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Abstract - One of the professional domains in On the other hand, there are many different
industry is weld inspection which deals with welding methods that depend on the accuracy of
investigating the inside or outside (surface) of the the process; the weld designer chooses the one
weld to trace any defects which may cause failure in which is appropriate.
the system. Likewise, one of the methods of weld
inspection is radiographic film interpretation (RI). In Meanwhile, one of the most important areas in
this method the specific weld will be captured in industry is safety check. In other words, we can
radiographic films and then an inspector will consider if, in a site, the construction of a reactor is
interpret them to identify any defects similar to the
job that an orthopaedist does.
finished and every joint is welded and ask is it
The aim of this paper is to develop a fully ready to go in the line and start working because,
automatic computer vision system to analyse weld’s after doing construction in every production
radiographic films for defects detection. For this, the industries, the quality control part should check the
adaptive method of smoothing plus thresholding has
been applied first. This is followed by a components, quality, quantity and many other
morphological operation to remove small objects, and parameters which are important for the quality of
then further smoothing has been used and finally by the product and effect efficiency of that.
applying a boundary detection method, the boundary
In addition, the other famous and vital part of
of the defects has been delineated. To validate the
software, the method was applied on several weld quality control is inspection that investigates if the
radiographic films which possess distinct defects. The product is ready to go on line or has some problems
system was able to detect all defects which were and should be repaired. In the welding field, like
visually confirmed by an expert.
many other industries, after operation by welder,
the weld inspector should inspect the work piece to
I. INTRODUCTION
see whether it has any defects such as crack,
II. METHODOLOGY
III. TYPES OF DEFECTS
A. Image acquisition In this paper from all different types of defects
In Figure 1 a section view of a weld between two in weld inspection, four major ones will be
captured from the cap (top) of the weld and by discussed which is seen in many troubled materials
developing the film, it will be available for the in industry. They are Burn Through, LOF, LOP and
interpreter. Slag.
For capturing the image of the weld, the camera
should be located above the specimen with
particular distance to emit the X-ray. Likewise, the A. Burn Through
raw-film should be placed behind the specimen and A Burn Through is a defect which is a localised
after the film processing; the final image will be collapse of the molten pool due to excessive
ready to interpret by inspector. penetration resulting in a hole in the weld run
(Figure 2). In this defect the edge of the root will
not be sharp and it is one sign to recognise it in the
radiographic film. In Figure 3 a film of Burn
Through is shown.
In this film (Figure 3) there are two separated
areas in the middle of the weld which the intensity
of them is less than other parts.
Fig. 6. Lack of Penetration (LOP)
A. Burn Through
As it has been shown in the first part of the
process as well as these images, it is possible to
achieve the best solution and reduce the time. In
the last image (c) the two cavities in the pipe are
marked by the red circles (Figure 20).
VI. Conclusion
Fig. 22. Lack of Fusion (LOF)
Taking everything into consideration, the aim
of this paper was to show that image processing has
been done for some radiographic films and the
related defects have been specified in each image
by this process. As it had been shown before, they
have been done by some prevalent operations in
image processing such as point processing,
filtering, image smoothing, edge detection,
segmentation (using thresholding), boundary
tracing, region labeling, and Morphology
operations. These functions lead us to write the
Fig. 23. Lack of Fusion (LOF)
program which takes the image as an input and
gives the defects and their details as an output.
D. Slag (Pudney, 1998)
A method has been developed to detect the
One of the major problems in film are the many defect in the weld. Using the radiographic images
different possible interpretations of each observer. for this digital image, several image processing
Each interpreter has their own idea and although algorithms were applied and the system has been
most of the time the interpretations are the same, validated by visual judgment. Finally the result is
some complex films interpreters have different very encouraging and shows the potential use of
thoughts. the system for more application in the field of weld
Moreover, manual interpreting takes a lot of inspection.
time. This means that a qualified interpreter should To sum up, by developing the technology in
watch the film carefully, recognise the defects and industries and considering that everything has been
write report of it. changing daily, we should find solutions for saving
time and keeping accuracy in each process. It is
obvious that the conclusion vision and image
processing can have a bright future in weld
inspection. In order to achieve this, digital image
processing is definitely one of the most critical
technologies for solving numerous problems that
human face with in reality.
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