KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
BACHELOR OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND
COMPUTING
SCS2103: INTRODUCTION TO DATA COMMUNICATION
AND NETWORKING
Assignment Two

NAME: ARWAI MORISH

REG NO: 18/U/ITD/142/GV
CONNECTION ORIENTED and CONNECTIONLESS
Two techniques are used in data connection to transfer data. They are connection-oriented
method and connectionless method.
CONNECTION ORIENTED
Connection oriented requires a session connection to be established before data can be sent
(often referred to as reliable network service). It is modeled after the telephone system. In
connection-oriented services the data packets are delivered by the receiver in the same order in
which they have been sent by the sender. Connection-oriented may be done in either Circuit-
switched connection or Virtual circuit-switched connection.
Types of connection-oriented services
• Reliable message stream e.g. sequence pages
• Reliable byte stream e.g. song download
• Unreliable connection e.g. voice over internet protocol.
Advantages of connection-oriented services
• It’s the most suitable for long connection
• It’s a reliable connection most times
• Problems related to duplicate data packets are alleviated
• Congestions are less frequent.
• Sequencing of data packets is guaranteed.
Disadvantages of connection oriented
• Incase of router failure or network congestions, there are no alternative ways to continue
communication.
• Resource allocation is needed before communication. This leads to underutilized network
resources.
CONNECTIONLESS
A Connectionless service is a data communication between two nodes where the sender sends
data without ensuring whether the receiver is available to receive the data. Here, each data packet
has the destination address and is routed independently irrespective of the other packets. Thus
the data packets may follow different paths to reach the destination. There’s no need to setup
connection before sending a message and relinquish it after the message has been sent. The data
packets in a connectionless service are usually called datagrams.
Protocols for connectionless services are:

1. Internet Protocol (IP)

2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
3. Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
Connectionless services may be of the following types:

1. A datagram with Acknowledgement: e.g. text messages with delivery report

2. Request-Reply: e.g. queries from remote databases

Advantages of Connectionless Services

1. It enables to broadcast and multicast messages, where the sender sends messages to
multiple recipients.
2. It is simpler and has low overhead.
3. It does not require any time for circuit setup.
4. In case of router failures or network congestions, the data packets are routed through
alternate paths. Hence, communication is not disrupted.

Disadvantages of Connectionless Services

1. It is not a reliable connection. It does not guarantee that there will not be a loss of
packets, wrong delivery, out – of – sequence delivery or duplication of packets.
2. Each data packet requires longer data fields since it should hold all the destination
address and the routing information.
3. They are prone to network congestions.

PACKET SWITCHING and CIRCUIT SWITCHING

Circuit Switched Networks − Circuit switched networks are connection-oriented networks. Here,
a dedicated route is established between the source and the destination and the entire message is
transferred through it.
Packet Switched Networks − Packet switched networks are connectionless networks. Here, the
message is divided and grouped into a number of units called packets that are individually routed
from the source to the destination.
Differences with respect to technology

Serial Circuit – Switching Packet – Switching

Number

1 It is a connection-oriented network It is a connectionless network

switching technique. switching technique.

2 A dedicated path has to be established There is no need to establish a

between the source and the destination dedicated path from the source to
before transfer of data commences. Once, the destination.
 the data is transmitted, the path is
relinquished.

3 It is inflexible in nature since data packets Each packet is routed separately.

are routed along the same dedicated path. Consequently, it is flexible in nature
where the different data packets
follow different paths.

4 It was initially designed for voice transfer. It was initially designed for data
transfer.

5 The entire message is received in the order The individual packets of the
sent by the source. message are received out of order
and so need to be reassembled at the
destination.

6 It is implemented at Physical Layer. It is implemented at Network Layer.

7 It has two approaches − It has two approaches −

• Space division switching, and • Datagram, and

• Time division switching • Virtual Circuit

8 It is not a store and forward transmission. It is store and forward transmission.

9 Data is processed and transmitted at the Data is processed and transmitted,

source only. not only at the source but at each
switching station.

Differences with respect to applicability, advantages and disadvantages.

Serial Circuit – Switching Networks Packet – Switching Networks

Number
1 They are suitable for long continuous They are unsuitable for applications
transmission, like voice calls. that cannot afford delays in
communication like high quality
voice calls.

2 Once a route is established between the It allows simultaneous usage of the

source and the destination, the route same channel by multiple users. This
cannot be used by any other user. This guarantees better resource
leads to poor utilization of resources. utilization.

3 Bandwidth requirement is high even in It ensures better bandwidth usage as

cases of low data volume. a number of packets from multiple
sources can be transferred via the
same link.

4 Time required to establish connection may Delay in delivery of packets is less,

be high. since packets are sent as soon as
they are available.

5 Initial cost is low. Packet switching high installation

costs.

6 The protocols for delivery are relatively They require complex protocols for
simpler. delivery.

7 It is more reliable. It is less reliable.

Diagrammatic Representations