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Integrated Pest
Management (IPM)

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IPM Required in IPM implementation:

• Use of a blend of component control • Knowledge on the spectrum of major pests
methods to minimize the damage caused by (insects, pathogens, weeds, vertebrates, and
the pest spectrum in a crop invertebrate) in a crop
• Ecological, social, and economic • Recognition of the pest or their damages or
considerations symptoms
• Biology and ecology of these pests
• Available control measures (effectiveness,
cost, effect on the environment)

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Threshold vs Injury Level

Control measures
• Economic threshold – density of a pest has • Preventive vs eradicative
reached a point in which a management • Physical, cultural, biological or chemical
intervention is economically justified methods

• Economic injury level – lowest population

density of a pest that will cause economic
damage

https://cropwatch.unl.edu/economic-injury-level-and-economic-threshold-ipm

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Control measures Control measures

• Physical methods – prevent pest access to
the host or area; physically removing the
pest
– E.g. bagging, barriers, weeding
• Cultural method – reduce the source of
inoculum or reduce the exposure of plants to
infection
– use of resistant varieties, good land preparation,
roguing, crop rotation, etc.

http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?

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Control measures Control measures

• Biological control– suppression of pest • Chemical control –
population by living organisms (natural
enemies)
– Predators, parasites, pathogens

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Control measures Control measures

• Glyphosate – broad spectrum systemic herbicide
• Absorbed through foliage and minimally through roots, and
transported to growing points
• Inhibits a plant enzyme involves in the synthesis of tyrosine,
tryptophan and phenylalanine
• Effective only on actively growing plants (post-emergence)

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/roundup-ready-crops/

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Seed treatment Downy Mildew in Corn

• Metalaxyl
• Fungicide (Pythium and Phytophthora)

• Crazy top
• Distortion and stunting of the plant
• Soilborne fungus

http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/roundup-ready-crops/ Source: PhilRice

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Rice black bug

Rice black bug

Scotinophara coarctata (Fabricius)

Symptoms of ‘bug burn’

Whiteheads

Source: PhilRice Source: PhilRice

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Rice Stem Borer Significant yield loss

Crop Stage Threshold level
Stem Borer Nursery/seedbed ≥ 5 egg-masses/m 2
Early tillering ≥ 30% deadheart
Mid to max tillering (EPI) ≥ 1 egg-mass/m 2
Flowering to maturity ≥ 20% whitehead

Rice stem borer

www.lsuagcenter.com http://www.crida.in/naip/comp4/stem.html

Pics from http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org Source: PhilRice

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Common Weeds
Golden Apple Snail
Significant yield loss in rice when: • Significant yield loss
≥ 10% of the area has weeds at 15 and/or
30 DAT or DAS ≥ 10% of the area has missing or snail-damaged
hills at 14 DAT or DAS

Source: PhilRice Source: PhilRice

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Field Rats Field Rats

• Significant yield loss when:
• average of 6 pups/litter ≥ 5% of the
• attain sexual maturity at very early ages area has
damaged
tillers from
maximum
tillering
to maturity

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Source: PhilRice Source: PhilRice

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