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LS-DYNA FOR BEGINNERS

Qasim H. Shah
Hasan M. Abid
>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^


ϭ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

Disclaimer
The information contained in this book has been obtained from personal experience with the
software. The information provided may not be correct, complete or accurate. The authors do
not take any responsibility for any losses resulting from using this information.

Qasim H. Shah

Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia
Jalan Gombak
Kuala Lumpur 50728
Malaysia.
Email: hqasim@iium.edu.my
http://staff.iium.edu.my/hqasim/

March 22, 2012

Ϯ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

Table of Contents
LS-DYNA FOR BEGINNERS ................................................................................................................ 0
Disclaimer .............................................................................................................................................. 2
Preface ................................................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER 1.......................................................................................................................................... 11
Introduction͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭ
Units͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭ
LS PREPOST Versions͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘ϭϭ
ELEMENTS AND FEA MODEL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮ
MATERIAL MODELS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮ
LSPREPOST PAGES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯ
K FILE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯ
COMMON KEYWORDS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘ϭϰ
Termination time͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
Contact͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
d3plot͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
MAT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
PART͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
Section͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
RIGIDWALL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
BOUNDARY͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
DEFINE_CURVE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰ
ROTATING A MODEL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϰ
ZOOM IN ZOOM OUT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϱ
LSDYNA & LSPREPOST INTERNET FORUMS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϱ
LSDYNA HELP SITES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘ϭϱ
CHAPTER 2.......................................................................................................................................... 16
IMPACT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲ
MODEL MESHING͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϲ
MATERIAL MODELS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϴ
SECTION PROPERTIES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϵ
PART͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϵ
PROJECTILE VELOCITY͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϮϬ
ϯ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

CONTACT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϬ
FIXING EDGES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϮϬ
END TIME͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭ
SHELL THICKNESS VARIATION CALCULATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭ
GRAPHIC OUTPUT FILES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϭ
SAVE THE K FILE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭ
LS-DYNA SOLVER͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϭ
POST PROCESSING THE RESULTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϭ
CHAPTER 3.......................................................................................................................................... 23
ROTATING TARGET͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϯ
POST PROCESSING͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϳ
CHAPTER 4.......................................................................................................................................... 29
FRICTION TO HEAT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘Ϯϵ
*DEFINE_CURVE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϯϰ
CHAPTER 5.......................................................................................................................................... 38
RUBBER MODELING͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘ϯϴ
CHAPTER 6.......................................................................................................................................... 43
TIE BREAK͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϯ
DEFINING MATERIALS AND SECTIONS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϰ
CREATING NODE SETS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϰ
APPLY DISPLACEMENT ONE EDGE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϱ
TO CONSTRAIN THE OTHER EDGE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϱ
CONSTRAINED_TIE_BREAK͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϱ
RESULT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϲ
Note͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϰϲ
CHAPTER 7.......................................................................................................................................... 47
LEAD PROJECTILE DEFORMATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϳ
CHAPTER 8.......................................................................................................................................... 50
INTERNAL PRESSURE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘ϱϬ
MATERIAL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϮ
CONSTRAINTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϮ
Note͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϯ
APPLY PRESSURE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϯ
ϰ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

RESULTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϰ
CHAPTER 9.......................................................................................................................................... 56
METAL CUTTING USING SPH͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϱϲ
OVERVIEW͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϲ
BUILDING THE SPH MODEL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϱϳ
PARTCILE FILLING IN A SHELL BOX͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϱϳ
CONTACT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϱϵ
TOOL TRAVERSING͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲϬ
SPH SPECIFIC͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲϭ
RESULTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϲϭ
CHAPTER 10........................................................................................................................................ 62
VIBRATION ANALYSIS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘ϲϮ
CHAPTER 11........................................................................................................................................ 65
IMPACT ON CONCRETE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϱ
CHAPTER 12........................................................................................................................................ 67
SLOSHING SIMULATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϳ
Water and Air Modeling͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘ϲϴ
Node Merging͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϮ
Tank Shell Elements͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϳϰ
Part-Set Node-Set of Water and Air͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳϵ
Node-Set for Tank Velocity and Constrain͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϮ
Material selection *MAT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘ϴϰ
Water & Void Material͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘ϴϰ
Tank Material of Polycarbonate͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϱ
Section type selection “*SECTION”͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϲ
Water & Void/Air (*SECTION_SOLID_ALE)͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϲ
Tank (*SECTION_SHELL)͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϲ
*EOS_GRUNEISEN͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϳ
*HOURGLASS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϳ
*PART͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϴ
*DEFINE_CURVE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϴϵ
* INITIAL_VOID_PART͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘ϵϬ
*INITIAL_VELOCITY͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϭ
ϱ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

*LOAD_BODY_Y͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϭ
Identifying Reference Nodes for ALE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϮ
Identifying the three reference nodes͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϯ
*ALE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϰ
*ALE_REFERENCE_SYSTEM_NODE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϰ
*ALE_REFERNCE_SYSTEM_GROUP͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϰ
*BOUNDARY_PRESCRIBED_MOTION_SET͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϱ
*BOUNDARY_SPC_SET͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϱ
*CONSTARINED_LAGRAGE_IN_SOLID͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϲ
*CONTROL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϳ
*CONTROL_ALE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϳ
*CONTROL_ENERGY͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϳ
*CONTROL_TERMINATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϳ
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϴ
*DATABASE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϵϴ
*DATABASE_OPTION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϴ
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϵϵ
*DATABASE_BINARY_FSIFOR͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬϬ
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬϬ
*DATABASE_FSI͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϬ
Result͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϮ
CHAPTER 13...................................................................................................................................... 103
EFFECT OF EXPLOSION ON A CONCRETE WALL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϯ
GENERATING PARTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘ϭϬϰ
SECTION PROPERTIES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬϱ
MATERIAL PROPERTIES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬϱ
EQUATIONS OF STATE (EOS)͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬϲ
ALE CARDS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϲ
PART SETS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϳ
CONSTRAINED_LAGRANGE_IN_SOLID͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϴ
INITIAL_DETONATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬϵ
TIME STEP SIZE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϬϵ

ϲ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

RESULTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϬ
CHAPTER 14...................................................................................................................................... 111
LSPREPOST & LSDYNA TIPS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϭ
*Interface_Springback_Lsdyna͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϭ
How to view node and element numbers?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϭ
SPH Appearance͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϭ
SPH PART GENERATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϭ
Refining Mesh͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϮ
Increasing memory in SPH analysis͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϮ
SPH particles pass through shell or solid elements͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϮ
Filling SPH particles as a liquid in a tilted container͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϮ
Element failure criteria͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘ϭϭϯ
2D Analysis͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϯ
*Contact_Tiebreak_Surface_to_Surface͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϯ
SPH to model foam͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϯ
Applying Pressure on liquid surface͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϯ
Generating a new part from a portion of an existing part͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϰ
OUT OF RANGE VELOCITY IN ALE SIMULATION͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϱ
HOW TO DISPLAY ELASTIC STRAIN VALUES?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϱ
WHEN EOS IS REQUIRED?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϱ
*MAT_ADD_EROSION USAGE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϱ
HOW TO USE MAT_084?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϲ
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϲ
HEB AND AIR MODELING͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϳ
COMBATTING INSTABILITY IN ALE͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϳ
USING *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3 (MAT_072 R3)͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϳ
USING *CONSTRAINED_NODAL_RIGID_BODY͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϴ
USING ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO MATERIAL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϴ
HOW TO DISPLAY STRAIN IN VECTOR FORM?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϴ
NECESSARY INPUT TO EXTRACT VIBRATION MODES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϭϵ
HOLE FILL WITH SHELL ELEMENTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϭϵ
IN POST PROCESSING WHAT DOES PRESSURE MEAN?͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϬ

ϳ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

NOTE ON JOHNSON COOK MATERIAL MODEL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϬ
PATH PLOT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϭ
HOW TO ERASE ELEMENTS BUT KEEP THE SURFACES TO REMESH AGAIN͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϭ
FULLY INTEGRATED SHELL ELEMENTS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϮ
FILE GLSTAT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϮ
FILE MATSUM͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϮ
VIEWING CONTACT FRICTIONAL ENERGY[*]͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϮ
HOW TO CONNECT SPH PART TO SOLID ELEMENT PART͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϯ
CHAPTER 15...................................................................................................................................... 125
USAGE of LOAD BLAST ENHANCED͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϱ
MATERIAL PROPERTIES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϱ
SECTION PROPERTIES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϲ
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϲ
TERMINATION TIME & TIME STEP͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϲ
*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϲ
*LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϲ
UN-REFERENCED CURVES͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϳ
DATABASE_BINARY_BLSTFOR͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮϳ
PARTIAL INPUT͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϳ
CHAPTER 16...................................................................................................................................... 129
Spot Weld͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϵ
^ƉŽƚtĞůĚĚĂƚĂ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϮϵ
CHAPTER 17...................................................................................................................................... 132
LS-DYNA MATERIAL MODELS ........................................................................................................ 132
MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE (*MAT_005)͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϮ
MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN (*MAT_008) C4͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϮ
EOS_JWL͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϯ
DdͺDK/&/ͺW/t/^ͺ>/EZͺW>^d//dz;ΎDdͺϭϮϯͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϯ
Ddͺ:K,E^KEͺKK<;ΎDdͺϬϭϱͿWK>zZKEd͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϯ
Ddͺ:K,E^KEͺKK<;ΎDdͺϬϭϱͿ&KZKWWZ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϰ
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϱ
CHAPTER 18...................................................................................................................................... 136
INITIAL VOLUME FRACTION ........................................................................................................... 137
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džĂŵƉůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϯϳ
KƵƚƉƵƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ϭϰϮ
References......................................................................................................................................... 144

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Preface
This book is the updated edition of previous publication ( “From Ls-Prepost to Ls-Dyna”
published by LAP Lambert Publishers in July 2011). LS DYNA is one of the most popular
explicit finite element based hydro-codes used to simulate structural response when the
structures are subjected to dynamic loads. The software is used in the industry for design and
prediction of structural response of varying nature structures ranging from automobiles to
aircraft components when subjected to crash and impact loads. LS DYNA is also very popular
with academia where researchers in engineering field solve complicated problems using this
code. LS DYNA has been developed by Livermore Software Technology Corporation (LSTC).
The software manuals are available from the LSTC website free of charge. Because of the
large size of the program the Keyword User’s manual that explains the LS DYNA commands
in detail spans over 2400 pages of text. Software commands are written in a certain format
that has to be followed to create an input file. Among other support software LSTC also
provides LS-PREPOST software that is very user friendly software to create LS DYNA input
file and produce the simulation results in graphic and text format. A successful user is
supposed to integrate LS DYNA Keyword manual commands with LS-PREPOST. There are
many websites that explain the usage of this software with the help of examples and FAQs
yet the beginners feel they require more user friendly instructions to acquaint themselves with
LS DYNA. The present effort is a step in this direction to familiarize the beginners with the
software. Each chapter of this book contains an example problem explained step by step so
that the user can easily achieve an insight into the software. Each chapter can be pursued
independently but the Introduction chapter at the start of the book (Chapter 1) and tips
chapter (Chapter 14) consists of common knowledge regarding LS PREPOST and LS DYNA
that should be read before attempting any of the examples.

LS-PREPOST usage has been detailed in every chapter because the user is supposed to
prepare LS DYNA input files using LS-PREPOST although one can type commands in a text
editor. It is hoped that this book would come as a handy manual to help the beginners in the
usage of LS-PREPOST and LS-DYNA.

The input files for all the example problems solved in this book are available on the author’s
website: http://staff.iium.edu.my/hqasim/?LS-DYNA_INPUT_FILES at International Islamic
University Malaysia.

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CHAPTER 1

Introduction
In this chapter many important points are explained that must be read before solving any of
the examples in the forthcoming chapters. This is to be emphasized that LS DYNA is a
computer program where the user is supposed to use LS DYNA ‘solver’ to perform
calculations, all the input and output however is handled by LS-PREPOST. Therefore an
expert knowledge of LS-PREPOST is crucial in learning the software. The user first of all
must understand what sort of simulation is to be performed and how does it match with the
physical problem. There are at times many different routes that can be pursued to solve the
same problem. Most of the LS DYNA commands listed in ‘Keyword user manual’ can be
found in the LS PREPOST though there might be exceptions at times for certain commands
that have newly been implemented in LS DYNA. Sometimes the commands available in LS
PREPOST and in LS DYNA might not be available in the LS DYNA solver because for
example a certain ‘material model’ might belong to a third party except whose permission that
part of the program might not be accessible.

Units
In this book a particular set of units would be followed therefore the users are encouraged to
refer to section “Getting Started” in the Keyword manual [1] if they wish to use other units.
The units used in this book are;

kN, GPa, kg, mm, milliseconds.

LS PREPOST Versions
LS PREPOST is a free software and is available for download from http://www.lstc.com/lspp/.
Instruction manuals are also available at this site though tutorials are available for an older
version (Ver. 2.4). At present there are two existing versions for windows systems. Ver. 2.4
and 3.1. Ver. 2.4 is old version while Ver. 3.1 is current version of the software. New builds of
these two versions are made available on weekly and sometimes on daily basis on bug
reports by users. In Ver. 3.1 the Ver. 2.4 can be accessed by pressing F11 key on the
keyboard. The author is more familiar with Ver. 2.4 and finds it very helpful but Ver. 3.1 has
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enhanced capabilities
s to build an FEA mod
del in it. A screen sho
ot is shown
n in Fig. 1 for Ver.
2
2.4., e the commands used could be id
where dentified byy blue highlighted colorr.

F
Fig.1. Page 3 of LS-PR
REPOST

ELEMENTS AND FEA

A MODEL
A
Among any types of elements the most common
ma c ele
ements ava
ailable in LS
S DYNA arre solid,
s
shell, beam
m, and ma
ass elemen
nts. Depen
nding upon the usage the ‘secction’ differe
entiates
between the
t elements selected. For example
e u
under Secttion_Shell there are
e many
f
formulation
ns available to be chosen.
c Siimilarly Se
ection_Solid
d provides various element
e
f
formulation
ns for a solid
d element.

Model geometry can be importe

ed into LS PREPOST
T from CAD
D software as IGES files and
t
then meshe
ed into app
propriate ele
ements. File
es from oth
her FE softw
ware like NASTRAN can
c also
be imported
d. FE mode
els could be
e built direcctly within LS
L PREPOS
ST although complex models
pose difficu
ulties and in
nstead sho
ould be imported. Prim
mitives like Solid
S Box, Shell Cylinder etc.
could be meshed
m using LS PRE
EPOST. Ve
er. 3.1 facilitates build
ding model geometry and FE
models effe
ectively.

MATERIAL
L MODELS
S
T
There are more than 255 materrial models available in LSDYNA
A. These material mod
dels are
on constituttive equatio
based upo ons and th
he ability to
o select th
he most ap
ppropriate material
m
model for a problem at
a hand is very
v importtant. Many material models can pose
p difficu
ulties as

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their input parameters might not be easily available to the user. Some models do not have the
explanation for their input parameters written in the software manuals instead the spaces are
left blank. Same material may behave differently when subjected to varying strain rates
therefore even if one set of input parameters are available one should make sure that those
parameters were suitable under the given strain rates and other boundary conditions. From
the author’s experience selection of material input parameters is the most difficult task in
performing LSDYNA simulations. A beginner can start with simple material model examples
and slowly learn more complex material models at a suitable pace. A thorough explanation on
many aspects of LSDYNA could be found on the internet [2] including some material models.
To start with a beginner is encouraged to use the material models available at the following
website [3]. Material selector for LSDYNA is a very informative and helpful browser available
at http://app.d3view.com/d3mat/index.

LSPREPOST PAGES
As shown in Fig.1 LSPREPOST Ver. 2.4 interface consists of page 1 through 7 and D page.
Page 1 is used to see the simulation results. Page 2 and 3 are to build the FEA model. Here
page 3 carries most of the required keywords (commands) in most of the input files. A
description of all the pages and commands could e found at LSTC site [4]. Tutorials are also
available on this site.

K FILE
LSDYNA standard input file extensions are ‘.k’ or ‘.dyn’. LSPREPOST automatically writes the
input files with extension ‘.k’. K files are text files and can be opened in any text editor.
Microsoft Wordpad is a suitable text editor for k files but UltraEdit is considered a luxury. K
files can have commands in any sequence. Once the file is generated using LSPREPOST the
user need not worry about the file format. It is possible to type commands in a text editor as
mentioned before though the process may be cumbersome. In certain cases one may be
required to type some brief information using a text editor when copying information between
multiple files. A large K file can be truncated into small pieces and these could be called using
the keyword *include. All small files can have extension ‘.k’.

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COMMON KEYWORDS
Termination time This is the time required to complete the calculation. It is required keyword
in a K file so that LSDYNA knows when to stop. It is included using *Control_Termination. A
value is assigned to ‘ENDTIM’ under *Control_Termination card.

Contact This command defines the contact between different parts in a simulation. There are
many types of contacts available. Contact could be defined between various parts or as self
contact when a part deforms enough to come into contact with itself.

d3plot Graphic output files (binary files) are named d3plot…. Depending upon the size of
simulation there maybe multiple d3plot files output starting with d3plot, d3plot01, d3plot02, etc.
This file is generated using *Database_Binary_d3plot keyword. The time interval between
plots can be controlled by inputting an appropriate value for ‘dt’.

MAT Clicking this Tab on page 3 would open a list of all material models available.

PART Each part essentially consists of material and section properties besides other
parameters like EOSID, HGID, etc.

Section: Under this keyword a shell, solid, beam, mass, etc are defined. A thin structure
would normally consist of shell elements. Shell thickness, number of integration points, and
the element formulations are defined here. Depending upon the element formulations one
may decide how the element will respond to external loads. Section Solid or Section Beam
defines solid element and beam element parameters. Section SPH defines the particle
elements.

RIGIDWALL: Various types of rigid walls can be defined that do not deform under loads.

BOUNDARY: A large number of boundary conditions can be defined using this keyword.
Constraints on nodes or parts are defined. Moreover translating/rotating parts are also
defined.

DEFINE_CURVE Although keyword ‘define’ can define parameters, define curve is the most
commonly used command to define curves like time versus velocity/displacement etc.

ROTATING A MODEL Rotating a model on screen is done by left mouse button while
keeping SHIFT key pressed down.
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ZOOM IN ZOOM OUT Use right mouse button to zoom in and zoom out while keeping SHIFT
key pressed down.

LSDYNA & LSPREPOST INTERNET FORUMS

There is an LSDYNA forum as Yahoo LSDYNA group. Users with Yahoo account can
become member for LSDYNA Yahoo group where they can share information regarding the
software usage with other people. There is also a group for LSPREPOST for people with
Google account where questions and answers are entertained regarding the usage of
LSPREPOST. Input files and tips are uploaded on both of the above mentioned two groups
by users on daily basis.

LSDYNA HELP SITES

http://www.cadfem.de/en.html

http://www.lsdyna.eu/index.php?id=706
http://www.dynalook.com/
http://www.dynasupport.com/

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CHAPTER 2

IMPACT

Fig. 2.1

In this chapter a step by step example would be solved to simulate a projectile impact on a
plate using LSPREPOST and LSDYNA. Start the LSPREPOST and toggle F11 key on the
keyboard so that the menu like the one shown in Fig.2.1 is displayed. Click on page 6>mesh>

MODEL MESHING
In the Entity select box select 4N-Shell. Click on P1 and insert coordinates for point 1 as x,y,z
(0.0, 0.0, 0.0) and click ‘done’. Now click P2 and insert coordinates for point 2 as (100.0, 0.0,
0.0) and click ‘done’. Insert for point 3 and 4 the coordinates as follows;

3( 100.0, 50.0, 0.0), 4(0.0, 50.0, 0.0). Next insert 100 and 50 in the fields NxNo and NyNo
respectively and click on ‘Create’ and ‘Accept’ buttons. Using Shift + right mouse button
reduce the model size to fit in the window. This has resulted in a plate of 100X50 mm meshed
with 100 elements in x and 50 elements in y direction and is shown in Fig.2.2.

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Fig. 2.2 Me
eshing plate
e model

W would next model a cylindriccal projectille in front of

We o the plate at a small distance frrom the
plate. Fill the Cylinder_Solid win
ndow as sh
hown in Fig
g.2.3. Here the cylinde
er radius = 6 mm,
2 mm, num
length = 12 mber of elem
ments in ciircumferenttial direction are = 16
6 and in the
e length
d
direction th
here are 12 elements. The cylinde
er center iss located at x = 50 mm
m , y = 25 mm,
m and
a the cylinder length
z = 5 mm, and h is parallell to z direction (dirz = 1).

Fig. 2.3 Input parameters for a solid cylin

nder

T model would look

The k like the one displaye
ed in Fig.2..4. Let us pause
p and see what we
w have
d
done until this
t point. We
W have meshed
m a re
ectangular plate
p and created
c a cyylindrical prrojectile
in front of it. We would need to now
n define the materials and secction prope
erties for the
ese two
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parts. We would
w also constraint the extrem
me edges of
o the plate
e and define
e a velocityy of the
projectile. As
A the proje
ectile is goiing to impa
act the plate
e, the conta
act between
n them hass also to
be defined..

Fig. 2.4 Pla

ate and Pro
ojectile Messh: Isometriic view.

MATERIAL
L MODELS
S
First of all let us defin
ne the matterial prope d the projectile. Click the top
erties for the plate and
n ‘*MAT’ on
right button n page 3 of LSPREPO
OST. Chang
ge the field ‘Sort’ to ‘tyype’ and ‘M
Model’ to
‘All’. A ma
aterial mode
el list will be displaye
ed. Click on
o ‘003-Pla
astic_kinem
matic’ and ‘Edit’. A
w
window as shown in Fig.
F 2.5 will be displaye
ed. Click ‘A
Add’ and fill in the field
ds as shown
n in Fig.
2 and clicck ‘accept’ and
2.5 a ‘done’.

Now repea
at the above
e procedure
e to select second ma
aterial for ‘0
020-Rigid’ and
a fill in th
he fields
as shown in
n Fig. 2.6.

Fig. 2.5
5 Plate Mate
erial

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Fig. 2.6 Projectile

P Material

T material propertie
The es in Fig. 2.5 are for material
m 1 arre as follow
ws;

2 kg/mm3 (2700 kg/m

Density = 2.7 m3), Elasticc Modulus = 70 GPa, Poisson’s Ratio
R = 0.34, Yield
Strength = 0.267 GPa
a (267 MPa), Tangen
nt Modulus = 0.32GPa
a (320 MPa), and the
e failure
s
strain = 0.2
28 (28%).

T Rigid material
The m mo
odel parameters are shown
s in Fig
g. 2.6. Thiss is conside
ered to be material
m
2 in this mo
odel.

SECTION PROPERT
P IES
Click ‘*secction’ and th
he ‘shell’ on
n page 3>Edit
Click ‘Add’ and insert parameterss as shown
n in Fig. 2.7

Fig. 2.7
7 Section_S
Shell

In this figure Shell thickness = 0.4 mm, Shear

S factorr = 0.833 (this
( value is used to control
hourglass modes), No.
N of Inte
egration po
oints throu
ugh the th
hickness = 5, and element
e
f
formulation
n 2 (Belytsc
chko-Tsay fo
ormulation)) has been used.

Now repea
at the prece
eding proce
edure for ‘ssection_solid’. Click ‘A
Add’ , ‘acce
ept’, and ‘d
done’ At
t
this stage no
n input forr this card iss required.

PART
Now click ‘PART’ from
m page 3 and
a click ‘Ed
dit’. In the window
w asssign materiial 1 and se
ection 1
t PART 1 and materrial 2 and section
to s 2 to
o PART 2. Click ‘acce
ept’, and ‘do
one’. At thiis stage
both parts have
h been assigned with
w their respective material and section pro
operties.

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PROJECTIILE VELOC
CITY
Click ‘*Initia
al_Velocity_
_Generatio
on’ on page
e 3 and inse
ert values as
a shown in
n Fig. 2.8. ‘S
STYP =
2 means this velocity
2’ y is assigne
ed to a PART while NSID/PID
N = 2 means PART 2 ha
as been
assigned velocity.
v Pa
art 2 movess in negativve z directtion. Click ‘accept’ an
nd ‘done’ as
a usual
here.

Fig.. 2.8 Assign

ning projecttile velocityy

CONTACT
T
A
After cruising for a sho
ort time the nto contact with the ta
e projectile will come in arget plate. To let it
happen clicck ‘*contac
ct’ on page
e 3 and the
en ‘automa
atic_surface
e_to_surfacce’ from the
e list of
contacts. Fill
F up the window
w fields as shown
n in Fig. 2.9
9.

Fig. 2.9 Conta

act between
n two parts.

SSID 2 is an abbreviation for Slave

S set ID
D and MSIID stands for
f Master set ID. He
ere Part
2(projectile
e) is a slave
e and Part 1(plate)
1 is a master in LS DYNA terminolog
gy. SSTYP = 3 and
MSTYP = 3 says thatt slave and master are
e both partts. Drop down menu gives
g details about
o
other possiible choices
s.

FIXING ED
DGES
W would now constrrain the two
We o vertical edges of the
e plate. Firsst click ‘SettD’ on page
e 5 and
t
then ‘create
e’. Now che
eck radio button
b ‘Area
a’ from the south-westt of the scre
een and ma
ake two
boxes arou
und both ed
dges so tha
at all the ve
ertical edge
e nodes are
e selected. Then clickk ‘Apply’
and ‘Done’. By doing this nodes on both ve
ertical edge
es have bee
en selected
d and a nod
de set 1
has been generated.
g
Next click ‘Boundary’’ from page 3 and se
elect ‘SPC
C-SET’ ‘Editt’ and in th
he window
w that is
d
displayed c
click on ‘Ad
dd’ then sellect NSID as
a 1 and re
eplace 0 witth 1 in DOF
FX, DOFY, DOFZ,
DOFRX, DOFRY, DO
OFRZ. That constrains node set 1(vertical ed
dge nodes on
o plate) in
n 6 DOF.

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END TIME
Click ‘*Control_Termination’ ‘Edit’ and insert 0.5 in ENDTIM field. This means that the
calculations would be done until 0.5 milliseconds.

SHELL THICKNESS VARIATION CALCULATION

To calculate the plate thickness variation and being able to display this information in the
output another control card is required. Click ‘*Control_Shell’ and insert 1 in ISTUPD field.
Click ‘accept’ and ‘done’.

GRAPHIC OUTPUT FILES

To obtain the graphic results click ‘*Dbase’ and then ‘BINARY_D3PLOT’ and insert 0.01
under ‘dt’ field. Click ‘accept’, and ‘done’. This will generate plot files every 0.01 milliseconds.

SAVE THE K FILE

At this stage the input file should be saved with an extension as ‘.k’.

LS-DYNA SOLVER
Start LS-DYNA solver and execute the input file. This will generate d3hsp, d3plot, and some
other files depending upon the parameters selected in the input file. On windows based
computers the environments differs slightly depending on the interface being used. Linux
systems use a script file to run LS DYNA jobs.

POST PROCESSING THE RESULTS

The results from the LSDYNA simulations can be viewed in LSPREPOST. Output is available
through page 1 of LSPREPOST. The results consist of structural deformations, strains,
stresses, forces, reactions, nodal and element histories, pressures, temperatures and a lot of
other information. Page 1 is shown in Fig. 2.10. Most of the information can be accessed
through ‘Fcomp’ button.

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F 2.10 Pa
Fig. age 1 LSPR
REPOST

V
Von-Mises stresses are
a displaye
ed in Fig. 2.11
2 after the
t projectile passes through the
e target
plate in ourr impact exa
ample.

Fig. 2.11 Von-Misess Stresses in the targe

et plate at 0.06 millisecconds.

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CHAPTER 3

ROTATING TARGET

Fig. 3.1

At times a target plate might be in motion. In this chapter an example would be solved where
a circular deformable plate is rotating about its central axis and is struck by a rigid spherical
projectile near its periphery normal to the plane of the plate. To model a circular plate toggle
F11 button on the keyboard to display the LSPREPOST ver 3.1 interface as shown in Fig. 3.2.
First click on ‘element and mesh’ icon as shown by arrow 1 and then click ‘shape mesher’
icon as shown by arrow 2. Shape mesher window will be displayed. Fill the fields as shown
and click ‘create’ and ‘accept’ buttons. A meshed plate is the result. Remember this needs
some experience to obtain a regular shape mesh like this.

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Fig. 3.2 Creating Circular plate

To create the projectile, repeat the above procedure for “Sphere_Solid” as shown in Fig. 3.3.
A sphere is generated in front of the circular plate. Now repeat the material selection for both
the plate and the spherical projectile as we have done in Chapter 2. Solid and Shell section
should be created with the same values. In this model circular plate has PART ID #1 and the
projectile is PART 2.

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Fig. 3.3 Creating Solid Sphere

Once the two material models and section properties have been decided the next step is to
assign these to the respective parts. Click PART on page 3, edit the parts one by one by
inserting ‘section’ and ‘material’ IDs into the PART fields. Now the parts information is
complete.

In this example we intend to rotate the circular target plate (PART#1) and impact it with the
sphere (PART#2). To rotate the plate let us assume that the plate is rotating at 5000 rpm
which is equal to 0.5235 radians per milliseconds. To achieve this first define a curve using
‘define’ on page 3 and then select ‘curve’ from the drop down list.

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Fig. 3.3 Define curve

e input.

In the ‘defin
ne curve’ ca
ard insert values
v unde
er A1 (absccissa) and O1
O (ordinate) as show
wn in Fig.
3.3. and sa
ave it. 5000 dinate field stands forr 5000 milliseconds. This
0 in the ord T card in
ndicates
t
that velocity remains
s constant for this duration.
d A the targ
As get plate iss assumed
d to be
d
deformable
e the rotate
e command
d is applied
d to its nod
des. From page 5 cre
eate a node
e set of
plate and save it. Now
N click ‘*Boundary’’ and then
n click ‘Pre
escribed_Motion_Set’. In the
resulting window as shown
s in Fiig. 3.4 slectt 1 under NSID.
N DOF stands for degree
d of freedom.
f
Select 9 which
w means the plate
e rotates in y-z plane (about x axxis). VAD input
i show
ws if it is
v
velocity, accceleration, or displaccement. In
n our exam
mple it is 0 (zero) wh
hich indicattes it is
v
velocity. A value of 1 under
u LCID
D stands forr load curve ad curve 1 is to be
e ID. Here 1 means loa
used. Afterr saving this
s card show
wn in Fig. 3.4
3 we wou
uld constraiin the innerr edge of th
he plate
in x directio
on (perpend
dicular to th
he plane of the plate).

Fig. 3.4 Bounday_Pr

B rescribed_M
Motion_Sett input.

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T create node
To n set off nodes at the inner edge
e of the plate go to
o page 5 and
a click on
n SetD>
Create> no
ode-Set. No
ow check ‘B
ByEdge’ an
nd ‘Prop’ bu
uttons and click on the
e inner edg
ge. This
w select all
will a nodes att the inner edge.
e Click ‘Apply’ and
d ‘Done’.

T apply a translation
To nal velocity to the proje
ectile click on ‘Initial’ > Velocity_
_Generation
n and in
t subseq
the quent windo
ow fill the ne
ecessary fie
elds as sho
own in Fig. 3.5.
3

Fig
g. 3.5 Initial Velocity generation
g

STYP = 2 stands
s for ‘P
PART’
NSID/PID = 2 means part # 2 (prrojectile)
V = 90.00
VX 0 means the
e projectile velocity in x direction (perpendiccular to plate plane).
Save this card.
c
W now se
We et the conta
act between
n the two parts
p using *CONTACT
T command
d on page 3. Click
*
*CONTACT
T and selec
ct ‘Automatic_Surface_
_to_Surface’. Follow Fig.
F 2.9 to complete
c th
he input.
Set the te
ermination time as 20
2 milliseco
onds unde
er EDNTIM
M from *Co
ontrol_Term
mination
command.
Insert 0.05
5 under ‘DT
T’ in d3plot card und
der *Dbase that show
ws that d3p
plot files wo
ould be
o
output everry 0.05 milliseconds.
Execute the
e LSDYNA and procee
ed for post processing
g session.

POST PRO
OCESSING
G
V
Von-Mises stress plott is shown in Fig. 3.6 after the projectile
p ha
as rebounded from the
e target
get plate is rotating. One
plate. Targ O obviouss applicatio
on is the biird strike on the aircra
aft axial
compresso
or blades.

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Fig. 3.6 Von-Mises stresses in the rotating plate after impact by projectile

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CHAPTER 4

FRICTION TO HEAT

Fig. 4.1 Disk brake with friction pads.

As two parts slide against each other their temperature rises due to friction. There are
numerous applications in engineering where friction results in heat generation. In this chapter
a simple example of this phenomenon would be presented with necessary details. The model
shown in Fig. 4.1 is rather complex for the beginners therefore a simple model would be
presented in this chapter.
A square static plate with a rotating cylindrical roller against the plate will be modeled. In this
example we will also generate two parts. To generate the square plate open the LS
PREPOST interface for ver 3.1. Click on the two icons in sequence shown by Fig. 3.2 and
input dimensions and mesh parameters as shown in Fig. 4.2 to generate a 4-N_SHELL also

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shown under the same figure. Next generate the second part which is a solid cylinder. Follow
Fig. 2.3 to create a solid cylinder of appropriate dimensions and mesh.

Fig. 4.2 Generating a meshed square plate.

Result should look like the isometric view in Fig. 4.3. Instead of modeling like in Fig. 4.1 we
would attempt to make a simple model like the one shown in Fig. 4.3.

Fig. 4.3 Part generation

The material properties for the plate (MID = 1) and the cylinder (MID = 2) are given in Fig. 4.4
for both the materials. MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC (MAT_003) is the material model used.
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Material #1 has material properties for an aluminum alloy and materrial #2 posssesses
properties for
f steel.

Fig. 4.4
4 Elastic Pla
astic Materiial model (**MAT_PLAS
STIC_KINE or the plate and
EMATIC) fo
c
cylinder.

For a probllem where we intend to convert friction ene

ergy into he
eat in LSDY
YNA simula
ation we
require to define
d another set of material
m pro
operties carrds as show
wn in Fig. 4.5.
4 Note th
hat even
t
though we have already provided
d material properties
p u
under mate
erial model 1 & 2 we sttill need
t define tw
to wo more material
m properties carrds to menttion the the
ermal prope
erties of the same
materials ID
Ds that is material
m #1 & #2

Fig. 4.5
4 MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC

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Now to define
d sec
ction prop
perties use
e the carrd ‘SECTION’ on page
p 3. First a
SECTION_
_SHELL and then SEC
CTION_SOLID for platte and cylin b defined. Section
nder must be
cards for plate and cy
ylinder are shown
s in Fig. 4.6. For details of the parametters in thesse cards
t user is referred to the latest LSDYNA
the L Ke
eyword use
er manual.

Fig. 4.6
4 Section cards to de
efine and sh
hell and solid structure
es.

Open ‘PAR
RT’ and ass
sign SECTIION#1 and MAT#1 to PART #1 (Plate) and
d SECTION
N#2 and
MAT#2 to PART#2
P (so
olid cylinde
er) respectivvely.
Next constrain the pla
ate edges using
u ‘*Bou
undary_SPC_SET’. Node set should be cre
eated to
d this as mentioned
do m earlier.
e
Next task is
i to assign
n angular velocity
v to the solid cylinder abo
out its axis (z-axis). Define
D a
curve as shown
s in Fig.
F 4.7 with the vallues shown
n in the te
ext below Fig. 4.7. Apply
A a
t
translation to (z directtion) the so
olid cylinderr so that it is forced against
a the plate follow
wing the
s
sequence i Fig. 4.8. The details of both curves
in c (for angular velocity and translation
t of solid
cylinder) arre shown in
n the text prrovided belo
ow Fig. 4.8.

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Fig. 4.7 Two

T comma
ands to apply angular velocity
v to the
t solid cyylinder.

Fig. 4.8
8 Two comm
mands to asssign transllation to the
e solid cylin
nder.

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>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

*DEFINE_CURVE
$# lcid sidr sfa sfo offa offo dattyp
1 0 1.000000 1.000000 0.000 0.000 0
$# a1 o1
0.000 2.0000000
10.0000000 2.0000000
*DEFINE_CURVE
$# lcid sidr sfa sfo offa offo dattyp
2 0 1.000000 1.000000 0.000 0.000 0
$# a1 o1
0.000 0.000
0.2000000 -0.5000000
0.3000000 -1.0000000
0.4000000 -1.5000000
0.5000000 -2.0000000
0.6000000 -2.5000000
0.7000000 -3.0000000
0.8000000 -3.5000000
0.9000000 -4.0000000
1.0000000 -4.5000000
1.1000000 -5.0000000
1.2000000 -5.5000000
1.3000000 -5.5000000
5.0000000 -5.5000000

To define the CONTACT between the solid cylinder and the plate click *CONTACT on page 3
using “CONTACT_AUTOMATIC_SURFACE_TO_SURFACE” and insert the necessary
parameters as shown in Fig. 4.9.

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Fig.
F 4.9 Carrd to define contact between part 2 and 1.

Next define
e initial tem
mperature off the structure at hand
d to a very small value
e as shown
n in Fig.
4
4.10.

Fig. 4.10 Defin

ne initial tem
mperature.

Other nece
essary com
mmands to be used in hown in Fig. 4.11. Th
n this anallysis are sh he user
s
should read
d about the
ese commands in deta
ail in the late
est LSDYNA
A Keyword user’s man
nual.

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Fig. 4.11 Other

O necesssary cards required fo
or the frictio
on to heat analysis.
a

A
After all the
e above co
ommands are
a impleme
ented in the
e k file the user may solve the problem
p
using LSDY
YNA solverr. One of the representative outpu
ut of tempe
erature profile is shown
n in Fig.
4
4.12.

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Fig. 4.12 Temperature profile of the plate and the cylinder.

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>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

CHAPTER 5

RUBBER MODELING

Fig. 5.1 Displacement iso-surfaces of a bouncing rubber block.

Having access to LSDYNA simulations could prove to be fun at times. Same are we going to
do in this chapter. You might remember playing with a rubber ball that bounces back and forth
until all its energy is dissipated. Here instead of thinking about its importance in engineering
we would like to see how rubber can bounce back from hard surfaces on impact and how it
deforms elastically until it settles down to its original shape and size. Let us model a solid box
made up of rubber as shown in Fig. 5.2. Click on icons 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 3.2 to make a
solid box as shown in Fig. 5.2. The box dimensions are 40 mm each in X, Y, and Z directions
with 10 elements divisions in each direction.

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Fig. 5.2
5 Rubber block 40 X 40 X 40 mm

T come up
To p with a hard surface we
w would use
u a comm
mand called
d “*RIGID_W
WALL_PLA
ANAR”
f
from input page
p 3 of LSPREPOS
L ST where it is shown as
a a button “*Rgdwal” with
w input
parameterss as in Fig. 5.3. To add
d this card after clickin
ng on the “**Rgdwal” bu
utton click Edit
E
and in the window
w clic
ck on “Add” button. The only values input are
e YT and YH
Y which sttand for
‘Y tail’ and ‘Y head’. This
T means wall faces upward tha
at is in Y dirrection or in
n other words the
w is mad
wall de below the
e solid box because solid box center is loca
ated at (0.0,, 0.0, 0.0) in
n this
case.

Fig. 5.3 Rigid wall input.

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T rigid wall
The w generated is shown in Fig. 5.4
4.

Fig. 5.4
5 Rigid wall
w below th
he solid boxx.

Next define
e the materrial properties for rubb
ber. At this stage
s *MAT
T_027 can be used ass shown
in Fig. 5.6
6. For the details of this materiial model the
t user can
c read under this material
m
d
description DYNA Keyw
in the LSD word manua
al. Further details can
n be obtaine
ed from search on
t internett.
the

Fig. 5.6 Rubber material model

m inputt.

ample only one PART

In this exa ed. The other entity is a rigid wall
T is require w that do
oes not
require ma
aterial prope
erties or se
ection prop
perties. Forr materials like rubberr it is advissable to
use hourglass in the PART card
d. The PAR
RT and the HOURGLA
ASS cards are shown
n in Fig.
5.7

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Fig. 5.7 The PART

T and HOUR
RGLASS ca
ards.

A large de
As eformations
s are expeccted after th
he rectangu
ular solid ru
ubber box comes
c into contact
w
with the rigid
r wall, defining the
t interiorr contact between solid
s box elements is also
recommend
ded as sho
own in Fig. 5.8. For this to happ
pen and pa
art set has to be used
d in the
CONTACT
T_INTERIOR
R card whicch includess only the PART #1.

Fig
g. 5.8 Conta
act interior for
f the elem
ments of rub
bber block.

T
The velocitty of the ru
ubber blockk is defined
d as shown in Fig. 5.9
9. Here ST
TYP = 2 sta
ands for
PART and NSID/PID indicates th
he part ID fo
or the part which
w is asssigned thiss velocity.

Fig. 5.9 Rubbe

er block movves in nega
ative Y direction at 30 mm / millissec velocity.

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Rest of the necessary commands to be added are the “Control_Termination” and “*Dbase”.
Once the k file is complete the k file can be run under LSDYNA.

Fig. 5.10 Shear stresses in the rubber block on impact.

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CHAPTER 6

TIE BREAK
In this chapter the separation of two shell parts by pulling them apart would be demonstrated
using a command “*Constrained_Tie_Break” on page 3 of LSPREPOST. The purpose is to be
able to predict the failure of joint between structures. The structure might have been glued
together by some means and upon application of force the two structures separate based
upon their plastic strain value. The structure is shown in Fig. 6.1 where two thin plates ( 1 mm
thickness ) of same material ( an aluminum alloy ) are bonded together and their initial shape
is shown in the figure. Top and bottom edges are pulled outward and after a certain plastic
strain is encountered in the plate material the plates start tearing apart.

In this model 4 node sets are constructed. Two node sets are the nodes located at the top
and bottom edge as shown in the figure. Two other node sets consist of the nodes of the
portion of two shell plates that are glued together. Among the nodes that are glued together
one set that belongs to one plate are called the slave nodes and the other plate nodes are
called master nodes.

Fig. 6.1 Two shell parts subjected to a tear apart based upon plastic failure strain.

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DEFINING MATERIA
ALS AND SECTIONS
Material an
nd section cards sho
ould be deffined as mentioned
m in earlier chapters.
c F your
For
reference the
t images
s of those 4 cards are
e presented in Fig. 6.2. The inp
put files forr all the
examples are
a availablle on the author’s
a web
bsite.

T materiial propertie
The es and the section pro
operties for both partss in this exxample are same ,
t
they should
d therefore be repeate
ed for both parts.
p

Fig. 6.2 Ma
aterial properties and section
s card input.

CREATING
G NODE SE
ETS
o node sets from the edges
Create two e of ea
ach part as shown in Fig.
F 1. As you
y remember that
t node sets are deffined using command “SetD” on page 5 of LSPREPOS
the ST. To gen
nerate a
node set fro
om one edg
ge follow th
he procedurre below.

Click “SetD
D” on page 5 > Create
e > Node_S
Set > By Ed
dge ( from the
t bottom of screen ) > prop
> 45 and th
hen click on the edge
e. All the ed
dge nodes would be highlighted.
h Click “App
ply” and
“Done” to complete
c the command
d.

T generatte the node

To e sets of the
e nodes tha
at are glued
d to each other
o from two
t parts th
he most
effective method
m is to
o select a single
s part using
u “SelP
Par” from page
p 1. When a single
e part is
d
displayed r
reorient it in
n such a wa
ay that the nodes requ
uired to makke a set co
ould be encllosed in
a rectangular box. Ne
ext Click “Se
etD” on pag
ge 5 > Crea
ate > Node
e Set > area
a ( this buttton is at
t bottom left of the screen
the s ). Make
M a box around the target nodes using mouse.
m Clickk “Apply”
and “Done”” to comple
ete the selecction.

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A
APPLY DIS
SPLACEMENT ONE EDGE
E
T move one
To o edge node set in a certain direction,
d define a currve as give
en in the input file.
Next using “Boundary
y_Prescribe
ed_Motion_
_Set” apply displacement on the edge node
e set as
s
shown in Fig. 6.3.

placement to a set of nodes.

Fig. 6.3 Applying disp n

T CONST
TO TRAIN THE
E OTHER EDGE
E
ave to be constrained for all six
One edge nodes ha s DOF. Using
U “Bou
undary_SPC
C_SET”
constrain another
a edg
ge nodes ass shown in Fig. 6.4.

Fig. 6.4 Constrainin

ng a node set
s in all 6 DOF.
D

CONSTRA
AINED_TIE_
_BREAK
T constrain the two parts togetther with th
To he condition eir plastic strain reaches 0.15
n that if the
t
that is 15 % the parrts would tear
t apart is done byy using “CONSTRAIN
NED_TIE_B
BREAK”
command as
a shown in Fig. 6.5. SNSID = 2 is the slavve node se
et 2 and MN
NSID = 1 in
ndicates
master nod
de set.

Fig. 6.5 The usage of co

onstrained tie break co
ommand.

T
The userr is encouraged to intro
oduce all other common commands like
L_TERMINATION”, “C
“CONTROL CONTROL_
_TIME_STE
EP”, and “D
Dbase” etc.

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RESULT
T resultss for plastic strain are shown in Fig.
The F 6.6 whe
ere the 0.16
6 strain can
n be seen near
n the
s
separation zone while
e plastic strrain for the potions tha
at have alre
eady separrated range
es up to
0.83 ( 83% ).

Fig. 6.6 Plastic sttrain in the two shell pa

arts when they
t separa
ate.

Note
W
While mode
eling the tw
wo plates a gap of equ
ual to twice the half thicckness of the plate sh
hould be
es as shown in Fig. 6.7
kept between two matting surface 7.

Fig. 6.7
7 The gap between
b sh
hell structurres.

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CHAPTER 7

LEAD PROJECTILE DEFORMATION

Fig. 7.1 A lead projectile impacted on an aluminum block.

Lead is known as a dense, soft, and ductile metal that undergoes large deformation when
subjected to dynamic loads. In this chapter the procedure to conduct a simulation with a high
velocity lead projectile coming into contact with an aluminum block would be discussed briefly.
By now the user is supposed to know how to create these two parts using LSPREPOST as
shown in Fig. 7.1. The only difference between previous chapters and this chapter is that in
the present example the projectile and the target plate are both considered to be deformable.
After the model for the aluminum block and the projectile is made using LSPREPOST the
material properties and section properties are defined as shown in Fig. 7.2 and Fig. 7.3
respectively.

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Fig. 7.2 Plastic Kin

nematic mo
odel for alum
minum and lead materrials.

Fig. 7.3 Solid

S sectio
on is define
ed for both parts.
p

T fixed edges
The e of the
e aluminum
m block are highlighted
d in Fig. 7.4.

Fig. 7.4
7 Fixed ed
dges nodess highlighted.
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>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

A surface to surface contact is defined between the projectile and the block. The problem is
solved using LSDYNA solver and the result is shown in Fig. 7.5 regarding the plastic strain. It
is upon the user to investigate whether these results are realistic or not or what changes are
needed to select a proper material model that matches the experimental evidence. All values
given for material properties are approximate in this book. The user is required to make
suitable input files that suit his/her experimental work and the materials involved.

Fig. 7.5 Massive plastic strain in lead projectile.

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CHAPTER 8

INTERNAL PRESSURE
In this chapter we will learn how to apply internal pressure on a cylindrical pressure vessel
and observe the effect on the cylinder deformations and stresses. To construct a cylinder
follow the input sequence given in Fig. 8.1 to make a cylinder with a radius of 60 mm and a
length of 120 mm. The main axis of this cylinder is along Y direction. Remember to check
“Top and Bottom” if you desire a closed cylinder.

Page 6 > Mesh > Cylinder_Shell.

Fig. 8.1 Construction of a cylindrical pressure vessel.

As we are required to apply the internal pressure on the cylinder walls we must make sure if
the orientation of the shell elements is suitable to apply internal pressure. This is done by
clicking on Page 2 and then pressing “Normals”. The input sequence and its result is shown in
Fig. 8.2. As it can be seen that the shell normals of the cylinder except its one end face of the
cylinder are facing outwards. This is not going to let us apply internal pressure on the cylinder

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walls from inside. The shell normals of all shell elements facing outward have to e reversed.
This is done by following the sequence as follows;

Auto Reverse > Click on the region whose vector direction is to be followed > Auto Reverse.
Make sure “By Part” is selected.

Now the all the arrows should point inwards which is displayed in Fig. 8.3. This allows us to
apply internal pressure correctly.

Fig. 8.2 View the shell normals.

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Fig. 8.3 All shell no

ormals facin
ng inwards such that applying
a inte
ernal presssure is posssible.

MATERIAL
L
T material propertie
The es ( MAT _0
003) and th
he section properties
p fo
or this exam
mple are sh
hown in
he shell thic
Fig. 8.4. Th ckness is 0..35 mm and
d the failure
e strain is 0.15
0 ( 15% ).
)

F 8.4 The
Fig. e material properties
p and the secttion propertties for the cylinder.

CONSTRA
AINTS
Using “Bou C_SET” on a set of ed
undary_SPC dge nodes the
t edge ca
an be consttrained as shown
s
in Fig. 8.5.

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Fig. 8.5 Constraint on cylinder edge nodes.

Note
To make a node set of the edge nodes of the cylinder follow the sequence;

Page 5 > SetD > Create > Node Set > By Edge (at the bottom of screen) > prop > Ang = 45 >
Click on the edge > Apply > Done.

APPLY PRESSURE
To apply the internal pressure, define a curve which represents a relation between the time
and pressure value. This is shown in Fig. 8.6.

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Fig. 8..6 Defining time versuss pressure using DEFINE_CURV

VE.

Next using LOAD_SE

EGMENT_S
SET apply the
t pressurre on shell segments defined byy Create
NT_SET fro
> SEGMEN om SetD of page 5. Th
he image is shown in Fig.
F 8.7.

Fig. 8.7 Applying pressure of shell

s segme
ents.

RESULTS
T Von-M
The Mises stress a shown from the solution of this example in Fig. 8..8. Note
s contours are
t
that increasing the prressure so that the plastic strain
n rises beyo
ond 15 % , the failure
e of the
cylinder can also be visualized.
v

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Fig. 8.8 Von-Mises stress contours of a cylinder with an internal pressure.

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CHAPTER 9

METAL CUTTING USING SPH

Fig. 9.1 The model for metal cutting using SPH method.

OVERVIEW
An aluminum work-piece is to be machined using a rigid non-deformable cutting tool. The
work-piece consists of particles instead of elements. The method adapted is called the
Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). In this example the cutting tool is made up of solid
elements but the work-piece contains particles. The advantage of SPH is that the particles are
free to move in space and they do not get entangled into each other like ordinary elements in
finite element analysis. This method can also be used when the simulations of fluid structure
interaction are performed. Moreover this method is very convenient of model large
deformations of softer materials which otherwise is not possible using Lagrangian

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formulations. Modeling failure of very brittle materials is also possible using this method.
Among few limitations one may be considered the computational cost incurred.

BUILDING THE SPH MODEL

There are different methods that can be used to build the mesh-less models in SPH. The
particles can be generated from scratch by defining their coordinates and mass. The SPH
particles can also be generated from solid elements and later the solid elements can be
deleted. A third way of achieving the same goal is by making a shell box using “mesh” on
page 6 of LSPREPOST. The empty shell box is then filled up by particles by adjusting the
density of particles, material density, and percentage fill in a certain direction. To generate the
model in this example this third procedure was used.
The sequence for building SPH is to first generate a BOX_SHELL of required dimensions and
deciding about the number of elements in X, Y, and Z directions. This is done on page 6. Next
the shell box has to be filled.

PARTCILE FILLING IN A SHELL BOX

The sequence for filling a shell box is as follows;
Page 7 > SphGen > Select Pick Part > Click on the shell box > Fill the fields as shown in Fig.
9.2 >Apply >Accept > Done.

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Fig. 9.2 SPH

S particle
e filling in a rectangula
ar box.

Next delete
e the Shell Part. Only particles wo
ould be leftt in the mod
del as show
wn in Fig. 9..3. Note
t
that the spa
acing betwe
een the particles is de
ecided by PitX,
P PitY, and
a PitZ as shown in Fig.
F 9.2.
“Den” stand
ds for mate
erial densityy. This will also
a assign mass to ea
ach particle
e. It is advissed that
particle spa
acing should be kept as regularr as possib
ble to assist computattions. “Fill%
%” when
o
other than 100 % the box can be filled in X,
X Y, or, Z direction ussing “Dirx”, “Diry”, and
d, “Dirz”
respectivelyy.

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Fig. 9.3 SPH particcles.

T
The rigid body cuttin
ng tool ca
an be mod
deled as any
a other solid
s body which ha
as been
mentioned in previous
s chapters. Let us asssume we now have th
he complete
e model tha
at looks
as in Fig. 9.4.
9

Fig. 9.4 The work-piecce (SPH) and the cuttiing tool.

CONTACT
T
T
The contacct between
n SPH parrts and the
e shell or solid
s eleme
ents is alw
ways “CON
NTACT_
A
AUTOMAT
TIC_ NODE
ES_ TO_ SURFACE”
S . In this exa
ample SPH
H is PART #3
# and the
e cutting
t
tool is PAR
RT #1. The
e contact co
ommand ussed is show
wn in Fig. 9.5.
9 In conttact betwee
en SPH

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particles an
nd shell or solid
s eleme
ents the SPH part is always considered to be
e slave parrt. Slave
pears underr SSID and the masterr part appea
part ID app ars under MSID.
M

Fig. 9.5
5 The conta
act between PH is alwayys slave entity.
n SPH partiicles and ellements. SP

T
TOOL TRA
AVERSING
T
Tool motion is define
ed using a curve relatting time with
w the vellocity of po
osition of to
ool at a
certain tim
me. In the present example
e v
velocity in X directio
on has be
een defined
d by a
“Define_Cu
urve” and “**Boundary_
_Prescribed
d_Motion_R
Rigid” as sh
hown in Fig.. 9.6.

Fig
g. 9.6 Tool traverse co
ommands.

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SPH SPEC
CIFIC
T section
The n property for
f SPH part is set usiing the com
mmand show
wn in Fig. 9.7.
9 The be
eginners
can rely on
n default values.

Fig. 9.7 SECTION_

S _SPH

RESULTS
Shear stresss results fo
or metal cutting are sh
hown in Fig. 9.8.

Fig.
F 9.8 She
ear stress during
d meta
al cutting op
peration.

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CHAPTER 10

VIBRATION ANALYSIS

Fig. 10.1 Mode extraction

In this chapter we would solve an example to extract the vibration modes of a rectangular
plate of 50 X 50 mm as shown in Fig. 10.2. The left edge nodes are fixed in all 6 DOF. The
plate thickness is 0.5 mm which is given under Section_Shell card in the input file
accompanying this book.

Fig. 10.2 The cantilever beam of 50 X 50 X 0.50 mm.

Vibration analysis in LS DYNA is usually performed using implicit solver. The necessary
commands to perform implicit analysis are shown in Fig. 10.3. “Control_Implicit_Eigenvalue”
is used especially to extract vibration modes.

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Fig. 10.3 The req

quired commands to perform
p imp
plicit analyssis.

A
After the so
olution is available
a the post proccessing is done by firrst reading in the “d3p
plot” file
and subsequently als
so reading “d3eigv” fille. Each mode
m can be
b viewed by
b moving playing
next frame. Partial mo
odes are sh
hown in Fig.. 10.4.

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Fig. 10.4 Eigen values.

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CHAPTER 11

IMPACT ON CONCRETE

Fig. 11.1
1 Projectile Impact on a concrete wall.

T
This is a te
est examplle where th
he user is asked to solve
s the problem beffore looking
g at the
input file. The
T only diffference is the materia
al model. The
T materia
al properties are given
n in Fig.
11.2 for refference.

Fig.
F 11.2 Co
oncrete ma
aterial mode
el MAT_159
9 usage.

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Fig. 11.3 Concrete damage and failure.

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CHAPTER 12

SLOSHIN
NG SIMULA
ATION
In this chap
pter we are
e going to learn how to
t perform sloshing
s sim
mulation off a half fille
ed water
t
tank when it comes to rest abru
uptly due to
o applicatio
on of a sudden brake or collision
n with a
barrier or other
o vehiclle. The procedure to construct
c th
he FEA mo
odel would be shown in
i detail
along with the resultts. This sim
mulation is much more complexx than the ones narrrated in
hapters. It is
previous ch i however hoped tha
at the user can
c advancce his know
wledge of Arbitrary
A
Lagrange Eulerian
E (AL
LE) method
d utilized in LS-DYNA by following this chap
pter carefullyy.

ailable on the author’ss website fo

T input fiile has been made ava
The or training purposes.
p

Create the solid mode

el of water and
a void, an
nd then upo
on that crea
ate the tankk shell as fo
ollow:

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- Create the solid cylinder model as shown in Fig. 12.1. Select page-7 then select
‘Mesh’
- Select ‘Entity: Cylinder_Solid’
- Input the radius, length of the tank, number of elements in circumferential direction and
along the length of the cylinder.
- Select ‘z-direction’.
- Click ‘Create’ at the right bottom
- Click ‘Accept’ at the right bottom
- Click ‘Done’ at the right bottom
- Save.

Water and Air Modeling

Open the previous solid model and delete the upper half group of elements to create ‘water’
section Fig. 12.4, as follow:
- Select page-2
- Select ‘ElEdit’ (Element Edit)
- Below ‘Element’ column, activate ‘Delete’ as shown in Fig. 12.2
- Shade the upper section by ‘Area’ type of selection at the left bottom
- Click ‘Delete’ at the right bottom
- Click ‘Accept’ at the right bottom
- Save as ‘water.k’

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Ϯ͗ƉĂŐĞͲϮ͕͚ůĚŝƚ͛
&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘Ϯ

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϯ͗ƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐĨŽƌƌĞŵŽǀŝŶŐ

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰtĂƚĞƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ

Open the file of ‘Water’ section then rotate it 180º to create ‘Air’ section Fig. 12.6, as follow:
- Select page-2
- Select ‘Rotate’
- Select ‘Z-direction’ for ‘Rot.Axis:’
- ‘Rot. Angle:’ 180 º
- Select the water part
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- Click ‘Rottate –‘
- Click ‘Acccept’
- Click ‘Don
ne’
- Save as ‘a
air.k’

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ϱƉĂŐĞͲϮ͕͚ZŽƚƚĂƚĞ͛

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϲŝƌƐĞĐƚŝŽŶ

Node Merging
Open “water.k” file and then import “air.k” file by ‘Import Offset’ option Fig. 12.7, then merge
the water and air nodes as follow:

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϴWĂŐĞͲϮ͕͚ƵƉ
ƉEŽĚ͛

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- Select page-2
- Click ‘DupNod’ (duplicate nodes)
- Click ‘Show Dup. Nodes’, Fig. 12.8
- Click ‘Merge Dup. Nodes’
- Click ‘Accept’ at the right bottom
- Click ‘Done’ at the right bottom

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϵDĞƌŐĞĚŶŽĚĞƐ

Tank Shell Elements

Create a segment-set for tank shell structure,

- Select page-5, Fig. 12.10
- Click ‘SetD’
- Select ‘Create’
- Select ‘*SET_SEG’
- Select ‘ByElem’, activate ‘Prop’, ‘Ang:’ 45.0, Fig. 12.11
- Click on the front, mid and back section of the model,
Fig. 12.12

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- Click ‘App
ply’
- Click ‘Don
ne’

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Ğƚ͛

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϭϭ ^ĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶŵĞ
ĞƚŚŽĚƐ


&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϭϮ ^ĞŐŵĞŶƚƐĞůĞ
ĞĐƚŝŽŶ

Generating
g the shell elements
e fro
om the segment set,
- Select page-2, Fig. 12.13
1
- Click ‘ElG
Gen’ (Eleme
ent Generattion)
- Select ‘Sh
hell’ type
- Select ‘Sh
hell By: Seg
gment_Set’, click ‘1 Se
eg-Set’
Fig. 12.14
4
- Click ‘Cre
eate’ at the right bottom
m
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right bottom
m
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght bottom

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- See Fig. 12.15
1

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'ĞŶ͛

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϭ
ϭϰ^ĞŐͲ^ĞƚŽƉ
ƉƚŝŽŶ


&ŝŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϭϱ^ŚĞůůůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽ
ŽĨƚŚĞdĂŶŬ

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Part-Set Node-Set off Water and
d Air

Create Parrt-Set of wa
ater and air as follow:
- Select page-5, Fig. 12.16
1
- Select ‘Crreate’
- Select ‘*S
SET_PART’’
- Click on th
he water an
nd air mode
el, Fig. 12.1
17
- Click ‘App
ply’
- Click ‘Don
ne’

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ϭϲƉĂŐĞͲϱ͚^Ğ
Ğƚ͛

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϭϳ^ĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĂŝƌƉĂƌƚƐ

Create Nod-Set of water and air for velocity option, as follow:

- Select page-5
- Select ‘Create’
- Select ‘*SET_NODE’ Fig. 12.18
- Activate ‘Pick’ fig. 12.19
- Click on the water and air model, Fig. 12.20
- Click ‘Apply’
- Click ‘Done’

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ϭϴƉĂŐĞͲϱ͚^Ğ
Ğƚ͛


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ƉĂƌƚKƉƚŝŽŶ

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϮϬ^ĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨǁĂƚĞƌĂŶĚĂŝƌŶŽĚƐ

Node-Set for
f Tank Velocity and
d Constrain
Nodes sele hell for velocity and constrain options,
ection from the tank sh
- Click ‘Front’

- Select page-5
- Select ‘Crreate’ then ‘*SET_NOD
DE’ Fig. 12
2.21
- Shade the ng ‘Area’ ass shown in Fig. 12.22
e nodes sett by selectin
- Click ‘App
ply’
- Click ‘Don
ne’
(Same step
ps will be us
sed to crea es-set for constrain)
ate the node

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ϮϭƉĂŐĞͲϱ͚^Ğ
Ğƚ͛


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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϮϮďǀĞůŽĐŝƚLJĂŶĚĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶŶŽĚĞƐƐĞůĞĐƚŝŽŶ

Material selection *MAT

Water & Void Material

- Click page-3
- Click on ‘*Mat’
- Select ‘GroupBy: All’, and ‘Sort: Types’
- Select from the list ‘009-NULL’
- Click ‘Edit’
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- Click ‘New
wID’ at the top left of th
he card
- Input valu wn in Fig. 12.23
ues as show
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘Ϯ
ϮϯtĂƚĞƌŵĂƚƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƚƚŝĞƐ

T
Tank Mate
erial of Poly
ycarbonate
e
- Click page
e-3
- Click on ‘**Mat’
- Select ‘GrroupBy: All’’, and ‘Sort: Types’
- Select fro 001-ELAsTIC’
om the list ‘0
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the top left of th
he card
- Input valu
ues as show
wn in Fig. 12.24
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϮϰdĂŶŬŵ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽƉ
ƉĞƌƚŝĞƐ

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Section type selectio

on “*SECT
TION”

W
Water & Vo
oid/Air (*SECTION_S
SOLID_ALE
E)
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Se
ection’
- Select ‘So
olid_ALE’ Fig.
F 12.25
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Click ‘ELF
FORM: 12’
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϮϱΎ^dd/KEͺ^K>/ͺͺ>

T
Tank (*SEC
CTION_SH
HELL)
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Se
ection’
HELL’ Fig. 12.26
- Select ‘SH
- Click ‘Editt’
wID’ at the left top of th
- Click ‘New he card
ess ‘T1:1.5’ then click ‘Enter’
- Input ‘SHRF=0.833’ and thickne
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘Ϯϲ Ύ^d/KEͺ^,>>

*
*EOS_GRU
UNEISEN
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*EO
OS’
- Select ‘GR
RUNEISEN
N’ Fig. 12.27
7
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Input as shown
s in Fig
g. 12.27
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘Ϯϳ ΎK^ͺ'ZhE
E/^E

*
*HOURGLA
ASS
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Hrg
glass’
- Select ‘HO
OURGLASS
S’ Fig. 12.2
28
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Input as shown
s in Fig
g. 12.28
- ‘Accept’ at
a the right top
t of the card
- ‘Done’ at the right top of the carrd
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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘Ϯ
ϮϴΎ,KhZ'>>^^

*
*PART
A
Assign the properties for each pa
art as follow
w:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Pa
art’
- Select ‘PA
ART’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ for eve
ery part, Fig
g. 12.29
- Input as shown
s in Fig
g. 12.29:
a- asssign the properties off water and
d void (SEC
CID, MID, EOSID, HGID), void
me propertie
has sam es as waterr.
b - assign
a the properties
p o the tank material
of m and section (S
SCID, MID)).
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϮ͘ϮϵΎWZd

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*
*DEFINE_C
CURVE
plot tank ve
elocity and gravity curvve:
a- Assign
A curve
es for gravitty and tankk-velocity
b- Use
U A1 (for time)
t and O1
O (for mag
gnitude)
A following steps:
As
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*De
efine’
- Select ‘CU
URVE’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ for eac
ch curve
- Input as shown
s in Fig
g. 12.30 an
nd Fig. 12.3
31
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϮ͘ϯϬΎ&/EͺhZsĨŽƌƌ'ƌĂǀŝƚLJ

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ
Ϯ͘ϯϭΎ&/EͺͺhZsĨŽƌddĂŶŬsĞůŽĐŝƚLJLJ

* INITIAL_V
VOID_PAR
RT
T assign the
To t void parrt:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Inittial’
- Select ‘VO
OID_PART’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Click dotte
ed button of
o ‘PID”, the
en select the
e void-part
Fig. 12.32
2
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ
Ϯ͘ϯϮΎ/E/d/>ͺͺsK/ͺWZdd

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*
*INITIAL_V
VELOCITY
T assign velocity
To v for water and air:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Inittial’
- Select ‘VE
ELOCITY’
- Click ‘Editt’
wID’ at the left top of th
- Click ‘New he card
- Click dotte
ed button of
o ‘NSID’ an
nd select the water and
d air nodess-set, Fig. 12.33
- Click dotte
ed button of
o ‘NSIDEX’’ and selectt the tank velocity
v nodes-set, Fig. 12.33
- Input velo
ocity value at
a ‘VZ’, Fig.. 12.33
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϯϯΎ/E/d/
>ͺs>K/dz
z

*
*LOAD_BO
ODY_Y
T activate
To e gravity:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Load’
- Select ‘BO
ODY_Y’ to make the gravity
g in y-d
direction
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Click dotte o ‘LCIDDR’’, then select the curve
ed button of e for gravityy Fig. 12.34
4
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϯ
ϯϰΎ>KͺK
Kzͺz

Identifying
g Referenc
ce Nodes fo
or ALE
Divide the tank
t into tw
wo parts and
d Identify th
hree nodes for ALE reference,
- Select page-1, click ‘SPlane’, Fig.
F 12.35a
- Click ‘NorrmX’, Fig. 12.35b
- Select ‘Clip+’, Fig. 12
2.35b
- See Fig. 12.36
1

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϯϱĂƉ
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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ
Ϯ͘ϯϱďƉĂŐĞͲϭ ϭ͕͚EŽƌŵy͛
ĂŶ
ŶĚ͚ůŝƉн͛ƐĞůĞ
ĞĐƚŝŽŶ

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&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ
Ϯ͘ϯϲĚŝǀŝĚĞĚƚƚĂŶŬĨŽƌŶŽĚĞ
ĞƐŝĚĞŶƚŝĨŝĐĂƚŝŽŶƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ

Identifying
g the three reference nodes
- Select page-1, click ‘Ident’, activate ‘Node’, Fig. 12.37
7
- Shade byy ‘Area’ the three repre
esentative nodes
n of the
e rear botto
om corner of
o the tank as
s
shown in Fig. 12.38

&
&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϯϴƚŚĞ
ĞƚŚƌĞĞƌĞĨĞƌĞ
ĞŶĐĞŶŽĚĞƐ

&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϮ͘ϯϳƉĂŐĞͲϭ͕͚/ĚĞŶƚ͛

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*
*ALE
*
*ALE_REF
FERENCE_
_SYSTEM_
_NODE
T assign nodes
To n A reference:
for ALE
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*AL
LE’
- Select ‘RE
EFERENCE
E_SYSTEM
M_NODES’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Input the identity of the
t three no
odes in seq
quence as shown
s in Fig. 12.39
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘͘ϯϵΎ>ͺZ&&ZEͺ^z^^dDͺEK

*
*ALE_REF
FERNCE_S
SYSTEM_G
GROUP
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*AL
LE’
- Select ‘RE
EFERENCE
E_SYSTEM
M_GROUP’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Input the part-set of water
w a ‘STYPE’ ‘SID’, refe
and air erence type
e ‘PRTYPE’ and define
e
(*REFERENCE_SYST
TEM_NODE) at ‘PRID
D’ as shown
n in Fig. 12..40
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

ϵϰ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϬ
ϬΎ>ͺZ&ZEͺ^z^dDͺ'ZKhW

*
*BOUNDA RY_PRESC
CRIBED_M
MOTION_SET
T apply accceleration and decele
To eration for the
t tank:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Bo
oundry’
- Select ‘PR
RESCRIBE
ED_MOTION
N_SET’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Input the tank node-s
set ID at ‘N
NSID’, selecct z-direction for transla
ation at ‘DO
OF’, and se
elect the
v
velocity currve foe the tank at ‘LC
CID’ Fig. 12..41
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϭΎK
& KhEZzͺWZ
Z^Z/ͺD
DKd/KEͺ^dd

*
*BOUNDA RY_SPC_S
SET
T constraiin the tank:
To
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Bo
oundry’
- Select ‘SP
PC_SET’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card

ϵϱ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

- Input the tank node-s
set ID at ‘N
NSID’, selecct ‘1’ to activvate the constrain in x-direction
x a y-
and
d
direction, ‘D
DOFX’ and ‘DOFY’ Fig
g. 12.42
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϮ Ύ
KhEZzͺͺ^Wͺ^d

*
*CONSTAR
RINED_LA
AGRAGE_IN
N_SOLID
T apply co
To oupling betw
ween the water
w and air and the ta
ank structure:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Cn
nstrnd’
- Select ‘LA
AGRANGE_
_IN_SOLID
D’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Click ‘New
wID’ at the left top of th
he card
- Select ma
aster type as
a part-set of
o water and air ‘MSTY
YP=0’, ‘MA
ASTER=1’, and
a slave
type as a part of the
e tank ‘SSTY
YP=1’, ‘SLA
AVE=3’
- Input the rest of the command
c a shown in
as n Fig. 12.43
3
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ
Ϯ͘ϰϯ ΎKE^dZ/Eͺ>'
'ZE'ͺ/Eͺ^^K>/

ϵϲ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

*
*CONTROL
L

*
*CONTROL
L_ALE
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Co
ontrol’
- Select ‘AL
LE’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Input the command as
a shown in
n Fig. 12.44
4
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϰ ΎKEdZK>ͺ
Ύ >

*
*CONTROL
L_ENERGY
Y
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Co
ontrol’
- Select ‘EN
NERGY’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Input the command as
a shown in
n Fig. 12.45
5
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϱ ΎKEdZK>ͺEZ
Z'z

*
*CONTROL
L_TERMIN
NATION
T set the desired
To d time for the ou
utput:
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Co
ontrol’
- Select ‘TE
ERMINATIO
ON’
ϵϳ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

- Click ‘Editt’
- Input the command as
a shown in
n Fig. 12.46
6
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϲ ΎKEddZK>ͺdZD/Ed/KE

*
*CONTROL
L_TIMESTEP
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Co
ontrol’
- Select ‘TIMESTEP’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Input the command as
a shown in
n Fig. 12.47
7
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϮ͘ϰϳ ΎKEdZ
ZK>ͺd/D^dW

*
*DATABAS
SE

*
*DATABAS
SE_OPTION
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Db
base’
- Select ‘AS
SCII_option
n’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Activate th
he desired outputs and their ‘DT=
=1’ as show
wn in Fig. 12.48
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

ϵϴ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϰϴ Ύ
d^ͺK
KWd/KE

*
*DATABAS
SE_BINAR
RY_D3PLOT
T
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Db
base’
- Select ‘BINARY_D3P
PLOT’
- Click ‘Editt’
- inputtTime
e interval between
b outtputs ‘DT=1
1’ as shown
n in Fig. 12..49
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϮ͘ϰϵ Ύd^ͺ/EZ
ZzͺϯW>Kd

ϵϵ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

*
*DATABAS
SE_BINAR
RY_FSIFOR
R
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Db
base’
- Select ‘BINARY_FSIIFOR’
- Click ‘Editt’
- Input time
e interval be
etween outp
puts ‘DT=1’ as shown in Fig. 12.5
50
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the
e right top of the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϮ͘ϱϬ Ύd
^ͺ/EZz
zͺ&^/&KZ

*
*DATABAS
SE_EXTEN
NT_BINARY
Y
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Db
base’
- Select ‘EX
XTENT_BIN
NARY’
- Click ‘Editt’
-
-Click ‘New
wID’ at the le
eft top of th
he card
- input the specified
s co a the rest are set ass default, Fiig. 12.51
ommands and
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϱϭ Ύd
^ͺydE
Edͺ/EZz

*
*DATABAS
SE_FSI
- Select page-3
- Click ‘*Db
base’
- Select ‘FS
SI’
- Click ‘Editt’

ϭϬϬ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

-
-Click ‘New
wID’ at the le
eft top of th
he card
- input ‘DT=
=1’, ‘DBFSII ID=1’, ‘ST
TYPE=1’ as a PART, select
s the ta
ank as ‘SID=3’, and the
en click
‘Insert’, Fig
g. 12.52
- Click ‘Acccept’ at the right top off the card
- Click ‘Don
ne’ at the rig
ght top of th
he card

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϱϮ Ύd^ͺͺ&^/

Save as ‘filename.k’ th
hen run the
e k-file ‘inpu
ut = filename.k’.

ϭϬϭ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ


Result

&ŝŐ͘ϭϮ͘ϱϯ>ŝƋ
ƋƵŝĚ^ůŽƐŚŝŶŐŐŝŶƚŚĞdĂŶŬ

ϭϬϮ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

CHAPTER 13

EFFECT
E OF
F EXPLOSIION ON A CONCRET
C TE WALL

Explosive are
a used fo
or different purposes including explosive
e w
welding, exp
plosive form
ming, oil
exploration
n, or in the production of weapons. To prediict the effecct of explossions on strructures
computer simulations
s play a great
g role because experiment
e al work might
m prove
e to be
extremely costly and dangerouss. The matterial prope
erties and equations
e o state of various
of
ble in open
explosives are availab n literature. There are numerous software to
o predict the effect
o explosions but LS DYNA
of D also possessess a great de
eal of abilityy to solve problems
p re
elated to
explosives using Arbittrary Lagra
ange Euleria
an (ALE) te
echnique. In
n the prese
ent chapterr we will
explain the effect of ex
xplosion on
n the concre
ete wall.

Fig. 13.1 Effect

E of explosion on the concrette wall.

T
The ample is a very simp
modell in the exa ple structure
e where an
n explosive
e detonatess in the
atmosphere
e and causes damag
ge to a concrete wall located at
a a small distance away
a as

ϭϬϯ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

s
shown in Fig.
F 13.1. To
o constructt the model make two boxes side
e by side with
w the dime
ensions
as shown in Fig. 13.2
2. The mode
el dimensio
ons are sho
own inside brackets. The
T right most
m box
w
would repre
esent the explosive
e an
nd the large
e left box re
epresents the air. The 5 mm thickk wall is
t
the concre
ete structure
e. To makke the explosive, air, and concrrete regionss follow the steps
s
shown F 13.2 to create each box and complete
in Fig. c it by clicking
g “Create” > “Accept” > “Done”
buttons.

Fig.. 13.2 Consstruction of the model.

TING PART
GENERAT TS
T explossive and air boxes have to be con
The nnected tog
gether by merging
m their nodes. To
o merge
t nodes common between
the b exp
plosive and
d air click “DupNod”
“ a click “S
and Show Dup Nodes”.
N
T
The dupliccate nodes would be
e highlighte
ed. Click on “Merge Dup Node
es” and the
en click
“Accept”. This
T would allow the explosive
e no
odes to talkk to air nod
des. The co
oncrete walll needs

ϭϬϰ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

not to be merged
m or connected.
c Now there
e are 3 PAR
RTS in this model. De
etails can be found
under “PAR
RT” tab on page 3.

SECTION PROPERT
P IES
Define “SECTION_SO
OLID” and “SECTION_
“ _SOLID_AL
LE” using “SECTION”
“ ” on page 3.
3
_SOLID” would
“SECTION_ w be asssigned to concrete
c wa
all and “SEC
CTION_SO
OLID_ALE” would
w
be assigned to explos
sive and air parts. For “SECTION_SOLID” le
eave the de
efault valuess but
f “SECTIO
for ON_SOLID
D_ALE” intro
oduce “ELF
FORM” as 11
1 as show
wn in Fig. 13
3.3.

Fig. 13.3 For ALE parts off explosive and air ELF
FORM = 11
1.

MATERIAL
L PROPER
RTIES
Material prroperties arre given in Fig. 13.4 fo
or explosive espectively. These
e, air, and concrete re
material pro
operties an
nd the section propertiies discusssed above are ed to the 3 PARTS
a assigne
mentioned earlier.

ϭϬϱ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

Fig. 13.4 Material
M pro
operties forr the three materials
m used in the model.
m

EQUATION
NS OF STA
ATE (EOS)
T equations of statte in this pa
The articular exxample are required only for the explosive and air.
EOS_JWL is for explo
osive material and EO
OS_LINEAR
R_POLYNO
OMIAL is de
efined for air.
a Both
o the EOS
of S are given in Fig. 13.5. For deta
ails of everyy paramete
er the reade
er is referre
ed to LS
DYNA man
nuals.

Fig. 13.5 Equation of state forr ALE mate

erials

A
ALE CARD
DS
T ALE cards requirred in this analysis
The a are
e shown in Fig. 13.6. To declare
e ALE partss where
more than one ALE part
p is pressent the AL
LE_MULTI-MATERIAL
L_GROUP is repeated
d for all
here are on
parts. As th nly two ALE
E parts (exp
plosive and
d air) present in this exxample, tw
wo cards
are defined
d.

ϭϬϲ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ


Fig. 13.6
6 ALE cardss required for
f the anallysis.

PART SET
TS
Here two part
p sets are
e defined. Set
S #1 conssists of exp
plosive and air while se
et #2 has only
o one
part in it that is concre
ete. Part se
ets are neccessary to define
d the relationship
r p between the
t ALE
ge parts.
and lagrang

ϭϬϳ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


Fig. 13.7 PART set#

#1 for explossive and air (PART#1 & PART#2
2), PART se
et#2 for con
ncrete.

CONSTRA
AINED_LAG
GRANGE_IIN_SOLID
A the con
As ncrete wall is containe
ed in the atmosphere (air) this fact
f has to be defined
d in this
command. By using th
his comman
nd we inten
nd to declarre that conccrete which
h is a lagran
nge part
is enclosed
d by ALE parts
p (explo
osive and air).
a The im
mage of thiss card is sh
hown in Fig
g. 13.8.
T user iss encourage
The ed to read about
a each parameterr in the LS DYNA
D manuals.

ϭϬϴ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


Fig. 13.8 SLAVE #2 (concrete) is enclosed

d within MA
ASTER #1 (PART
( set #1
# with exp
plosive
a air).
and

ON
INITIAL_DETONATIO
Using this command iti is shown where the detonation
ns starts at. It is shown
n in Fig. 13
3.9. The
X
XYZ coordinates in th
his case are
e set to the global orig
gin of the model
m which
h falls at one of the
corner of th ve box. But this could be anywhe
he explosiv ere within th
he explosive
e mass dep
pending
upon wherre the igniition takes place firsst. LT para
ameter stan
nds for lig
ghting time of the
explosive.

Fig. 13.9 Initial deto

onation loca
ation and lig
ghting time of the explo
osive.

T
TIME STEP
P SIZE
W
When usin
ng ALE sim
mulation th
he time step size sh
hould be kept
k smalle
er to coun
nter the
instabilitiess. This is achieved byy keeping TSSFAC
T = 0.6 in thiis example
e as shown
n in Fig.
13.10. In so
ome analys
sis where th
he instabilitty is more severe
s the value
v of thiis paramete
er could
be re-adjussted at 0.10
0.

ϭϬϵ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


Fig. 13.10 Time

e step size TSSFAC should
s be ke
ept smallerr.

RESULTS
T massivve deforma
The ation and failure of con
ncrete wall is shown in Fig. 13.11.

Fig. 13.11 Effect of exxplosion on the concre

ete wall.

ϭϭϬ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^


ͳͶ
LSPREPOST & LSDYNA TIPS

This part of this book contains the necessary information in bits and pieces that can be helpful
to users in solving many different problems. Most of this information has been collected from
the LSPREPOST & LSDYNA support sites and forums on the internet. Some information was
obtained from Dr. James M. Kennedy of KBS2 Inc. who is an authority on LSDYNA.

*Interface_Springback_Lsdyna
This command is available on page 3 as ‘*intrfac’. When this command is used in an input file
( k file ) this would generate a file called ‘dynain’ on program execution which consists of
stresses for the part that is selected under PSID. ‘dynain’ file can be read into another k file by
using command ‘*include dynain’. Running new k file will have the pre-stresses available for
the part from ‘dynain’. The file ‘dynain’ in this way is used to conduct spring back analysis in
forming operation simulations. This command ‘*include’ can be found on page 4 of
LSPREPOST.

How to view node and element numbers?

Click ‘Indent’ on page 1 on LSPREPOST. Toggle the radio button to select nodes or elements
and ‘bypart’ then click on the part whose elements or the nodes have to be identified.

SPH Appearance
Click setting>SPH>smooth. This will result in SPH particles to be displayed as large spheres
instead of tiny particles.

SPH PART GENERATION

There are different methods of generating SPH particles. One of them is to make a shell body
and fill it to the required level with SPH particles. It may be necessary to delete the shell part
in certain cases so that it does not interfere with other parts un-necessarily. This can be done

ϭϭϭ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

by opening the list of parts by clicking on ‘*PART’ on page 3 and deleting the part that is not
needed anymore.

Refining Mesh
To refine the mesh (solid or shell elements) open page2 and check on ‘split/merge’, select the
elements to be refined (by making a box around the elements or picking ‘ByPART’ or using
another option). Then click Apply>Accept.
Reducing element size helps solve problems with minimum time step problems. This also
eliminates the negative volume problem. But to counter the negative volume problems this
might not suffice.

Increasing memory in SPH analysis

Sometimes the number of SPH particles coming into contact with each other is very large.
This particularly is the case when they flow easily in liquids or fluids or there is massive plastic
deformation. To counter the problems and errors and program abort increase the memory in
the field ‘memory’ to a higher number under ‘*Control_SPH’. The field FORM = 6 works well
with fluids.

SPH particles pass through shell or solid elements

To counter this problem use SST = 0.1~1.0 mm under Contact Card as thickness. The
particles would not pass through shell or solid elements.

Filling SPH particles as a liquid in a tilted container

Make a container in LSPREPOST, tilt it to the required angle using ‘rotate’ on page 2 and fill
the SPH particles in it using ‘SphGen’ on page 7 along a certain axis such that it feels as
natural under gravity effect. Example is shown in Fig. 14.1

ϭϭϮ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


F 14.1 Fiilling the co

Fig. ontainer.

Element fa
ailure criteria
If element erosion is set
s as failu
ure criterion
n then as lo
ong as the failure
f of elements co
ontinues
t problem
the m should be
e allowed to
t run. Whe
en no more SDYNA run can be
e failure occcurs the LS
s
stopped.

2 Analysis
2D
In 2D analyysis shell elements
e w formulation 13 are
with e used. Forrmulation 13 stands fo
or plane
s
strain cond
dition.

*
*Contact_T
Tiebreak_S
Surface_to
o_Surface
In this type
e of contac
ct two partss are tied together.
t T
They may separate
s if the tensile
e failure
s
stress value in NFLS filed
f or she
ear failure sttress SFLS
S is encounttered.

SPH to mo
odel foam
W
When SP
PH is use
ed to mo
odel foam or meta
als instead
d of liquiids the keyword
k
*
*Control_B ulk_Viscos
sity with deffault parameters shoulld be used to overcom
me instabilityy.

A
Applying P
Pressure on
o liquid su
urface
Input presssure value
e in “PREF
F” field und
der “*Contrrol_ALE”. The
T atmosp
pheric presssure is
roughly equal to 101 kPa. It can be conve
erted to GP
Pa as 1.01 e-4 which
h is equal to
t 1 bar
pressure.

ϭϭϯ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

Generating
g a new pa
art from a portion
p of an
a existing
g part
Sometimess it become
es necessa
ary to generate a new
w part from some of th
he elementts of an
existing part. Followin
ng steps are
e needed to
o achieve this
t objectivve. Let us assume
a we have a
own in the Fig. 14.2. Sequence of actions page5 > SetD
part as sho S > crea
ate >set_so
olid > by
elements
A this poin
At nt select the
e elements enclosing the elemen
nts in a boxx using buttton ‘area’ and click
‘Apply’ ‘don
ne’. An element set iss created. Now
N click on
o button ‘m
movcpy’ ass shown in figures.
T
Type ‘2’ in PID field. Select
S ‘by set’
s and in the
t pop up window se
elect the ele
ement set number.
n
A
Again click ‘apply’ ‘done’. A seco
ond part is generated
g c
consisting o element set.
of s

Fig.
F 14.2 Ge
enerating a PART from
m existing elements.
e

ϭϭϰ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

OUT OF RA
ANGE VEL
LOCITY IN ALE SIMU
ULATION
In ALE sim
mulation ‘ou
ut of range velocity’ error
e can be
e avoided by introduccing the ho
ourglass
and assigning it to ALE parts with
h following parameterss;

IHQ = 4, QM = 0.025 or a ve
ery small value. In ‘*Control_A
‘ ALE’ NADV
V = 10 sho
ould be
introduced.. This is if solution
s abrruptly and the
t time ste
ep drops en
normously low. This is named
as combating instability.

HOW TO DISPLAY
D ELASTIC
E ST
TRAIN VAL
LUES?
Except plastic strain other strain
ns are not displayed. To displayy elastic sttrains the keyword
k
e_Extent_Binary shoulld be includ
‘*Database ded in the k file. Cha
ange STRFLG value to
t 1. To
d
display elasstic strains click STRA
AIN button under
u page
e 1.

W
WHEN EOS IS REQU
UIRED?
Please refe
er to mate
erial selecto
or at http:///app.d3view
w.com/d3m
mat/index fo
or this veryy recent
information
n. Only som
me material models req
quire EOS. As an example Johnsson_Cook material
m
model requ
uires the EOS only when solid elements
e arre used. Fo
or the shelll elements EOS is
not needed
d. Why is it so? This iss because as the solid
d elements are under compression their
d
density ma
ay increase and EOS is
i the relation between
n the applie
ed pressure
e and the re
esulting
v
volume.

*
*MAT_ADD
D_EROSIO
ON USAGE

Fig. 14.3 Using MAT_ADD_

M _EROSION
NS

Fig. 14.3 iss the scree

en shot of the
t keyword
d ‘MAT_AD
DD_EROSION’. Let uss assume that
t our
material model
m 1 is the MAT_E
ELASTIC. When erossion criterio
on is used
d material number

ϭϭϱ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

would remain as 1 as shown in the figure. EXCL field is filled with a value that would be by-
passed. In this example when principal stress 1 reaches 0.5 GPa element erosion will happen.

If the eroded elements are to be retained then following procedure should be followed;

Use *CONTROL_CONTACT card. The parameter “ENMASS” can have three different values.
When this is equal to zero the eroding nodes are removed. For ENMASS = 1, the eroding
nodes of solid elements are retained and continue to be active in CONTACT. For ENMASS =
2, the eroding nodes of solid and shell elements are retained and continue to be active in
CONTACT.

HOW TO USE MAT_084?

Make the model as usual.
Include following text at the end of k file
*Keyword q = cracking
*Database_Binary_d3plot
$ dt/cycle
0.0001
*Database_Binary_d3crack
$ dt/cycle
0.001
*end
When running LSDYNA the Output file field should be appended with the following
…….\d3hsp q = cracking
Next run LSDYNA using this k file.
In the post processing session open ‘d3plot’ file. Next open the ‘d3crack’ file “cracking”.
Cracks can be visualized.
Note: Remember that at the input stage for MAT_084 the parameter CONM decides the units.

HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT

When a high projectile velocity like 2000 meters per second is used in LSDYNA, it is
advisable to input TSSFAC = 0.25 ( a small value ) under the ‘*Control_Timestep”. Also use
SOFT = 2 in CONTACT card by enabling card A.

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>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


HEB AND AIR MODE

ELING

Fig. 14.4
4 Node merrging.

W
When HEB
B and air arre modeled
d together the duplicatte nodes th
hat are com
mmon to both parts
s
should be merged
m tog
gether as sh
hown in Fig
g. 14.4.

COMBATT
TING INSTA
ABILITY IN
N ALE
Especially when
w simulating explo
osives
*
*CONTROL
L_HOURGLASS
IHQ = 1 QH = 0.1
*
*HOURGLA
ASS
IHQ = 1 QM = 1.0 E -06
-
T overcom
To me drop in time
t step
T
TSSFAC = 0.1 under *CONTROL_TIMESTEP.

USING *MA MAGE_REL3 (MAT_0

AT_CONCRETE_DAM 072 R3)
m3
RO = 2.32 E-06 kg/mm
PR = 0.19
A = -0.027
A0 71430 GPa
a = 27.14 MPa
M (Concrrete Strengtth)
RSIZE = 0..03937 to convert
c leng
gth units to mm
UCF = 145
5000 to conv
vert stress units to GP
Pa.

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Z'/EEZ^^

USING *CO
ONSTRAIN
NED_NODA
AL_RIGID_
_BODY

Fig. 14.5
1 Constrrained noda
al rigid bodyy.

T use thiss command

To d a node set
s is generrated using
g page 5 in
n LSPREPO
OST and th
hen this
node set number is in
nserted in the
t field NS
SID as shown in the Fig.
F 14.5 ab
bove. On applying
a
t
the load on
o the structure these
e nodes will
w be disp
placed toge
ether like a rigid bod
dy. This
t
technique c be use
can ed for exam
mple to join two parts by selectin
ng certain nodes
n which might
be represe
enting bolts
s holding the
t two pa
arts togethe
er without actually modeling
m th
he bolts
physically.

ASTIC_PLA
USING ELA ASTIC_HY
YDRO MAT
TERIAL
W
When a co
omparatively aterial is to contact a hard surfacce, the softt material could
y softer ma c be
modeled using
u this material
m model. To achieve
a better resultss it is reco
ommended to use
SECTION_
_SOLID_AL
LE for the solid
s elemen
nt soft part with eleme
ent formulation ELFOR
RM = 5.
*
*CONTROL
L_ALE with
h following parameters
p s may be he
elpful
2 1 10 0.100
CONTACT
T_SLIDING_
_ONLY sho
ould be use
ed if sliding
g is the dom
minant mod
de of deforrmation.
Refer to AL
LE04 example on http:://www.lsdyyna.eu/inde
ex.php?id=3
3999.

HOW TO DISPLAY
D STRAIN
S IN VECTOR
V F
FORM?
Open the d3plot
d file in
n LSPREPO
OST.
Run the an
nimation unttil the required time.
Click on *V
VECTOR on
n page 1
Select “Prin
n.Strain” fro
om the drop
p down list.
Click Applyy.

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>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

NECESSARY INPUT TO EXTRACT VIBRATION MODES
To extract the vibration modes of a structure the input file must have following parameters in
it;
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_DYNAMICS
IMASS = 1 (Dynamic analysis)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_EIGENVALUE
NEIG = 20 (number of Eigenvalues to extract)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_GENERAL
IMFLAG = 1 (implicit analysis)
IMFORM = 2 (retain original element formulation)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLUTION
NSOLVER = 1 (Linear)
CONTROL_IMPLICIT_SOLVER
LSOLVER = 0
SECTION_SHELL (if shell structure is to be analysed)
ELFORM = 16 (fully integrated shell element)

HOLE FILL WITH SHELL ELEMENTS

A shell structure with a hole is shown in the Fig. 14.6 below. The hole has to be filled with
shell elements. On page 2 click element generate button ‘ELGen’ > SHELL > By Fill_Holes.
Click at a node at the inner edge and click ‘Create’ and ‘Accept’. The hole will be filled by shell
elements but the new elements would generate a new part. If this what is desired then no
more action is needed but in case we wish to have only one part then click ‘movcpy’ on page
2. Set PID = 3. Chose ‘By part’ and click both parts > Apply. A single part is the result.

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Z'/EEZ^^


Fig. 14
4.6 Hole filling.

IN POST PROCESSIN
P NG WHAT DOES PRE
ESSURE MEAN?
M
Pressure = - (V11+V22+V
+ 33) /3
T
This is calle
ed mean sttress. Posittive pressure stands fo
or compresssion while negative pressure
p
is tensile sttress.

NOTE ON JOHNSON
N COOK MA
ATERIAL MODEL
M
T
Temperatu re display in JC mode
el is done by displaying extra history variables. Temp
perature
consists off Room Temperature plus Temp
perature ch
hange i.e. ( TR+ Temperature ch
hange )
w
where TR is Room Te
emperature.
For shell elements us
se NEIPS = 6 under extra historyy variables. Click on extra
e variable #5 to
d
display onlyy the temperature cha
ange. In JC
C model the
e increase in temperatture is assu
umed to
be adiabatiic and thus there is no
o heat flow from one element
e to another
a (takken from message
m
# 25541 Ya
ahoo LSDY
YNA Group). Von-Mise
es stress iss displayed only when Shear Mod
dulus G
is input for solid eleme
ents, E is used for she
ell elementss.
el input the
In JC mode e Pressure cut-off valu
ue should be
b negative
e. For exam
mple PC = -0.30 (-
300MPa).

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>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

PATH PLO
OT
T plot som
To me variable
es like stresss or displa
acement etcc. use F11 to toggle to
o ver 3.1 interface.
Using iconss shown in sequence in Fig. 14.7 below firsst display the
t variable
e at a certa
ain time.
Next click icon
i 2, sele
ect ‘Nodal’ and ‘Along
g Path’ butttons then click
c on the model at different
d
locations. Path
P will be displayed. Click “PLO
OT”.

Fig. 14.7 Path plot seq

quence.

HOW TO ERASE
E ELE
EMENTS BUT
B KEEP THE SURF
FACES TO REMESH AGAIN
T
Toggle to ver.
v 3.1 of LSPREPO
OST. Click on Geome
etery > Surfface > Fit from
f Pointss/Mesh.
Next in win
ndow titled as
a “Sel. Ele
ements” che
eck the boxx “prop” and
d select “An
ng = 45”.
Click on the model the elementss of the respective parrt would be highlighted
d. Click on “Apply”
under the window
w “Fit Surface fro
om Points…
…”. Close th
he dialogue
e window.
Click from the
t main menu
m FEM > Element Tools
T > Element Editin
ng >
In the “Elem
ment Editin
ng” window check “delete”. In the
e “Del. Elem
ment” windo
ow click “prop” and
s
select “Ang
g = 45 “. Next clickk on any element
e in the model, all the ellements wo
ould be
highlighted. Next click
k on the “de
elete” butto
on at the bo
ottom of “Ellement Editting” windo
ow. Now
click “Accept” and “Do
one”. Under the File > Save as > Save geometry as > type the IG
GES file
name and save.
s
In another session op
pen the IGES file using Open > IGES File
e. You can now re-mesh the
model as a refined or coarse mesh as desirred. An exa
ample is sho
own in the Fig.
F 14.8 below.
b

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Fig. 14.8 Mesh

hed part conversion to
o IGES and remeshing
g.

FULLY INTE
EGRATED SHELL
S ELE
EMENTS
Fully integrrated shell element
e forrmulation ELFORM
E = 16 is the best to avoid
d hourglas
ss effect.
It is advisab
ble to use this
t elemen
nt formulatio
on if we can
n afford it.

FILE GLS
STAT
GLSTAT iss generated SCII option and this file containss the total Kinetic
d using AS K En
nergy of
t whole model.
the m Mas
ss and veloccity of all th d for in K.E.=1/2mV2.
he nodes is accounted

FILE MAT
TSUM
T
This file contains the Kinetic
K Energy in eacch particula
ar part.
V
VIEWING CONTAC
CT FRICTIO
ONAL ENE
ERGY[*]
When frictio
W on is enablled in conta act treatment using sta atic or dyna
amic fricitio
on coefficien
nts (FS,
FD in *CON NTACT), th he energy dissipated
d d to frictio
due on can be recorded and visualize ed. The
parameter that tellls LS-DYN NA to ouputo the frictional energy is FRCENG in
*
*CONTROL L_CONTAC CT. FRCEN NG by default is set to o 0 to ignore
e the recorrding and output of
t
the frictiona
al energy. When FRC CENG is se et to 1, LS-DYNA outtputs the frrictional energy as
“Surface Energy Dens sity” into a binary
b data
abase name e “INTerfacce FORce” (INTFOR)
( f
file. The
INTFOR fille is not output by de efault and hence to request
r th
he output, you must use u the
keyword *D DATABASE E_BINARY_ _INTFOR withw a frequency of outtput time (D DT) AND prrovide a
command line argument “s=Intfo orc_file_name”. Upon n completion of the simulation, you y can
read the INNTFOR file using LS-P PrePost ussing file/Op pen/Interfacce Force File option anda use
FCOMP bu utton to fring
ge the frictionaly energ gy.

If you are perfoming a coupled thermal-m mechanical analysis using the option SOLNN =2 in
*
*CONTROL L_SOLUTIO ON, then this frictiona
al energy can
c be con
nverted to heat
h energ
gy to be
included byy the thermal solver.

ϭϮϮ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

Summary of the steps to output and view frictional energy are included here.

1. Set FRCENG = 1i n Card 4 of *CONTROL_CONTACT

2. Use *DATABASE_BINARY_INTFOR with desired output time interval DT
3. Use “s=intforce_file_name” as one of the command line arguments when invoking LS-
DYNA
4. View the results in LS-PrePost/File/Open/Interface Force File and
FCOMP/SurfaceEnergyDensity to contour the results

*Taken from ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬďůŽŐϮ͘ĚϯǀŝĞǁ͘ĐŽŵ͍ͬƉсϲϰϴ



HOW TO CONNECT SPH PART TO SOLID ELEMENT PART

Sometimes it is necessary to tie SPH node elements to solid element parts. An example is shown in Fig.
14.9 where an SPH part is constructed close to the solid elements. A node set is made of the one or two
layers of SPH particles next to the solid elements.


Fig. 14.9 Connecting SPH part to Solid element Part

SPH part is connected to the solid part through the node set of SPH particles by using the
CONTACT_TIED_NODES_TO_SURFACE_CONSTRAINED_OFFSET as shown in Fig. 14.10.
SSTYP = 4 stands for node set and MSTYP = 3 is the PART ID.

ϭϮϯ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ


Figg. 14.10 CON

NTACT_TIE
ED_NODES
S_TO_SURF
FACE_CON
NSTRAINED
D_OFFSET

ϭϮϰ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


CHA
APTER 15
5
USAGE of LOAD BLAST
B ENHANCED
It is quite well known
n that using ALE for explosionss is the be
est approacch in LS DYNA to
attempt prooblems rega
arding bom
mb explosionn but this command
c iss more hand dy and veryy cheap
t obtain some rou
to ugh resultss. In this chapter the usage e of the command called
*Load_Bla ast_Enhancced is explained. To use this command
c c
construct a rectangula
ar plate
w dimensions X = 6 meters Y = 4 meters and mesh it as shown
with n in Fig. 15.1.

Fig. 15.1 A 6 X 4 mete

er plate me
eshed with 60
6 shell eleements in X direction and
a 40 elem
ments in
Y direction.

MATERIA
AL PROPE
ERTIES
Provide ma
aterial properties as shhown in Fig g. 15.2. Thee units here
e are kg, meter,
m pasca als, and
s
seconds. T
These units are differen
nt than in th
he rest of th
his book to utilize the default
d unitts under
command *Load_Bla
* st_Enhanc ced.

ϭϮϱ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

Fig. 15
5.2 Material propertiess of aluminu
um.

SECTION PROPER
RTIES
Section pro
operties are
e shown in Fig. 15.3.

Fig. 15.3
1 Section
n propertiess for a 2 mm
m thick alum
minum platte.

BOUNDARY COND
DITIONS
Constrain the
t left and right verticcal edges off the plate using
u the SPC_SET co
ommand on
n a pre-
s
selected no
ode set mad
de from the e boundary nodes.

T
TERMINA
ATION TIM
ME & TIME STEP
Set 0.5 secconds the te
ermination time and tim
me step alsso as 0.5. Remember
R both of these
v
values have entirely different
d me
eanings.

*
*LOAD_B
BLAST_EN
NHANCED
D
This comm
T mand is show wn in Fig. 15.4.
1 M stannds for TNT
T mass of 6 kg. This 6 kg bomb iss
placed 6 meters
m in fro
ont of the pla
ate with ZB
BO = 6.

Fig.
F 15.4 Ussage of Loa
ad_Blast_En
nhanced co
ommand.

*
*LOAD_B
BLAST_SE
EGMENT_S
SET
This comm
T mand followss the above
e command d. This referrs to the se
egments wh
hose distorttion and
f
force and pressure data
d are to
o be genera ated. Beforre using th his comman
nd a segm ment set
s
should be genera ated using g SET_S SGMENT on page 5. Dettailed inp put for
_segment_s
load_blast_ set is show
wn in Fig. 15.5.

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>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


Fig. 15
5.5 Using Lo
oad_Blast_
_Segment_S
Set.

UN-REFERENCED CURVES
Two curvess must be generated
T g u
using *Defin
ne_Curve even
e though
h they mayy not be refe
erenced
anywhere. This comm mand called d Load_Bllast_Enhannced may not work without
w perrforming
t
this seemin
ngly unnece
essary taskk.

DATABAS
SE_BINAR
RY_BLSTF
FOR
This comm
T mand is requ
uired to obtain the forcce and presssure historry on the structures su
ubjected
t blast load generate
to ed by explossives.

Fig. 15.6 This

T comma
and outputss the necesssary data including fo
orce and pre
essure app
plied on
the
e structure.

PARTIAL INPUT
A partial inp
put is show
wn below ussed in the in
nput file.

$# LS-DYNA
A Keyword file creat
ted by LS-P
PrePost 3.2 (Beta) - 29Jun201
11(16:05)
$# Created
d on Jul-20-2011 (09
9:56:31)
*KEYWORD
_SPC_SET
*BOUNDARY_
1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
*SET_NODE_
_LIST
1 0.000 00
0.00 0.00
00 0.0
000MECH
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 1
11 1
12 13 14 15 16
17
7 18 1
19 2
20 21 22 23 24
25
5 26 2
27 2
28 29 30 31 32
33
3 34
4 3
35 3
36 37 38 39 40
41
1 2461 246
62 246
63 24
464 24
465 2
2466 2
2467
2468
8 2469 247
70 247
71 24
472 24
473 2
2474 2
2475
2476
6 2477 247
78 247
79 24
480 24
481 2
2482 2
2483
2484
4 2485 248
86 248
87 24
488 24
489 2
2490 2
2491
ϭϮϳ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499
2500 2501 0 0 0 0 0 0
*LOAD_BLAST_SEGMENT_SET
1 1 0
*LOAD_BLAST_ENHANCED
1 6.000000 3.000000 0.500000 6.000000 0.000 2 2
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 01.0000E+20 0
*DATABASE_BINARY_BLSTFOR
1.0000E-4 0 0 0 0
*DATABASE_BINARY_D3PLOT
1.0000E-4 0 0 0 0
0
*CONTROL_TERMINATION
1.500000 0 0.000 0.000 0.000
*CONTROL_TIMESTEP
0.000 0.500000 0 0.000 0.000 0 0 0
0.000 0 0
*DEFINE_CURVE
1 0 1.000000 1.000000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000
1.0000000 1.0000000
*DEFINE_CURVE
2 0 1.000000 1.000000 0.000 0.000 0
0.000 0.000
1.0000000 1.0000000
*NODE
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0
2 0.000 0.1000000 0.000 0 0
3 0.000 0.2000000 0.000 0 0
4 0.000 0.3000000 0.000 0 0

*SECTION_SHELL
1 2 1.000000 2 1 0 0 1
0.002000 0.002000 0.002000 0.002000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0
*PART
shell_4p
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC
1 2700.00007.0000E+10 0.340000 2.6700E+8 3.2000E+8 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
*ELEMENT_SHELL
1 1 42 43 2 1 0 0 0 0
2 1 43 44 3 2 0 0 0 0
3 1 44 45 4 3 0 0 0 0
4 1 45 46 5 4 0 0 0 0
5 1 46 47 6 5 0 0 0 0
6 1 47 48 7 6 0 0 0 0
………

*SET_SEGMENT
1 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2336 2337 2296 2295 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
2081 2082 2041 2040 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1826 1827 1786 1785 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
1571 1572 1531 1530 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

…………

ϭϮϴ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ


CHA
APTER 16
6
Spot Weld
d


In this exammple we will

w learn how to generrate 2 beam m type spott welds on 2 parts. Th
he XML
d
data for the
e two spot welds
w is givven in Table
e 16.1.

T
TABLE 16.1

†ƒ–ƒ.
’‘–‡Ž††

X
XML versio
on of spot weld file <xxml version
n="1.0">
<WWelds>
<WWeld id="100">
<XX>10.0</X> >
<YY>5.0</Y>
<ZZ>1.0</Z>
<PID1>1</P PID1>
<PID2>2</P PID2>
<//Weld>
<WWeld id="200">
<XX>10.0</X> >
<YY>10.0</Y> >
<ZZ>1.0</Z>
<PID1>1</P PID1>
<PID2>2</P PID2>
<//Weld>
<//Welds>


ϭϮϵ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

The two pa
T arts to be welded
w togetther are shown in Fig.. 16.1 with all
a necessa ary details liike spot
w
weld coordinates, fixe
ed end of on
ne plate andd the displa
acement ap pplied to the
e right handd end of
t other plate.
the

Fig.16
6.1. Two pla
ates (PART
T1 and PAR
RT2) to be spot
s welded
d with weld coordinate
es.

T
The two plates to be e welded to ogether aree modeled in LS-PRE EPOST witth their resspective
material moodels (MAT T_003 in thiis case) and
d section properties
p (S
SECTION_
_SHELL). Th he weld
information
n is read in by using the spot weldd icon show
wn in Fig. 16
6.2.

ϭϯϬ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ




Fig. 16.2. Steps

S required in introd
ducing spott welds.

Once the spot

s weld symbols
s appear at the e required coordinates
c s the K filess should be
e saved
along with all other ne
ecessary inp
put. For furrther detailss refer to thee input file “spotweld0
01.k”.

Run the LS
S-DYNA sollver and check your re
esults͘

ϭϯϭ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^


CHA
APTER 17
7

LS-D
DYNA MA
ATERIAL MODELS
S


DŽĚĞůŝŶŐƚŚĞĞƌĞĂůďĞŚĂǀŝŽ ŽƌŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŝŶĂŶLJƐŽĨƚǁ ǁĂƌĞƌĞŵĂŝŶƐƐĂǀĞƌLJĐŽŵƉ ƉůĞdžƚĂƐŬďƵƚĨŽƌŵĂŶLJĞŶŐŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐ

ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐƚŚĞĞĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚĞ ĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůďĞĞŚĂǀŝŽƌŝƐƉŽƐƐƐŝďůĞ͘DŽƐƚŽ ŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƉƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚŝŶƚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŐƚĂďůĞƐŝƐ
ĞdžƚƌĂĐƚĞĚ ĨƌŽ
Žŵ ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ ƐŽ
ŽƵƌĐĞƐ ĂŶĚ ŝƚƚ ǁĂƐ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĂƚ
ƚ ƚŚĞƐĞ ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ŵŽĚĞĞůƐ ĐĂŶ ƐŝŵƵůĂĂƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂů ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ
ŵ
ǁ
ǁŝƚŚ Ă ŐŽŽĚĚ ĂƉƉƌŽdžŝŵĂƚƚŝŽŶ͘ ^ŽŵĞ ŽĨ
Ž ƚŚĞ ŵĂƚĞƌƌŝĂů ŵŽĚĞůƐ ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ
ƌ ĂŶ ĞƋƵĂƚŝŽŶ ŽĨ ƐƚĂƚĞ
Ɛ ;K^Ϳ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ
ƚ
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJK K^ǀĂůƵĞƐŚĂǀĞĞďĞĞŶƉƌŽǀŝĚ ĚĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞƵƐƐĞƌƚŽƉƌĂĐƚŝĐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŵ͘

MAT_SOIL
M L_AND_FO
OAM_FAIL
LURE (*MA
AT_005)

MAT_HIGH
M H_EXPLOS
SIVE_BUR
RN (*MAT_
_008) C4

ϭϯϮ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ

EO
OS_JWL

Note: MAT
T_008 requiires Equatio
on of State (EOS_JWL
L) which is shown in th
he above ta
able.

̴
 ̴

̴̴̴
ȋȗ̴̴ͳʹ͵Ȍ


̴ ̴ȋȗ̴Ͳͳͷ
ͷȌ



Note 01:
PC values should be negative.
n It stands for cut-off stre
ess.
Gruneisen EOS used with this material
m mod
del has follo
owing param
meters.

ϭϯϯ

>^ͺzE&KZ
Z'/EEZ^^

C = 1933 m/sec.
m
S1 = -3.49
S2 = 8.19
S3 = -9.6
GAMAO = 0.61
_
_________
__________
_________
__________
_________
__________
__________
____
CONTACT
T CARD SURF_TO_SU
URF should
d use SOFT
T = 2 underr card A ena
abled.
Hourglass IHQ = 4, QM = 0.1
CONTROL
L_BULK_VISCOSITY Q1 = 1.5, Q2
Q = 0.06
Note 02 :
Shell eleme
ents do nott require EO
OS.
Note 03:
T = 388oK = 114oC, TR = 295oK = 21.85oC
TM
Note 04:
V = 0.0 de
VP efault.
Poisson’s Ratio
R = 0.37
7 seems to be a better choice forr polycarbonate.

̴ 
 ̴
ȋȗ̴Ͳ
ͲͳͷȌ 

Note 01
EN EOS Pa
GRUNEISE arameters are
a
C = 3940 m/s
m
S1 = 1.489
9
GAMMO = 2.02
ϭϯϰ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

A = 0.47
Note 02
Conversion from 300oK to oC = 300-273.15 =26.85oC

‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•
1. A. Raczy, W.J.Altenhof, A.T. Alpas, An eularian Finite Element model of
the metal cutting process, 8th Int. LS-DYNA Users Conference (Metal
Forming).
2. Ansys/LS-DYNA Users guide, Ansys release 6.0 (2001).

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EĞdžƚĐůŝĐŬŽŶƚŚĞsŽůƵŵĞ ƚĂď͘/ŶƚŚĞs
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ĚĞƌƐŚĞůůĂŶĚĐĐůŝĐŬƐĂǀĞďƵƚƚƚŽŶ͘EĞdžƚĐŚĂŶŐĞϮdžƉůŽŽƐŝǀĞǁŝƚŚϯ
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ϭďŽdžƐŽůŝĚĂŶ
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ŚĂƐ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJ ďĞĞŶ
ď ĐŽŵƉůĞ ĞƚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ ƵƐĞĞƌ ĐĂŶ ŶŽǁ ƐĞůĞĐƚ
Ɛ ƐŝŵƵůĂƚƚŝŽŶ ĐŽŶƚƌŽů ƚĂď
ƚ ĂŶĚ ƐĞƚ ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞ ǀĂůƵĞƐ ŝŶ
ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚĨŝĞůĚ
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ƉĞƌƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƚŽƚŚŝƐƐƚĞƉĂƐƚƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƚŝǀĞŽĨƚŚŝƐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌŝƐŽŶůLJƚŽĨĨŽĐƵƐƵƉŽŶƚŚ ƵŵĞ&ƌĂĐƚŝŽŶ͘
ŚĞ/ŶŝƚŝĂůsŽůƵ

EĞdžƚĐůŝĐŬŽŶ^ĞƚƵƉďƵƚƚŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƚŽƉͲƌŝŐŚƚĐŽƌŶĞƌĂĂŶĚƐĞůĞĐƚŵŵ͕ŵƐĞĐ͕ĂŶĚ ĚŬŐĂƐƵŶŝƚƐ ĂŶĚĐůŝĐŬŽŬ͘ ƐĂůĂƐƚ

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ǁŚĞƌĞϯŝŶƉƵ ƵƚĨŝůĞƐŚĂǀĞƚŽ
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&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͘ϴ&ŝůůĞŽƵƚƉƵƚƉƌŽ
ŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ

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ƚ ŝŶƉƵƚ Ŭ ĨŝůĞ
ƚŚĞ Ĩ ŶĂŵĞ ĚĞĨĨĂƵůƚƐ ƚŽ ůƐͺĂ
ĂůĞ͘Ŭ ĂŶĚ sŽůůƵŵĞ ĨƌĂĐƚŝŽŶŶ ĨŝůĞ ǁŽƵůĚ ďĞĂƌ
ď Ă ŶĂŵĞĞ ůŝŬĞ ůƐͺĂůĞͺǀǀĨƌ͘Ŭ ĂŶĚ
ŵŽĚĞůĨŝůĞĂƐ ůƐͺĂůĞͺŵŽĚĞĞů͘ŬĂƐƐŚŽǁŶŶŝŶ&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͘ϴ͘ůƐͺĂůĞ͘ŬŝƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶĨŝůĞ͘/ƚƚĐĂůůƐŽƚŚĞƌƚƚǁŽĨŝůĞƐƵƐŝŶŐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ
ĐŽŵŵĂŶĚ͘

ϭϰϭ

>^ͺzE&KZ Z'/EEZ^^

&ƵƌƚŚĞƌ ĚĞƉĞĞŶĚŝŶŐ ƵƉŽŶ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ ŝŶƉƵƚ ƉŚĂĂƐĞ ƐŽŵĞ ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ ŵĂĂLJ ďĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ Žƌ ǁŝƚŚ ŝŶͲ
ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞǀǀĂůƵĞƐĚƵĞƚŽ ŽƚŚĞĐĂƌĞůĞƐƐŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞƵ ƵƐĞƌ͘dŚŽƐĞƉĂĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐŵƵ ƵƐƚďĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚƚĞĚďĞĨŽƌĞƐƵ ƵďŵŝƚƚŝŶŐ
ƚ
ƚŚĞĨŝůĞĨŽƌĞdž
džĞĐƵƚŝŽŶ͘/ŶŝƚƚŝĂůĚĞƚŽŶĂƚŝŽ
ŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĐŚĞĐŬĞĚ͘ϯƉůŽƚĂŶĚ ĚĚϯŚĚƚƚŝŵĞĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽ
Ĩ ĂŶLJ ƵŶǁĂĂŶƚĞĚ ŝŶƉƵƚ͘ ŶĚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƐƚ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ ŽĨ Ăůů ŝƐ ƚŽ ĚĞůĞƚĞ
ďĞ ĐŚĞĐŬĞĚ ĨŽƌ Ě ƚŚĞ ƐŚĞůů ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ ;ĐLJůŝŶĚĞƌ
ƐŚĞůůͿǁŚŝĐŚǁǁĂƐĨŝůůĞĚǁŝƚŚĞdžƉůŽƐŝǀĞŵ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝĨŝƚŝƐƐŶŽƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚ
ĚŝŶƚŚĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͘

d
dŽĨĂĐŝůŝƚĂƚĞƚ ŽǁŝŶŐǁĞďƐŝƚĞ͘
ƚŚĞƵƐĞƌƚŚĞƌƌĞůĂƚĞĚŝŶƉƵƚĨŝůĞƐǁŽƵůĚďĞŵĂĚĞĂǀĂŝůĂĂďůĞŽŶĂŽƌĂƚƚŚĞĨŽůůŽ

ŚƚƚƉ͗ͬͬƐƚĂĨĨ͘ŝŝƵŵ͘ĞĚƵ͘ŵLJͬŚ
ŚƋĂƐŝŵͬŝŶƉƵƚƚĨŝůĞƐ͘njŝƉ

—–’—–


KŶĐĞƚŚŝƐƉƌŽ
ŽďůĞŵŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐŽůǀĞĚƚŚĞĞŶĞdžƚŝŵƉŽƌƚƚĂŶƚƚĂƐŬŝƐƚŽ ŽǀŝƐƵĂůŝnjĞƚŚĞĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐƵƐŝŶŐŐůĂƚĞƐƚ>ƐͲWƌĞĞƉŽƐƚ͘dŽ
ĚŽƚŚŝƐŽƉĞŶƚŚĞĚϯƉůŽƚĨŝůĞŝŶ>ƐͲWƌĞƉŽ
ŽƐƚĂŶĚĐůŝĐŬŽ
ŽŶƚŚĞŝĐŽŶƐĂƐƐŚŽǁŶǁŝƚŚ Śϭ͕Ϯ͕ĂŶĚϯ͘

&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͘ϵ

ĨƚĞƌƚŚĞĂďŽ
 ŽǀĞĐůŝĐŬƐƐŚŽ
ŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ
ϴ͘ϵƚŚĞ>ƉĂĂƌƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĞǀŝƐŝďůĞĂƐƐŚ
ŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐ͘ϭ
ϭϴ͘ϭϬ͘&ůƵŝĚĚ
ĚĞŶƐŝƚLJĂƚ
Ϭ
Ϭ͘ϬϰϵϴϵϮŵŝů ůŝƐĞĐƐƐŚŽƵůĚĂƉƉĞĂƌĂƐŝŶ&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͘ϭϭ͘

ϭϰϮ

 Z'/EEZ^^
>^ͺzE&KZ


&
&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͘ϭϬ

&ŝŐ͘ϭϴ͘ϭϭ&ůƵŝĚĚĞŶƐŝƚLJĐŽ
ŽŶƚŽƵƌƐ͘

ϭϰϯ

>^ͺzE&KZ'/EEZ^

References
1. LS-DYNA Keyword user’s manual, Livermore Software Technology Corporation.
2. http://www.dynasupport.com/
3. http://www.varmintal.com/aengr.htm/
4. http://www.lstc.com/lspp/

ϭϰϰ

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