BULLETIN 1.0110.

3
INDUSTRIAL ACOUSTICS COMPANY

SNAP*FORM
FOR QUICKLY AND ACCURATELY RESOLVING
NOISE PROBLEMS IN AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS

*An lAC acronym meaning

~ystemic Noise ~nalysis ~rocedure
•

THIS SNAP FORM IS BASEO ON THE OYNAMIC INSERTION LOSS ANO SELF·NOISE RATINGS SHOWN
IN THE CURRENT lAC OUCT SILENCER BULLETIN ANO MUST BE USEO IN CONJUNCTION WITH IT.

<0 Copyright 19 76 by

INDUSTRIAL ACOUSTICS COMPANY

C
sr.... o,.oo OF SIlEHC'
 lAC SNAP FORM - Systemic Noise Analysis Procedure
FIGURE 1 - DIAGRAM OF AIR DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
INTROO UCTlON
FOR SNAP FORM EXAMPLE
SNAP is the most advanced method of calculating and checking sys-
temic noise of air handling system components. SNAP is based on the
Dynamic Insertion Loss and Self-Noise ratings in the current lAC Duct CENTRI FUGAL F AN, \
Silencer Bulletin and must be used in conjunction with it. The ob-
j ecti ves of SNAP are:
MIN. 1.5 FAN OI A.
CHECKPOINT " A" _ _ _ _
Y 0
1. To provide a Systemic Noise Analysis Procedure (SNAP) for rapidly
and accurately calculating the Dynamic Insertion loss (OIL) silencing
requirements for any critical point in the system through eight octave
bands.
2. To pro vide for accurate selection of a suitable silencer based on
r
36" )( 36"
\l A IN OUC T
10' LG

correct evaluation of Noise Reduction requirements, silence-r Self·

RANCH TA KE·OFF

~
Noise power levels, pressure drop and space lim itations. Sound power (EQU IV ALENT TO 12"
level can be abbreviated to "PWL ". ELSO\vl
20' LG.
The SNAP form is based on a comparison of each known noise source ~6~~UlNG
TE RMIN A L I JOOCF~ EACH )
against a cal culated "permissible" PWl and the selection of a silencer OUT LET TOO SHORT TO ~T
with a compatible Self·Noise level. It should be noted that the flow of ACT AS EL BOW
air under practically all conditions creates a noise of its own. L PFlE SSU RE

HELPFUL TABLES FACILITATE

2-107 LG. L 12" )( 12"
ReOUC ING VAL VE

"'~-"",,-- " T"

REAOY USE OF SNAP FORM , I S'LG.

6" XI2" /
,

~6"WIOe)(
SECTION IEOU IV A LENT
Ta6 " : L SOWI

The SNAP form introduces two unique timesavers: a nomograph for
qu ickly estimating the PWL of fans and Ttlbles for converting Room
Criteria to Allowable PWL per Terminal. The IJ5e of the nomograph is
recommended where reliable data is not available from the manu-
facturer. Values obtained will check closely with the ASHRAE Guide
Method. Tables in this bulletin are based on the ASHRAE Guide.
The SNAP form permits anal ysis of all noise sources in the system with
the fan generall y being the major generator. Other possible sources are
air valves, mixing, boxes, take-ofts, elbows, transitions, dampers and
terminals. (See Current ASH RAE Guide for noise data,)
We believe that the SNAP form will be quick and convenient to use.
SNAP, which deal s with all eight octa ve bands, is the proper tool for
determination of system acoustics. Forms based on 3rd octave band
analysis, wh ich have been comm only used can serve onl y as a guide to
a general magnitude problem. Where noise sources are other than
centrifugal fans, third octave band anal ysis may serve to mislead the
investigator. High velocity and var iable volume systems in particular
req uire a complete check·out in Octave Bands 1 thru 8.
I DYNAMIC RATINGS ARE A SIGNIFICANT ADVANCE I
The dynam ic rating of lAC silencers is generally compatible with data
furnished by lead ing manufacturers of fans, mi xing boxes, air valves,
dampers and air terminals. It can thus be said that rat ings under oper'
at ing condit io ns are available for most of the factor y manufactured
com ponents of air handling systems. Comprehensive dynamic ratin9s
for duct elements are still not ava ilable, necessitating use of ratings
as sh own in the ASHRAE guide. Allowing for these shortcomings,
!he SNAP form will provide the highest degree of accuracy based on
ilvailab le inf ormation.
EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATES SNAP FORM
The followi ng example illustrates the step-by·step procedure for the
calculati on of fan silenCing requirements. The identical procedure
can be employed for any other point of the system for which PWL
data has been measured or can be estimated. The explanatory para·
graphs are number ed in accordance with th e line numb ers of the
SNAP FORM.
[ EXAMPLE
FI~ ~R E 1 shows a reception roam with "average" aco ustical charac·
~ t~n st lcs (see Table lB ), 30 feet wide by 30 feet long with a 10 'foot
hdlg~ C ~il j ng , serviced by a suppl y sys tem termi nat ing in 4 diff users
ellvermg 300 cfm each .
Air i~ supplied through a pressure reducing valv e con nec ted to a high
ve lo,Clt y main duct. The supply fan delivers 24000 cfm at 4" H20
sta tic pressure operating at a static etficency of 70%. Allowable silencer
pressure dro p is 0.4" H20.
The problem is to select a silencer having Oynamic Insertion Loss,
3
t
,, .... I ELSOW
12" HIGH
I
I
)
'r, ~ FlECEPflON ROOM
,, .. JOX30'X10' 1oI IGH
,
... ..! ~ ....
Self-Noise Level and Pressure Drop characteristics compatible with
the required NC level. All cal.culations refer to the silencer located
immediately after the fan, shown as Checkpoint "A" in Figure 1.
EXAMPLE SOLUTION AND PROCEOURE
LINE 1
SOUND PRESSURE lEVEL CRITERION - Refer to Table lA to
select suitable NC level. "Average" criterion far a reception room is
35. Next, refer to Table 1C for octave band SPl corresponding to
selected NC criterion. On line 1 enter SPl from Table lC for NC 35.
LINE 2
ROOM AND TERMINAL EFFECT - A factor for converting line 1
SP l to P\NL at each terminal. The factor takes account of the size
and acoustical characteristics of the space as well as the number and
location of terminals. Consider only those terminals connected directly
to fan by duct; include supply and return . .
To obtain this factor:
a) Refer to Tables 1A & B to determine the characteristics of the room.
b) Determine whether the listener is likely to be in the direct or
reverberant field. This determination is made by assessing the individual's
probable locat ion in the space. In the theater the seat is the key not
the lobby; in an office the seated position rather than standing.
cl Enter Table 2A or 8 at the room surface area (in this case inter·
palate in Table 28) and read room absorption effect.
d) If a listener is within 5 feet of more than one terminal (Table
2A) or the given distance "r" of more than one terminal (Table 28)
subtract terminal effect given in Table 2C from value obtained in either
Table 2A or 28. In the examp le the listener is likely to be within 11
feet of 2 terminals but probably not within 11 feet of more than 2
terminals. Therefo re subtract 3 dB from the 10 dB determination in
Table 2B.
EXAMPLE SOLUTION and PROCEOURE, line 3, appears on page 5.
 'le SNAP FORM" for Air Handling Systems

PROJECT
CITY
ARCH'T 0
cr~_1

ENG ' R 0
J- 10 N TO THE
-

STATE
--
SUPPL Y: Size
RETURN : Size
TOTAL NO,
8"
AIR TERMINALS
Quan.
Guan.
4 CFM ea. 300
CFM ea.
(Use only if return is ducted from the space to
--
•
CITY STATE supply intakel.
BUILOING SYSTEM FLOOR
-- LENGTH OF OUCT ANO NUMBER OF ELBOWS
SPACE USE RECEPTION ROOM NC 35
{ MAIN : Size 36" x 36" Length~
ROOM CHARACTERISTICS : SOFT AVERAGE ..fHARD
DUCTS : BRANCH : Size 12" x 12" Length ~
ROOM OIMENSIONS = 30' W x 30' L x~H RUN·OUT : Size 6" x 12" Length ~
TOTAL ROOM SURFACE AREA = 3000 FT.2 ELBOWS {MAIN : Size 36" x 36" VANEO No. 2
SUPPL Y: Tvpe Centri!. S.P. LCFM 24000 BHPRS.E. 70 % OR BRANCH : Size 6" x 12': 12" x 12" No. 1 EA CH
FAN
RETURN : Tvp. _ _ S.P. -.: CFM BHP S.E. ~ TAKEOFFS RUN·QUT : Size 6"x 12" No. 1
-- -

DATA OCTAVE BAND NUMBERS

CALCULATIONS SOURCE* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Tables
1 SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL (SPL) CRITERIA lA, B, C
60 53 46 40 36 34 33 32

Tables
2 ROOM AND TERMINAL EFFECT 2A, B, C
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Table

-
•
3 ALLOWANCE FOR END REFLECTION 13 9 5 2 0 0 0 0
3
DUCTWORK ATTENUATION - Table
4 TERMINAL TO CHECKPOINT 4
17 17 9 5 5 5 5 5

ELBOW ATTENUATION - T able

5 TERMINAL TO CHECKPOINT 0 0 7 15 25 25 19 15
5

6 SOUND POWER LEVEL (PWL) SPLlT - Table

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
BRANCH TO TERMINALS 6
Table
7 PWL SPLIT - MAIN DUCT TO BRANCH 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
7
Total lines
TOTAL LINES 1 THRU 7 11 3 102 90 85 89 87 80 75
1 thru 7
8 DEDUCT 3 dB SAFETY FACTDRt -3 -3 - 3 - 3 -3 - 3 -3 -3
PERMISSIBLE PWL AT CHECKPOINT 110 99 87 82 86 84 77 72
F ig. 2 or
9 PWL OF NOISE SOURCE AT CHECKPOINT. 102 99 98 97 96 91 87 82
mfr. data
L ine 9
10 DYNAMIC INSERTION LOSS (OIL) REQUIRED 0 0 11 15 10 7 10 10
minus Line 8
Rectangular
OIL OF SILENCER SELECTED Units :
FACE VELOCITY 2000 FPM T able 11 e 3 8 15 28 30 21 14 10
11 MODEL 5 ML SIZE 36" x 48" Tubular
PRESSURE DROP 0.24" WATER Units:
Table I e
SELF-NOISE OF SILENCER AT SAME Tables I Ve
VELOCITY AS IN LINE 11 58 52 46 43 42 45 45 39

•
and V
~ AREA ADJUSTMENT FACTOR Ta ble V ie +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5 +5
l RESULTANT SELF-NOISE (PWL) 63 57 51 48 47 50 50 44

• Refers to lAC SNAP Form Procedu re Bulleti n 1.0110.3 unless noted otherwise.
t Where mixing box is used , safety fa ctor may be omitted . Pads of blan k SNA P FORMS available o n request.
• Noise from system components other than fan should also be evaluated , Ask for Bulletin 1.0 111.3
e lAC Duct Silencer Oata Sheets, SOS 1 thru B,
2
 REFERENCE MATERIAL FOR LINES 1 AND 2 OF SNAP FORM
TABLE I A - TABLE lC -
ROOM DESIGN NC CRITERIA. dB NOISE CRI T ER IA FOR OCCUPIED SPAC ES

Noise OCTAVE BANO NUMBERS

Criteria 1 2 3 4 ~ 5 6 7 8
NC 20 51 41 33 26 22 19 17 16
Ne 25 54 45 38 31 27 24 22 21
Ne 30 57 48 41 35 31 29 28 27
Ne 35 60 53 46 40 36 34 33 32
Ne 40 64 57 51 45 41 39 38 37
Ne 45 67 60 54 49 46 44 43 42
Ne 50 71 64 59 54 51 49 48 47
Ne 55 74 67 62 ·58 56 54 53 52
NC 60 77 71 67 63 61 59 58 57
Ne 65 80 75 71 68 66 64 63 62
Ne 70 83 79 75 72 71 70 69 68

TABLE 2A -
DIR ECT F IELD COND ITION
For list ener in direct fie ld (fi ve feet from terminal)
Conce rt and opera halls,
sound studios 15 20 25 Roo m Surfa ce Room Absorption Characteristics
Legitima te theaters. multi-pu rpose halls 25 27 30 (Sq. Ft) Hard Average Soft
Movie theate rs, TV audie nce studios,
semi -outdoor amphitheate rs, 500 0 3 5
lecture halls 1000 3 5 6
2000 5 6 7
5000 7 7 8
Sa nctua ri es 8000 7 8 8
l ib rar ies, classrooms 10,000 (or more) 8 8 8
Labo rato ries. rec rea tion halls
I

TABLE 2 B -
SE M I ~ R E VERBERANT CONDITION
Fo r liste ner at unknown distance from noise source (terminal).
Thi s tabl e ass umes that the la rger the roo m the fart he r the
listener is li ke ly t o be from the noise source.

Approx ,
Room Absorption Cha racteristic, dB
Room Surface distance ","
(Sq, Ft.) of listener,ft Hard Average Soft
500 5 0 3 5
1000 7 3 6 8
2000 9 6 9 11
5000 15 10 13 15
8000 18 12 15 17
10,000 20 13 16 18

"or·eman 's office 40 45 50

Assembly lines. light mac hine ry 45 60 70
Foundries. heavy machine ry 55 65 75 TA BLE 2C -
TER MINAL CORRECTION FACTOR
If more than one term in al is likel y t o be with in distance "r" -
TABLE lB- fr o m li st ener, su btrac t th e foll owi ng from the room abso rption
ROOM ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS values given in Tabl es 2A and 2B .

TYPE OF ROOM Absorption No. termi nals within distance ",It 2 3 4 6 8

Rati ngs dB t o be subtracted 3 5 6 8 9
Ra dio & TV stud ios, theaters, lecture halls SOFT
Concert ha lls, stores, resta urants, offices, Please no te t hat in a ty pi cal syste m Ta bles 2A and 2B may
co nfe rence roo ms, hotel rooms, school rooms be use d. For example , if a supply d iffuser is d ire ctl y over
hospita ls, priva te homes, librar ies. business AVERAGE list ener's he ad use Tabl e 2A. If the retu rn gri lle is consid er-
machine rooms, churches, reception rooms abl y farth er away use Tabl e 2B . It is therefor e possi ble to
ha ve d iffere nt room ch aracte ristics for th e sup ply and re-
la rge chu rches, gy mn asi ums, factories HARD t urn o f the same sys tem .
4
 EXAMPLE SOLUTION AND PROCEDURE Continued
LINE 3 L1NE6
END REFLECTION - Accounts for the fact that some low frequency PWL SPLIT -BRANCH TO TERMINALS - Determine allowance
sound is reflected back into the duct at the terminal. Values of this from Table 6. In example there are 4 terminals. Therefore, use a
factor depend on duct cross-section and are given in Table 3. Use va lue of 6 dB. Enter on Line 6.
dimensions of duct leading to terminal. In the example end reflection
values are obtained by interpolation for the 12" x 6" duct. Enter on TABLE 6-
Line 3. ALLOWANCE FOR PWL SPLIT
TABLE 3-
ATTENUATION DUE TO Number of Terminals 1 2 3 4 8 10 20 40 100
END REFLECTION AT DUCTWORK OPENINGS Allowance Factor, dB 0 3 5 6 9 10 13 16 20
Values in Decibels

Round Duct Oia. Octave Band Numbers LINE 7

or Squire Root of 6 and PWL DIVISION AT BRANCH TAKE·OFFS - From Table 7 determine
Area of Rect. Duct 2 3 4 5
higher the all owance for the division of Sound Power to duct branches located
5 inches 17 12 4 1 between the terminals and Checkpoint "A" excluding terminal supply
8 0 branch which was accounted for in line 6_ In example allowance is
10 inches 12 8 4 1 0 0 10 dB si nce area ratio between 12" x 12" branch and 36" x 36" main
20 inches 8 4 1 0 0 0 is ap proximately 11 %. Enter 10 dB on line 7.
40 inches 4 1 0 0 0 0
80 inches 0 0 0 0 0 TABLE 7-
DIVISION OF SOUND POWER -
LINE 4 MAIN DUCT TO BRANCHES
DUCT ATTENUATION - From Table 4 determine the noise reduction dB to be Added
Area of Branch in % of Area of Main Duct*
values for the length and size of duct between the terminal selected to Branch PlNl
(usual ly the one nearest the fan) and the fan, proceeding from the to Obtain i/5%ll /2% 11 % I 2% 15% 110% I 20% I 50%
terminal to the fan. In the example, there are 40 feet of 12")( 12" and
12" x 6" duct, and 50 feet of 36" x 36" duct between nearest terminal
Main Duct PlNl 271 23 I 20 I 17 I 13 I 10 r 7I 3
and checkpoint "A". Enter attenuation on l ine 4. Attenuation may be .. For constant velocity systems branch CFM can be used as percentage
interpolated between sizes listed in Tab le 4. of mai n CFM; however. substantial errors can result if this practice
is followed in high velocity systems.
TABLE 4-
ATTENUATION OF LINE 8
UNLINED SHEET METAL DUCTS PERMISSIBLE PWL AT THE CHECKPOINT - Determine by adding
Values in Ded bels per Foot Lines 1 through 7.A 3 dB safety factor, which must be deducted, is
allowed for in each octave_
Octllve Band
Size of Numbers
4 and
LINE 9
Duct 2 3 higher POWER LEVEL OF NOISE SOURCE - Permits tabulation of PWL
at Checkpoint "A"_ Use ma nufacturer's data for these values. If un-
Small 16" x 6") 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.1
available and for this example, use Figure 2 to estimate fan noise data
Medium 124" x 24") 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.05 at Checkpoint "A".
Lar e 172" x 72"1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.01
Small round 14" - 12" dia.l 0.03 0.03 0.03 0 LINE 10
Over 12" dia. Round 0 0 0 0 DYNAMIC INSERTION LOSS lOlL) NEEDED - To obtain OIL
Va lues given in Table 4 may be doubled for externally insulated duct. si lencing requirement at Checkpoint "A" subtract permissible PWl
in line 8 from noise source PWL in line 9 and enter on line 10.
LINE 5 LINE 11
ELBOW ATTENUATION - From Table 5 determine allowances for SILENCER SELECTION- OIL - lAC Duct Silencer Bulletin suggests
el bows and branch take-offs between the term ina l and noise source.
In the exam ple there are : one 12" x 12" branch take-off, two 6" wide selection of Model 5 ML at Checkpoint "A" ISee Figure 1 of Snap
x 12" high elbows, and two 36" x 36" vaned elb ows between the Form). Enter 01 L va lues on l:.ine 11 . lAC Model 5 ML equa ls or
nearest terminal and Checkpoint "A". Branch take-offs may be eval- exceeds Oil requ irements.
uated similarl y to elbows using the width of the branch. Tota l the
attenuation and enter on line 5. NOTE: For return air duct silencers, use REVERSE FLOW 01 L Ratings
only.
TABLE 5- LINE 12
ATTENUATION OF
PRESSURE LOSS AND SELF·NOISE - Select size with accepta ble
UNLINED SHEET METAL ELBOWS pressure loss and se lf-noise ratings, A 36" x 48" cross-section Mode l
Values in Decibels per Elbow· 5 ML si lencer has a pressure loss of 0.24" H2 0 (Aerodynamic Per-
Duct Oia, Octave Band Numbers formance Tables in Duct Silencer Bulletin) and Self-Noise (Self·N oise
or Widtht Z 3 4 5 6 7 B and Face Area Adjustment Tables in Duct Silencer Bulletin) com-
patible with "permissible PlNl" shown on line 8. line 12 resultant
5"-10" 0 0 0 0.0·1 1·3·5 24·7 3-4-5 3 Self-Noise may equal but not exceed "permissible Plt/ l" on line 8.
11 "-20" 0 0 0.0·1 1·3·5 2·4·7 3·4-5 3 3 The Model 5 ML selection is therefore correct.
21 "-40" 0 0.0-1 1-3-5 2-4-7 3-4-5 3 3 3
41"- 80" 0-0-1 1·3·5 2·4·7 3-4·5 3 3 3 3 NOTE : For retu rn air applications, use Self-Noise ratings at applicable
REVERSE FLOW entering face ve locity. fpm.
·Where tnree valuM are snow n use : 1st . round elbow s; 2nd, squ;,r. el-
bows with vanes; 3rd, square elbows w ithou t va nes or fo r br anch take
ofts with flow diverter. Where one value Is given apply to any of three
conditions. SNAP CAN ALSO READILY BE APPLIED TO ANY
tWidth is dimension In plane of t u rn . If area transition occurs between OTHER CRITICAL POINT IN THE SYSTEM
inlet and outlet of el bow, use width of smaller cross-section.
5
 SNAP SOUND POWER LEVEL (PWL) NOMOGRAPH FOR FANS*

•
The use of the lAC PWL no mograph for fa ns" requi res only 3. Project verti cal li ne downwards to fan Static Efficiency.
three Fan Parameters : (a) the Stat ic Pressure, (b) the CFM
4 . Project hori zontal line to t he right to ' read PWL in t he
"'-"' d (c) the Static Eff iciency . The So und Power Leve l,
first through ei ghth o ctave ban ds.
which wi ll appro ximate ASHRAE Gu ide data , can t hen be
read o ff qui ckly as follo ws: NOTE :
Intermediate points ma y be interpolated.
1. Enter fan Static Pressure . Thi s chart should be read in conjunction w ith Line 9
2. Project horizontal line to fan CFM . of ex planato ry notes on page 5.

FIGURE 2 - NOMOGRAPH FOR ESTIMATING FAN " SOUND POWER LEVELS (PWL)

~ ~ 0/
Manufacturers' Data may show lower PWL
" IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS:
~ than Fig. 2 wh ich are conservative and based
:s: on 1976 ASHRAE Guide. The direct va lues read will give rat ings for S I
o r A F CENTR IF UG AL fans . For other ty pes of
ch 10
:.u fans, add fo ll owing correction facto rs in each
I
U Octa ve Band as indica ted in this chart.
-Z 5
4
.. .. II I Octave
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
If V III V
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I<~/ Type ~ ~ CORRECTION FACTOR

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w +5 +5 +4 +1 +2 +3 +6 +5
er: Centr if.
0-
1 Vane-
W +3 +5 +7 +9 +9 +9 +12 +12
-
f-
ax ial
~
f- II 'f I I I SOUND POW ER LE VEL RE 10. 12 WATTS

•
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--~~~'§~~

INDUSTRIAL ACOUSTICS COMPANY

1180 COMMERCE AVENUE
-.~.-------
@ Copyrighl 1976, las t repri nted January 1983 by

BRONX, NEW YORK 10462

- 70 -

PHONE: 212-931·8000
Garden Grove, CA 92643 10971 Garden Grove Blvd. Phone: 714- 636·544 0 Telex: lB·3841
-70-
- - ::±: =+=

TElEX: 12·5880
=t= - 60 -

YOUAI AC AEFAESENTATIVE
•
Staines, Middlesex, England Central Trading ESlate Phone: Steines 56251 Telex: 101-25·518
4055 Niederkruehten, Germanv Phone: 02163- 8431, 8432 Telex: 852261 iaen d
TECHNICAL REPRESENTATION IN PRINCIPAL CITIES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD Plinted in U.S.A.