UNIT: IV

SUBJECT: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING II

HUMAN
MIGRATION
(SEMINAR)

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Dr.Mrs.S.Malathi PhD (N) A.Prabhakaran

Professor I year M.sc ( N)

VMACON VMACON

Salem Salem.

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE

NO

1 INTRODUCTION 3

2 DEFINITION 3

3 TYPES OF MIGRATION 3

4 LAWS OF MIGRATION 4

5 MODELS OF MIGRATION 5

6 CAUSES OF MIGRATION 5

7 PUSH AND PULL FACTOR 6

8 EFFECTS OF MIGRATION 7

9 MIGRATION IN INDIA 8

10 CONCLUSION 9

11 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9

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 HUMAN MIGRATION

INTRODUCTION

Industrialization encouraged migration where ever it appeared.

The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market. Target

regions with currently high immigration rates are North America,

Australia, Europe and the Russian federation. People who migrate are

called migrants or more specifically emigrants, immigrants or settlers,

depending on historical settling, circumstances and perspectives.

Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labor migration,

refuge migrations and urbanizations

DEFINITION

Human migration refers any movements by humans from one

place to another place, sometimes over long distances or in large

groups.

TYPES OF MIGRATIONS

Cyclic movement

Periodic movement

Migratory movement

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 Cyclic movement

It which involves commuting and a seasonal movement and

nomadism.

Periodic movement

It which consists of migrant labor, military service and

pastoral farming transhumance.

Migratory movement

That moves from the eastern part of the U.S. to the western

part.

RAVENSTEIN’S “LAWS OF MIGRATION”

Certain laws of social science have been proposed to describe

human migration. The following was a standard list after ravenstein’s

proposals during the time frame of 1834 to 1913. The laws are follows:

- Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration

- The majority of migrants move a short distance

- Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city

destinations

- Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas

- Families are less likely to make international moves than young

than young adults

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OTHER MIGRATION MODELS

- Migration occurs because individuals search for food, sex, and

security outside their usual habitation

- Zipf’s inverse distance law

- Gravity model of migration and the friction of distance

- Buffer theory

- Stouffer’s theory of intervening opportunities

- Lee’s, push-pull theory

- Zelinsky’s mobility transition model

- Bauder’s regulation of labor markets

CAUSES OF MIGRATION

In general it can be divided the factors causing migrations into two

groups of factors. Push and pull factors. In general

- Push factors are economic, political, cultural and environmentally

based

- Pull factors are economic, political, cultural and environmentally

based

- Barriers / obstacles

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PUSH AND PULL FACTORS

Push and pull factors are those factors which either forcefully push

into migration of attract them. a push factor is forceful and a factor which

relates to the country from which a person migrates. It is generally some

problem which results in people wanting to migrate. A pull factor is

something concerning the country to which a person migrates. It is

generally a benefit that attracts people to certain place. push and pull

factors are usually considered as north and south poles on a magnet.

PUSH FACTORS PULL FACTORS

 Not enough jobs  Job opportunities

 Few opportunities  Better living conditions

 “primitive” conditions  Political and religious

 Desertification freedom

 Famine/drought  Enjoyment

 Political fear/ persecution  Education

 Poor medical care  Better medical care

 Loss or wealth  Security

 Natural disasters  Family links

 Death threats  Industry

 Slavery  Better chances of finding

 Pollution courtship

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  Poor housing

 Land lords

 Poor changes of finding

courtship

 Bullying

EFFECTS OF MIGRATION

Migration like any other process shapes many fields of life, having

both advantages and disadvantages.

 Changes in population distribution.

 Demographic consequences: since migration is selective of

particular age groups, migrants are mostly young and in productive

age. It can cause a demographic crisis. Population ageing what in

turn can be followed by economic problems

 Economic results which are of the greatest importance for the

development of the countries.

 Decreases in global poverty

 Migration had a significant effect on world geography

 It has contributed to the evolution and development of separate

countries

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  It has contributed to the diffusion of cultures by interchange and

communication

 It has contributed to the complex mix of people and cultures found

in different regions of the world today

MIGRATION IN INDIA

An estimate based on industry sectors mainly employing migrants

suggests that these are around 100 million circular migrants in India.

Caste, social networks and historical precedents play a powerful role in

shaping patterns of migration. Migration for the poor is mainly circular,

as despite moving temporarily to urban areas, they lack the social

security which might keep them there more permanently. They are also

keen to maintain a foothold in home areas during the agricultural

season.

Research by the overseas development institute identifies a rapid

movement of labor from slower to faster growing parts of the economy.

Migrants can often find themselves excluded by urban housing policies

and migrant support initiatives are needed to give workers improved

access to market information, certification of identify, housing and

education.

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CONCLUSION

Migration causes globalization at the same time it has effect

negatively and positively on human health. It should be balanced to

avoid complication.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Park.k “text book of preventive and social medicine” 21 editions

(2012) banarsidas bhanot publishers Jabalpur. Page no 856-893

 Swarnakar’s community health nursing 3rd edition 2011 n.r.

brothers publication indore page no 755 -786

 Kishore .J national health program of india ;- national policies and

legislation to health , 7th edition (2010), new delhi page no- 343 to

356