FACTORS AFFECTING SHIP

RESISTANCE

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 1
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Dimensional Analysis

Ship Speed V

Above waterpart

Water Density r
Under water part Water Viscosity m
Pressure p

Ship Size (L)

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 2
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Total ship resistance R could depend upon the
following:
• Speed V
• Size of body, which may be represented by the linear
dimension L
• Mass density of the fluid ρ
• Viscosity of the fluid μ
• Acceleration due to gravity g
• Pressure in the fluid P
Dr. Adel Banawan
October 1, 2009 3
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Applying dimensional analysis and assuming that the
resistance R can now be written in terms of unknown
powers of these variables:

Rr V Lm g p
a b c d e f
(1)

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 4
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Introducing dimensional quantities into equation (1), we
have

a b d e f
ML  M   L c M  L  M 
 3    L     2  2 (2)
T L 
2
T   LT  T   LT 

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 5
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Hence
Mass : 1  a  d  f
Length : 1  3a  b  c  d  e  f (3)
Time : 2  b  d  2e  2 f

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 6
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
So, Solve for a,b, and c in terms of d, e, and f

a  1 d  f
b  2  d  2e  2 f (4)
c  2d e

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 7
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Then from equation (1)
  rVL   gL   p  
d e f

R  rV L f 
2 2
  2   2   (5)
 m   V   rV  

R VL gL p 
 f , 2, 2  (6)
1 rSV 2   V rV 
2
where the left-hand side of the equation is a non-
dimensional resistance coefficient.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 8
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Equation (6) states that
if all the parameters on the right hand side have the
same values for two geometrically similar but different
sized bodies, the flow pattern will be the same for each.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 9
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
If we ignored for now the third term, then

RT  1 r 2
SV f VL , gL 
2   V 2 

It is obvious that the first term which is related to the

viscosity is also related to the frictional resistance, while
the second term is a function of g is related to the
residuary resistance.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 10
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
• The frictional resistance is governed almost
exclusively by viscous effect.

• The residuary resistance is concerned with the

dynamic movement of large masses of the fluid.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 11
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Case (I)

Consider a non-viscous liquid in which there is no

frictional or other viscous drag,

2  gL 
RT  RR  1
2
rSV f 2
V 

And for two geometrically similar bodies (Ship and

model):

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 12
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 Speed Vs

Water Density rs
SHIP Water Viscosity
ms=0
Pressure ps

Ls

Speed
Vm

Water Density rm
MODE
Water Viscosity mm=0
L
L Pressure pm
m

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 13
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Geomtrical Similarity:
13
Ls Bs Ds Ss  s 
    
Lm Bm Dm Sm  m 

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 14
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
The residuary resistance of the ship RRs and of model
RRm will be in the ratio

1 r S V 2 f  gLs 
RRs 2 s s s V2 
 s

RRm 1 2  gLm 
r S V f
2 m m m  Vm2 

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 15
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
If the value of the function argument is the same:

 gLs   gLm 
 2    2 
 Vs   Vm 
i.e.
 Vs 2   Vm 2 
   
 L   L 
 s   m 

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 16
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Then

 Vs   Vm 
   Corresponding speeds
 L   L 
 s   m 

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 17
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
Then
1 r s S sVs2
RRs 2 r S V 2
r 2
s s Ls
L
  s s s

RRm 1 r S V 2
r m S mVm r m Lm Lm
2 2
2 m m s

3
r s  Ls  rs s  s
    
r m  Lm  rm m  m
where ∆s and ∆m are the displacements of ship and
model respectively.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 18
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
i.e., the residuary resistance per unit of displacement is
the same for model and ship.

RRs RRm

s m

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 19
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Froude’s Law:

When the speed of a ship and her corresponding model

are in the ratio of the square routs of their lengths, then
the residuary resistance varies as the displacement

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 20
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Case (II)

Consider a deeply submerged body, where there is no

wave making, the total resistance will only be
frictional.

2 VL 
RT  RF  1
2
rSV f
  

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 21
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 Vs

Ship

LS

Vm

Model

Lm

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 22
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 2 Vs Ls 
RFs  1 r S sVs f  
2 s

 s 

2 Vm Lm 
RFm  1 r S mVm f  
2 m

 m 

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 23
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If the parameter is the same for ship and model. In
other words
Vs Ls Vm Lm

s m
and assume νs = νm and ρs=ρm then

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 24
Ship Hydrodynamics-1
 RFs 1 r SV2 S V 2
L2 2
2 s s s s Lm
  s s
 1
RFm 1 r m SmVm2 SmVm2 L2m L2s
2

RFs  RFm

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 25
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Rayleigh’s law:

• When the speeds of a ship and her model are

inversely proportional to their respective lengths, then
the frictional resistance of the model is equal to that
of the ship provided that ν is the same.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 26
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Resistance Coefficients

RT  RF  RR

Divide all through by 0.5ρSV2

Wetted Surface Area S

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 27
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 RT RF RR
 
0.5rSV 2
0.5rSV 2
0.5rSV 2

CT  CF  CR

Total Resist Frictional Resist Residuary Resist

Coefficient = Coefficient + Coefficient

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 28
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Non dimensional Groups
1. Froude Number
William Froude (1810-1871)

gL V 2 V
2
   Fr
V gL gL

Vk
Speed Length Ratio 
L
V in knots and L in feet

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 29
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2. Reynolds Number
Osborne Reynolds (1842-1916)

rVL VL
  Rn
m 
V in m/s
L in m
ν in m2/s

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 30
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Froude’s Law, or Rayleigh’s Law?

Assuming ρm=ρs and νm=νs

1.From Rayleigh’ s codition

Vs Ls  Vm Lm
Since Lm < Ls then Vm >>>>Vs
Ls
Vm  Vs
Lm
Example
If Ls=125 m , Vs=25 knots, and Lm=5 then Vm= 625
knots. !!!!

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 31
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2. From Froude’s condition
Vm V
 s
Lm Ls

Lm
Vm  Vs
Ls

Since Lm < Ls then Vm <<<< Vs

Example
If Ls=125 m , Vs=25 knots, and Lm=5 then Vm= 5 knots.

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 32
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Conclusions:
1- it is impossible to satisfy both laws at the same time
2- it is possible to satisfy Froude’s law
3- it is uneconomical and impracticable to satisfy
Rayleigh’s law

Dr. Adel Banawan

October 1, 2009 33
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