated
from his equation.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 16
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• Prandtl and von Karman (1921) separately published
the equation
1

RF  VL  5
CF   0.072 
1 SV 2   
2

RF 0.072
CF  
1 SV 2 Rn L0.2
2

for turbulent flow.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 17
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• This equation was based on an analytical and
experimental investigation of the characteristics of
the boundary layer, as well as the available
measurements of overall plank resistance.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 18
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Dr. Adel Banawan
December 5, 2009 19
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 0.0100

TURBULENT FLOW

0.0010

CF

0.0001
LAMINAR FLOW

0.0000
1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10 1E+11
Rn

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 20
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Dr. Adel Banawan
December 5, 2009 21
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Development of Frictional Resistance
Formulation in the USA
• During the period 1900 and 1947 the David Taylor
Model Basin (now DTRC) was established and
several testing on planks were done.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 22
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• Schoenherr (1932) collected most of the results of
plank tests then available. He found he could get a
good fit to the experimental data

0.242 / C F  log10 ( Rn C F )
for a perfectly smooth hull surface. For actual ship
hulls with structural roughness some allowance, is
necessary to give a realistic prediction.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 23
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 0.010

0.008
ATTC Line

0.006
CF

0.004

0.002

0.000
1E+4 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10 1E+11
Reynolds number

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 24
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 The American Towing Tank Conference
ATTC 1947
• ATTC 1947 adopted Schoenherr mean line + 0.0004
as roughness allowance.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 25
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Hughes

• Hughes conducted resistance experiments

• He obtained a curve for 2D, plane, and smooth
surfaces. This curve had the equation

0.066
CF 0 
log10 Rn  2.032

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 26
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 0.012

Hughes Friction Line

0.008
CF

0.004

0.000
1E+4 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10 1E+11
Reynolds number

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 27
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC
1957)
• The International Towing Tank Conference (ITTC
1957) used the relation
0.075
CF 
log10 Rn  2. 2

as the “ITTC 1957 model-ship correlation line”

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 28
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 0.012

ITTC 57 Ship Model Correlation Line

0.008
CF

0.004

0.000
1E+4 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10 1E+11
Reynolds number
Dr. Adel Banawan
December 5, 2009 29
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 0.012

SKIN FRICTION LINES

ATTC LINE
0.008
ITTC LINE
HUGHES LINE
CF

0.004

0.000
1E+4 1E+5 1E+6 1E+7 1E+8 1E+9 1E+10 1E+11
Reynolds number

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 30
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Effect of Roughness

• Froude studied the effects of various degrees of

roughness of surface such as Varnish, Paraffin,
Tinfoil, Calico, Fine, medium and coarse sand.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 31
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
1- Effect on f:

Surface 2’ 8’ 20’ 50’

Varnish 0.0117 0.0111 0.0104 0.0097
Parafin 0.0119 0.0100 0.0088 -
Tinfoil 0.0064 0.0081 0.0089 0.0095
Calico 0.0281 0.0206 0.0184 0.0170
Fine sand 0.0231 0.0166 0.0137 0.0104
Medium sand 0.0257 0.0178 0.0152 0.0139
Coarse sand 0.0314 0.0204 0.0168 -

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 32
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
2- Effect on n:

Surface 2’ 8’ 20’ 50’

Varnish 1.95 1.94 1.93 -
Parafin - 1.85 1.85 1.83
Tinfoil 1.93 1.92 1.89 1.80
Calico 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.06
Fine sand 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Medium sand 2.00 2.00 2.00 -
Coarse sand 2.06 1.99 1.90 1.83

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 33
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Increase of resistance due to days out of dock

• Analysis of voyage data usually shows a reduction of

speed using the same power and a steady increase in
resistance with days out of dry dock.

• This increase in resistance is due to hull fouling and

corrosion, i.e. more rough surface.

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 34
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• Fouling of ships depends upon:
1- Salinity
2- Temperature
3- Days in port and days of sailing
4- Paint condition

Dr. Adel Banawan

December 5, 2009 35
Ship Hydrodynamics-1