ABSTRACT

In order to compete in the ever growing competent market it is very important for a

structural engineer to save time and economy. As a sequel to this an attempt is made to analyse

and comparative design of Autoclaved aerated concrete blocks and conventional bricks for a multi-

storeyed building by using a software package Staad pro. It includes the analysis, design and

estimates of structure, comparing between autoclave aerated concrete and conventional brick in

the form of steel consumptions. The project deals with the comparison of AAC blocks and

conventional bricks of a G+2 building. The dead load &live loads are applied and the design for

beams, columns is obtained. As the weight if autoclaved aerated concrete is much lesser than

conventional brick, by using this advantage we can reduce the weight of the infill wall on beams,

columns, footings if conventional bricks replace by AAC blocks and simultaneously we can save

reinforced steel. STAAD Pro with its new features surpassed its predecessors and compotators

with its data sharing capabilities with other major software like AutoCAD and MS Excel. We

conclude that Staad pro is a very powerful tool which can save much time and is very accurate in

designs. Thus it is concluded that Staad pro package is suitable for the design of a multi-storeyed

building.

1
 CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:

Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of building such as
Residential houses. In a simple building can be define as an enclose space by walls with roof, food,
cloth and the basic needs of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in caves, over
trees or under trees, to protect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc. as the times passed as
humans being started living in huts made of timber branches. The shelters of those old have been
developed nowadays into beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses.
Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county. Every human has desire to
own comfortable homes on an average generally one spends his two-third life times in the houses.
These are the few reasons which are responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard
earned saving in owning houses.
Nowadays the house building is major work of the social progress of the country. Daily
new techniques are being developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and
fulfilling the requirements of the community engineers and architects do the design work, planning
and layout, etc, of the buildings.
Draughtsman is responsible for doing the drawing works of building as for the direction
of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know his job and should be able to follow the
instruction of the engineer and should be able to draw the required drawing of the building, site
plans and layout plans etc, as for the requirements. A building frame consists of number of bays
and storey. A multi-storey, multi-paneled frame is a complicated statically intermediate structure.
The building subjected to both the vertical loads as well as horizontal loads. The vertical load
consists of dead load of structural components such as beams, columns, slabs etc and live loads.
The horizontal load consists of the wind forces thus building is designed for dead load, live load
and wind load as per IS 875.
The rapid industrialization and population explosion has given rise to acute storage of
housing especially in urban and metropolitan areas where the density of population increases day
by day, demands an eye for housing at a large scale. This problem can be solved by construction
of multistoried buildings.

2
1.2 Importance and Necessity:

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete material that was

developed in Sweden approximately 85 years ago, but only recently, as early as 1990 in the
Southeast, it has been used or produced in the United States. It is a lightweight building material
that is easy to build with, has great thermal properties, and can be easily produced from locally
available materials. AAC is commonly found as masonry block units or as larger planks that can
be used as wall components or as roof or floor components. AAC has a high percentage of air,
making up its volume and the materials that are used to make it can be recycled from the waste
AAC material. Recycled AAC can be ground up finely and can be used as the aggregate in the
new mixture. Also, the energy that is required to produce AAC is much lower than other masonry
products. AAC is an industrially produced uniform and homogeneous material, which has been
autoclaved. Consequently, its chemical and mineral composition has been stabilized to form a solid
structure and is more stable than products formed from normally cured concrete. However, due to
its porosity, AAC can be penetrated by liquids and gases, which, in some cases, may cause partial
destruction of the matrix, either by dissolution or pressure caused by recrystallization. AAC is
mainly attacked by acids, solutions of acid salts, and acid forming gases. The degree of attack
depends on the acid concentration, relative humidity and temperature. Moreover, the destruction
of AAC can be caused by the formation of ice or salt crystals. In some countries, possible damage
caused by freeze and thaw action is very important.
This research gives the detailed design of “two storied school building” by using AAC
block masonry and conventional brick masonry, with the help of manual calculations, STAAD-
Pro V8i design and ETAB design software. In this work we specially concentrate on design
comparison between structural designs by AAC block masonry and conventional brick masonry.

1.3 Scope and Objective :

This work includes the design and estimate of G+2 building by using AAC block masonry
and conventional brick masonry, with the help of STAAD-Pro V8i design software. For smaller
building, associated with conventional brick masonry works, AAC block masonry construction
becomes too cumbersome, irrespective of the economics involved. For high rise building and very
large spans, the depth required for an R.C.C. beam becomes impractical. The loading intensity is

3
high in case of conventional brick is assumed, so that the dead load of structure is increased,
factored bending moment will be increase. This comparative point of view AAC block masonry is
preferred as it is in vogue, during construction of a large span beam and high rise building.
The objective of study is practical comparison between traditional clay bricks, and AAC blocks
under seismic loading.
To study the economical, constructional and structural difference between the structures using
above two constructional materials.
Through this study, we will accomplish the relationship between the two materials. Also due to
two different materials there would be changes in loading, structure, construction cost,
construction techniques; which would be observed through this project.

Building in general:

Building is defined as a structure for the whatsoever purpose and of whatsoever material
constructed and everywhere there of whether used as human habitation or not and includes
foundation, plinth, wails, floors, chimneys, plumbing arid building services, Fixed platforms,
verandah, balcony cornice (or projection) and sign and outdoor display structures.

Broadly speaking, building consists of three parts, namely (1) Foundation (2) Plinth (3)
Superstructure.

1. FOUNDATION: It is the lowest artificially prepared part, below the surface of the
surrounding ground, which is in direct contact with substrata and transmits all the loads to
the subsoil.
2. PLINTH: it is the middle part of the structure, above the surface of the surrounding ground
up to the surface at the floor (i.e. floor level), immediately above the ground.
3. SUPERSTRUCTURE: The part of the structure constructed above the plinth level (or
ground floor level) is termed as superstructure.

Based on Occupancy buildings are classified as residential, educational, institutional,

assembly business, mercantile industrial storage and hazardous.

4
1.4 Building Classification:

According to national building code of India 1970, buildings on the basis of occupancy are
classified into following groups:

Group A - Residential Building: All those buildings in which sleeping accommodation is

provided for residing (or dwelling) permanently or temporarily with or without cooking or dining
or both facilities are termed as residential buildings, for example apartments, flats, Bungalows,
dormitories, private houses, hotels, hostels etc.

Group B - Educational Buildings: All those buildings, which are meant for education from
nursery or primary school to the university are, included in this group for example schools,
colleges, universities, training institutes etc. These buildings provide facilities like classrooms,
staff cabins, drawing rooms, laboratories, administrative blocks, and assembly halls for education
or library, gymnasium etc. for recreation.

Group C - Industrial Buildings: This group includes any building or part of a building in
which products of different kinds of properties are fabricated, assembled or processed for e.g.
laboratories, assembled plants, power plants, refineries, dairies etc.

Group D - Assembly Building: This group includes any building or part of a building there
groups of people assemble or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic or
similar purposes for e.g. theatres, assembly halls, auditorium, exhibition halls, restaurants etc.

Group E - Business Buildings: This group includes any building or part of a building, which
we used for purposes such a transactions of business, keeping of accounts etc. for banks,
courthouses, libraries etc.

Group F - Mercantile Building: This group includes any building or part of a building,
which is used as shop, stores, market for sales and display of products or wares either wholesale
retail.

5
Group G - Storage Building: This group includes those building structures, which are
primarily used for the storage, or sheltering of goods, wares, or merchandise for e.g. ware houses,
cold storage, transit shades, garages etc.

Group H - Hazardous Buildings: This group includes those building structures which are
used for storage, handling, manufacture or processing of materials which are liable to burn with
extreme rapidity and prove hazardous to health, building or building contents.

Residential Building: All those buildings in which sleeping accommodation is provided for
residing permanently or temporarily with or without cooking or dining or both facilities are termed
as residential buildings, for e.g. apartments, flats, bungalows, dormitories, private houses, hostels.,
hotels etc.A dwelling unit may be one of the following:

1. Detached House: A detached is the choice of every individual, pleasing effect is

achieved if the approach from the main road is kept open and light and fresh air flow of
uninterrupted by fences and walls. if proper coordination with adjoining houses were done,
each house would present aesthetic presentation.

2. Semi-detached Rouse: This type of construction has the advantage of a separate unit
as well as reduction in the cost of construction as two dwelling units have a common
entrance and staircase. And additional advantage is the sense of security that is felt by
dwellers.

3. Terrace Housing Unit: The main advantage of terrace is the in space. This type of
construction is an improvement over the semi-detached unit. A terrace unit is the row of
three or more dwelling units in continuity.

4. Flats: A dwelling is separated from another by horizontal division. In case of conventional

group vertical divisions or partitions achieve housing the separation.

5. Duplex Apartments: These are living spaces at two or more levels. They can be had
in detached, semidetached or in multistoried buildings where corridors can be provided in
alternate floors.

6
Broadly multi-storied complex have been classified into three types:

i) Load bearing constructions ii) Composite constructions and

iii) Framed constructions, which can be with either steel or concrete. The first method has got the
limitations that it will be economical only up to 2 to 3 stories. With composite construction
technique, the economy is achieved even if the number of floors goes up to 5. A building with 6
stories or more has to be dealt with framed type of constructions.

1.5 Bricks :

The materials used for the study are burnt clay bricks and autoclaved aerated concrete blocks. The
burnt clay bricks of size 200 x 100 x 100 mm are collected from locally available processing units
of burnt clay bricks. AAC blocks are collected from the distributors of Aerocon blocks in Cochin.
Aerocon is India’s leading manufacturer of AAC blocks. These Aerocon has a long time
association with Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) and consistently work together for the
cause of sustainable construction. These blocks offer effective and practical solutions for the
current building regulations and are manufactured using the latest technologies at India’s most
advanced AAC facilities located in Chennai and Surat . These blocks are manufactured by using
fly ash, cement, lime and an aeration agent like aluminum powder. An AAC block of face size 600
x 200 mm is collected from GEETEE Traders, Aerocon supplier, Cochin. The thickness of the
collected specimen is 100 mm. The density of blocks ranges from 600 to 800 kg/m3. The collected

Figure no: 1 Red brick and AAC block

7
 Figure no: 2 Composition of Red brick

Figure no: 3 Composition of AAC block

blocks are cut and conditioned before testing. The methodology adopted for the study is as follows:
Literature survey of previous studies is conducted to derive the objectives and scope of work.
Collection of AAC blocks are done on the basis of objectives. Cutting and conditioning of blocks
into required sizes are done. Comparative study of AAC blocks and burnt clay bricks are done.

Size of different brick taken in analysis:

8
Conventional brick = 20cm x 10cm x 10cm

AAC block = 60cm x 20cm x 10cm

1.6 Introduction of slabs:

A slab is the covering provided over the four wall or beams of room in order to enclose

it. A slab may be a roof or a floor depending on its location in the building, the design live load

on slabs is as follows: (for residential building)as per IS 875

(1) Design L.L. for roofs: 150KN/m

(2) Design L.L for floors: 200 KN/m

A slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and is classified
according to the method of support:

(a) One way slabs spanning in one direction,

(b) Two way slabs spanning, in both directions,

(c) Circular Slabs,

(d) Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams, and

(e) Grid Floors & ribbed slabs,

Slabs are designed by using the same theories of bending and shear as they are used for beams.
The following methods of analysis are available:

(a) Elastic analysis — idealization into strips or beams,

(b) Semi empirical co-efficient as given in the code, and

(c) Yield line theory.

9
One way slabs:

One way slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A continuous

one way slab can be analyzed in a manner similar to that used for a continuous beam. The general

recommendation for curtailment of bars given in clause 26, 2.3 of the code applies for slabs also.

Shear stresses in slabs are generally not critical under normal loads but should be checked
in accordance with the requirements set out in clause 40.2. 1. 1

Two way slabs:

Two Way Slabs are those in which the length to breadth Ratio is less than two when slabs

are supported. One four side’s two-way spanning action occurs. The deflection and bending

moments in a two-way slab are considerably reduced as compared to those in a one way slab. A

two-way slab may be considered to consist of a series of a interconnected beams of unit width

which transfer the load to the respective supports.

The exact analysis of stresses in two-way slabs is generally complex. These are generally
designed using approximate theories, which are known to yield satisfactory results based on
experimental data.

For designs of two way slabs bending moment co-efficient are as per table 26 of the code
IS 456-2000.

Two way slabs are further divided into two types depending upon the resistance to the torsion, they
are:

(1) Restrained slabs

(2) Simply supported slabs.

10
Restrained slabs:

Will be in accordance with clause D.I.1 of l.S.456-2000appendix “D” The maximum B.M in
accordance with clause D.l.1 of I.S.456-2000.

M x =  xWLx2

M y =  yWLx2

Where x and y are coefficient given in table 26 of I .S. 456-2000 for different ratio of x and
y condition of fixidity at different edges,

Lx and Ly —Length of shorter span and longer span respectively.

M x and My — Movements on strips of unit with spanning L and respectively.

For analysis of such slabs, coefficients given in table 26 of IS. 456-2000 are strictly used, in
accordance with clause 37. 1 .2 of IS 456-2000.

Simply supported slabs:

these types of slabs do not have adequate provision resist torsion at corner and to prevent the corner
from lifting.

The max. B.M. in accordance with clause D.2.1 of I.S, 456-2000

M y =  yWLx2

M x =  xWLx2

Lx and L y are the coefficient given in table 27 of I S. 456-2000 for simply supported slabs.

As per clause D 2. 1.1 Of code. At least 50% of the tension reinforcement provided at mid span

11
should extend to the supports. The remaining 50% should extend to within 0. 1 Lx > or Ly of

the supports as appropriate.

The maximum permissible span length of slabs are considered as follows:

Support Cantilevers Simply supported Fixed/Continuous

condition

Slab type One way Two way One-way Two way One-way Two way

Max span (m) 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 4.5 6.0

Figure no: 4 Simply supports on two long edges

Slabs are designed for deflection. Slabs are designed based on yield theory.
This diagram shows the distribution of loads in two way slabs.

12
 Figure no:5 Distribution of loads in two way slabs
Order to design a slab we has to create a plate by selecting a plate cursor. Now select the
members to form slab and use form slab button. Now give the thickness of plate as 0.12 m. Now
similar to the above designs give the parameters based on code and assign design slab command
and select the plates and assign commands to it. After analysis is carried out go to advanced slab
design page and collect the reinforcement details of the slab.
The following figure shows the monolithic connection between beam, column and slab

Figure no: 6 Monolithic connection between beam, column and slab

13
 Figure no: 7 Plan of slab

Figure no: 8 Longitudinal section of beam

14
1.7 Introduction of beams:
Some of the guiding principal for the positioning of the beam areas follow

a) Beams are generally provided under the wall or below heavy concentrated loads to avoid these
loads directly coming on slobs.

b) The spacing of the beams is governed by the maximum span of slab.

c) For larger span and heavier load the two way acting is advantageous, as the steel required is
minimum

d) For designing the cantilever slabs, availability adequate anchorage should be check

Theory:

A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist tensile, compressive and shear stresses
induced in it by the loads on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in
the low tensile strength. Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity by the low
tensile strength. Steel is very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of concrete is overcome
by the provision of reinforcing steel in the tension zone around the concrete to make a reinforced
concrete beam

There are three types of beams.

a. Singly reinforced beams

b. Double reinforced beams

c. Flanged beams

A. Singly reinforced beams:

In the singly reinforced simply supported beams reinforcing steel bars are placed

near the bottom of the where they dare most effective in resisting the tensile bending stresses. In
singly reinforced cantilever beams reinforcing bars are placed near the top of beam.

15
B. Doubly reinforced beams:

A doubly reinforced beam is reinforced both in compression and tension regions. The
section of the beam may be a rectangular, T of L sections. The necessity of us in steel in the
compression zone arises due to two main reasons as follows:

1. When the depth of the beam is restricted the strength available from a singly reinforced
beam is inadequate.

2. At support of continuous beam where bending moment changes sign.

C. Flanged beams:

In most reinforced concrete structures, concrete slabs and beams are cast monolithic. Thus
beam form part of the floor system together with the slab. In bending the slab forming the top part
of the beam at mid span would be in compression for a definable width of the rib (or the beam)
thus increasing the moment of resistance for given rib width. At continuous support the position
is reversed. The slab is tension and part of it have cracked in tension, this beam is equivalent to
rectangular section at the supports.

Figure no: 9 Reinforced details of beam

16
1.8 Introduction of column :

Some of the guiding principles, which help the positioning of the columns, are as follows

A) Columns should be preferably located at or near the corners of the building and at the
intersection of the walls. But for the columns on the property line as the footing requires some area
beyond the column, the column can be shifted inside along a cross wall to provide the required
area to the footing within the property line. Alternatively, a combined or a strap footing may be
provided.

B) The spacing between the columns is governed by the lamination on spans of supported
beams, as the spanning of the columns decides the span of the beam. As the span of the beam
increases, the depth of the beam, and hence the self weight of the beam and the total.

Column design:

The column in a structure loads from the beams and slabs down the foundations and
therefore there are primarily compression members although they may also have to resists bending
forces due to the continuity of the structure directed solutions of the equations which determines
the areas of the reinforcement can be very laborious and impractical. Therefore, design charts are
some form of electronic computer is often employed to facilitate the routine design of the column
sections.

Designs of columns are governed by the ultimate limit state: deflections and cracking
during service conditions are not usually a problem but nevertheless correct detailing of the
reinforcement and adequate cover are important.

Engineering structure and structural design:

An engineering structure is on assembly of members or elements transferring the load or
resisting external actions and providing a form to serve the desired function.

The structural design is a science and art of designing with economy and elegance. A
durable structure, which can safely carry the forces and can serve the desired function satisfactory
during its expected service life span.

17
Object and basic requirements of structural design:-

• Serviceability

• Safety

• Durability

• Economy

• Aesthetic beauty

18
 CHAPTER -2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. General:
The literature survey is being carried out to identify the work related to the present study.
Considerable amount of research has been carried out in the comparison of results produced by
both the softwares. This section highlights various experimental and theoretical studies conducted
in the field of designing of structures.

2.2. Review of literature:

1) P.S. Bhandari and at all (2014).
Investigate the performance of cellular lightweight concrete in terms of density and
compressive strength. The Compressive strength for cellular lightweight concrete is low for lower
density mixture. The compressive strength also decreases with the increment of voids.
Compressive strength of 53 grade cement is slightly higher than 43 grade cement, but as strength
increases its density also increases. Cellular lightweight concrete is acceptable for framed
structure. Cellular lightweight concrete can be suitable for earthquake areas.

2) K.Krishna Bhavani Siram (2012) .

Made an attempt to compare CLC blocks and Clay bricks and recommend a replacement
material to red bricks in construction industry. Burnt clay Brick is the predominant construction
material in the country. The CO2 emissions in the brick manufacture process have been
acknowledged as a significant factor to global warming and also focus on the environment solution
for greener environment because red bricks requires high energy to burn in kiln to produce it. This
study has also shown that the use of fly ash in foamed concrete, can improve the properties of CLC
blocks.

3) Alim Shaikh (2013)

Brick is the most commonly used building material in construction. AAC blocks are new
construction material which is very light in weight. Compare to same size of (200mm x 100mm x

19
100mm,its 3 times lighter than traditional brick (clay brick);it means it covers more area in same
weight as clay brick gives in one bricks. In this paper; attempt has been made to replace the clay
brick with light weight AAC blocks. The usage of AAC block reduces the cost of construction up-
to 25% as reduction of dead load of wall on beam makes it comparatively lighter members. The
use of AAC block also reduces the requirement of materials such as cement and sand up-to 55%.

4) Riyaz Sameer Shah (2016).

This paper presents the economics of autoclave aerated concrete vis-à-vis conventional
brick. This project includes the analysis, design and estimates of structure, comparing between
autoclave aerated concrete and conventional brick in the form of steel consumptions. Autoclaved
Aerated Concrete (AAC) is a lightweight concrete building material cut into masonry blocks or
formed larger planks and panels. Currently it has not seen widespread use in the United States.
However, in other parts of the world it use has been used successfully as a building material. In
this work we are comparing reinforced concrete design using autoclave aerated concrete and
conventional brick as a construction material, as the weight of autoclave aerated concrete is much
lesser than the conventional brick, by using this advantage we think, we can reduce the weight of
infill wall on beams, columns, footings if conventional bricks replace by AAC block and
simultaneously we can save reinforced steel.

5) Nagesh. Mustapure and at all (2014).

Made an attempt to study on cellular lightweight concrete blocks, and following
experiment has done to check the properties of CLC blocks of Grade B, such as compressive
strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity of CLC blocks for 800 kg/m3, 900 kg/m3, 1000
kg/m3, 1100 kg/m3. The excellent insulating property of foam concrete is due to the great number
of closed cavities forming the multicellular structure and the study shows that CLC blocks may be
used for construction purpose, which is advantageous in terms of general construction properties
as well as ecofriendliness.

6) Dr. B G Naresh kumar and at all (2013)

In this experimental study the feasibility of using aerated concrete block as an alternative
to the conventional masonry units has been investigated. The preliminary studies focused on the

20
estimating physical, strength and elastic properties of light weight concrete blocks i.e. Autoclaved
aerated concrete blocks (AAC). These include initial rate of absorption, density test, water
absorption test etc. The compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and the flexural strength of the
units were obtained.

7) Prakash T M and at all (2013)

Investigate the feasibility of using lightweight concrete block as an alternative to the
conventional masonry units. The preliminary studies focused on estimating physical and elastic
properties of cellular lightweight block units. These included initial rate of absorption, density test,
water absorption test etc. The compressive strength, stress-strain characteristics and the flexural
strength of the units were obtained. And the results are comparing with that of conventional
masonry units.

8) Ali J. Hamad (2014)

This paper is attention to classified of aerated lightweight concrete into foamed concrete
and autoclaved concrete. The literature review of aerated lightweight concrete on material
production, properties and its applications. The aerated lightweight properties are focuses on the
porosity, permeability, compressive strength and splitting strength. It possess many beneficial such
as low density with higher strength compared with conventional concrete, enhanced in thermal
and sound insulation, reduced dead load in the could result several advantages in decrease
structural elements and reduce the transferred load to the foundations and bearing capacity.
Aerated concrete is consider economy in materials and consumptions of by-product and wastes
materials such as fly ash.

21
 CHAPTER-3
METHODOLOGY

3.1. General :
The RC Framed structure is modeled by using Staadpro software for the following cases.
To begin with, an R.C.C. frame structure considering with conventional brick masonry was
manually designed by using the limit state method based on IS: 456-2000. Based on the steps &
formulas involved, a design program was prepared in MS EXCEL. The veracity of the program
was checked by first designing the manually designed beam, column, slab, etc. by using the
program & comparing the results. An identical procedure was followed for AAC block masonry
loading.

In this work also compare the all calculation by using AAC block masonry and conventional
brick masonry, with the help of manual calculations, STAAD-Pro V8i design software.

3.2 Statement of project :

Salient features:
Utility of building : Residential building
No of stories : 3
Type of construction : R.C.C framed structure
Types of walls : brick wall

Geometric details:
Ground floor : 3m
Floor to floor height : 3m.
Height of plinth : 0.6m
Depth of foundation : 500mm

Materials:
Concrete grade : M20

22
All steel grades : Fe415 grade
Bearing capacity of soil : 30T/Sq. m
AAC block : 60cm x 20cm x 10cm

Conventional brick : 20cm x 10cm x 10cm

3.3 Statement of project:

✓ our project consists of 5 storied residential building with 3 BHK with a safe bearing
capacity (SBC) of 30T/sq. m.

✓ Plinth area: it is spread about 4700 sq. ft or 522 sq. yards.

✓ Plot area: the area is 525 sq. yards.

✓ Methodology: method which we use in this project is “LIMIT STATE METHOD”.

✓ Software: For the design of multistoried building we use “STAAD-PRO” software and
the drawings are done by “AUTO-CAD” software.

✓ Codes: The design of the buildings based on following codes such as IS 456-2000, IS 875-
part 1 (Dead loads), IS 875-part 2 (Imposed loads), IS part 3 (Wind loads of building).

3.4 Structural planning :

Once the site is chosen of accepted, the architect’s or engineer’s aim is to fix the direction
of plan of building and finally to play the building keeping in view the local Bye-laws, principles
of planning and requirements of owner.

Orientation is defined as a method of setting or fixing the direction of the plan of the
building in such a way that it devices maximum benefits from the elements of nature. Tb
knowledge of orientation is the first prerequisite of a good planning. It should be noted that poor
orientation of the buildings results in uncomfortable conditions inside the building. Bi-laws are
certain rules and regulation laid down the by the municipalities or town planning authorities in

23
their jurisdiction. These have to be considered while planning and designing the layout of
buildings.

Building line, which is often known as set back refers to the line up to which the plinth of
a building adjoining a street may lawfully extend. Building line facilities future widening of street
and keeps away the noise the dust of the streets.

Open space requirements should be left inside and around a building to meet the lighting
and ventilation requirements of the rooms. The open space left on front, rear of sides serve the
purpose of future widening of streets.

3.5 Designing :

Designing of structures is an art and science of designing a safe, durable and elegant
structure with economy. This not only requires imaginations but also a good knowledge of science
of designing besides practical aspects, like the relevant codes and local municipal By law with
experience and judgment.

The architect where as the requirement of safety, serviceability, durability and economy are taken
care of by the structural engineer looks after the design structure of planning of the structure and
the aesthetics.

Stages in structural design:

The various stages involved in the design can be summarized as

i. Structural planning

ii. Estimation of loads

iii. Analysis of the structure

iv. Design of the members

v. Drawings of preparation of schedules

24
After opening staad pro software , select the new project and select the space option .Then specify
the file name and select the length units as Meters and force units as Kilonewtons. For further
process click on next button.

Figure no: 10 selection of units

Firstly draw the structure of the building using grids with the help of snap node beam tool and join
them. The following figure shows the structure:

Figure no: 11 Plan of building

25
Using the translational repeat increase the storeys by providing the no. of steps and spacing
default step spacing and also link them. The following figure shows the method.

Figure no: 12 translational repeat

The following figure shows the mutli-storey structure after the translational repeat

Figure no: 13 Structure of building

26
Now go to general > define > select rectangle > provide the x direction and y direction dimensions
of the beams > add

And also provide the dimensions of the columns in the same manner > add and close the tab. The
following figures shows the method. R1 is the reactions of the beams and R2 is the reactions of
the columns.

Figure no: 14 Dimensions of beams and columns

Figure no: 15 Assigning of dimensions to beams

27
The following figure shows the dimensions of the columns and the beams as reactions R1 and
R2.

Figure no: 16 Assigning of dimensions to columns

The following figure is the 3D rendering of the G+2 building.

Figure no: 17 3D Rendering of structure

28
Go to support and select the footings of the structure and create the fixed support and assign the
fixed support to the selected view. The following figure the supports of the structure

Figure no: 18 Assigning of supports

3.6 Loading :
This stage involves determination of various types that are acting on the structures. The
values of types of loads are taken from the relevant IS-codes.

Types of loads:
Various types of loads on a structure and requiring consideration in design are

1. Dead load

2. Live load

3. Floor load

Dead load:

This is the permanent of stationary load like self-weight of structural elements. This includes

29
 a) self weight,

b) weight of finished,

c) weights of partitions, walls etc.,

Dead loads consist of the permanent construction material loads compressing the roof,
floor, wall, and foundation systems, including claddings, finishes and fixed equipment. Dead
load is the total load of all of the components of the components of the building that generally do
not change over time, such as the steel columns, concrete floors, bricks, roofing material etc.
In staad pro assignment of dead load is automatically done by giving the property of the
member. In load case we have option called self weight which automatically calculates weights
using the properties of material i.e., density and after assignment of dead load the skeletal
structure looks red in color as shown in the figure.
Select the Load & definition > go to load case details > select self weight load > provide
safety factor -1. Negative sign indicates the load acting on downwards.

Figure no: 19 Assigning of self weight

30
3.7 Load calculation of conventional bricks:

Weight of the outer wall =Volume x Density

= 1*0.23*3 x 19
= 12 kn/m^2
The above example shows a sample calculation of dead load.
Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1

The following figure shows the outer walls load which is acting on first floor and second floor of
the residential building. The blue lines indicates the loads of 12kn/m^2

Figure no: 20 Assigning of loads on outer walls

Density of AAC blocks = 19

So we are taking the density as 19
Weight of the inner walls = volume x density

= 1*0.115*3 x 19

= 6 kn/m^2

31
The following figure shows the inner wall loads acting on first and second floors of load 6kn/m^2

Figure no: 21 Assigning of loads on inner walls

Weight of the parapet wall = volume x density

= 1*0.115*1.5 x 19 = 3 kn/m^2

The following figure shows the load of parapet wall acting on the top floor outer edges which is
3kn/m^2

Figure no: 22 Assigning of loads on parapet wall

32
Apply the floor load by clicking on the load case details > add > select floor load > give the
pressure to it and define the ranges y- range I from 0 to 9 > add > close. Assign the load to the
structure. The method is shown in the following figures.

Figure no: 23 Specifying the floor load

Floor load is given to the structure , it is normally 4kn/m^2. It is shown in the figure which is
placed in the below.

Floor load = 4kn/m^2

Figure no: 24 Assigning of floor load

33
Go to design and select the concrete > select the IS code > select parameters >select clear cover ,
Fck, Fy main

Figure no: 25 Selection of design parameters

Go to define parameters >specify the value of cover = 0.04m

Figure no: 26 Specifying the clear cover

34
Specify the compressive strength of M20 grade of concrete as 20000 kn/m2

Figure no: 27 Specifying the characteristic strength of concrete

Specify the yield strength of reinforcement as 415000 kn/m2

Figure no: 28 Specifying the yield strength of steel

35
Go to analysis and print > select all > add > close.

Now analyse the structure > run analysis > after processing report will be displayed.Go to post
processing mode > deflections, bending moments, curves, shear force diagrams, no. of beams, no.
of columns, area of the steel, bar dimensions, spacing, tie bars spacing, no. of bars will be displayed
on the screen.

The following figure shows the method of processing.

Figure no: 29 Analysis and print

3.8 Load calculation of AAC blocks :

Select the Load & definition > go to load case details > select self weight load > provide safety
factor -1.

Negative sign indicates the load acting on downwards.

The following figure shows the method of applying the self weight of the building.

36
 Figure no: 30 Assigning of self weight

Density of AAC blocks = 5.5 to 6

We are taking the density as 5.5
Weight of the outer wall =Volume x Density
= 1*0.23*3 x 5.5
= 4 kn/m^2

The above example shows a sample calculation of dead load.

Dead load is calculated as per IS 875 part 1

The following figure shows the outer walls load which is acting on first floor and second floor of
the residential building. The blue lines indicates the loads of 4kn/m^2

37
 Figure no: 31 Assigning of loads on outer walls

Weight of the inner walls = volume x density

= 1*0.115*3 x 5.5

= 2 kn/m^2

The following figure shows the inner wall loads which is acting on the first and second floors of
load 2kn/m^2

Figure no: 32 Assigning of loads on inner walls

38
Weight of the parapet wall = volume x density

= 1*0.115*1.5 x 5.5 = 1 kn/m^2

The following figure shows the load of parapet wall acting on the top floor outer edges which is
1kn/m^2

Figure no: 33 Assigning of loads on parapet wall

The following figure shows the floor load acting on the structure.

Figure no: 34 Assigning of floor load

39
3.9 Live load (As Per IS: 875 Part-2 1987)
These are non-permanent or moving loads. This type of load includes the following.

Imposed loads (fixed) weight of fixed seating in auditoriums, fixed machinery, partition
walls. These loads, though, fixed in positions cannot be relied upon to act permanently throughout
the life of the structure.

Imposed loads (not fixed) these loads change either in magnitude or position very often such as
traffic loads, weight of furniture etc.,

Figure no: 35 Assigning of live load on floor

40
Go to design and select the concrete > select the IS code > select parameters >select clear cover ,
Fck, Fy main .

Figure no: 36 Selection of design parameters

Go to define parameters >specify the value of cover = 0.04m > add > close.

Figure no: 37 Specifying the clear cover

41
Specify the compressive strength of M20 grade of concrete as 20000 kn/m2

Figure no: 38 Specifying the characteristic strength of concrete

Specify the yield strength of reinforcement as 415000 kn/m2

Figure no: 39 Specifying the yield strength of steel

42
Go to analysis and print > select all > add > close.Now analyse the structure > run analysis > after
processing report will be displayed.Go to post processing mode > deflections, bending moments,
curves, shear force diagrams, no. of beams, no. of columns, area of the steel, bar dimensions,
spacing, tie bars spacing, no. of bars will be displayed on the screen.

The following figure shows the method of processing.

Figure no: 40 Analysis and print

43
 CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Comparative design of AAC blocks and Conventional bricks:

S.No. Parameters Conventional bricks AAC Blocks

1. Material composition Silica (sand) + Alumina (clay) Quartz sand + calcined

+ Lime + Iron oxide + gypsum + lime (mineral)
Magnesia In other words-Top and/or cement Aluminum
Soil powder + fly ash In Other
Words-Cement +Fly Ash

2. Size 225 mm x 100 mm x 65 mm / 600 / 625 mm x 200 / 240 mm

230 mm x 75 mm x 115 x100-300 mm

3. Compressive Strength 2.5-3 N/mm2 3-4 N/mm2

4. Dry Density 1800-2000 kg/ m3 600-800 kg/m3

5. Fire Resistance Around 2 hours Up to 7 hours.

6. Reuse of waste product None Fly ash

7. Quality / Durability Normally varies Uniform and finished

8. Maintenance High Comparatively Lesser due to

its superior properties

9. Applicability Load bearing & Non-load Load Bearing masonry up to 2

bearing to 3 story. Partition walls in
Load Bearing and Framed
Structures. Infill walls in
Multistory Building Frames
both internal and external
Walls. All Filling are as
including in flat slabs and
instead of brick bats in
Weathering course, over roof

44
 10. Moisture Resistance Average Very Good

11. Workability Low High, Can be cut into require

sizes

12. Cost Benefit None Dead weight reduction leads

reduction in consumption of
steel and cement and lesser
excavation for foundations.

13. Speed of construction Comparatively lower Very high due to bigger size,
light weight.

14. Speed of manufacturing Low High

The following figures shows the steel consumption of overall project & percentage (%) by using
AAC block is less than the steel consumption of overall project by using conventional brick
masonry.

Figure no:41 Total volume of concrete and steel required for the structure by using
conventional bricks

45
Figure no:42 Total volume of concrete and steel required for the structure by using AAC blocks

Autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) block has been found to be economical as a construction
material replaced by conventional brick.

After designing the structure we are found that if we used AAC block in place of conventional
brick we are saving almost around 10-15 % of steel in overall project.

In general structure, the portion of partition wall is filled with conventional brick masonry, the
average density of conventional brick masonry is 19 kN/m3.

Due to measure loading of infill wall indirectly increases the loading on beam and increases
indirectly bending moment on beams also.

As compare with conventional brick masonry the density of AAC block is much less i.e. 4.0-7.0
kn/m3, result in saving steel.

The thickness of conventional brick is 230 mm, whereas autoclave aerated concrete (AAC) block
having thickness 200 mm, result in increased the carpet area.

By using AAC block we can reduced the project duration, in case of construction with AAC
brick masonry the binding agent as mortar is instead of binding solution, result in decreases the
duration of construction.

46
 AAC block weights almost around 80% less as compared to the conventional red brick
ultimately resulting into great reduction of dead weight. Further, the reduced dead weight results
into reduction of the use of cement and steel which helps great in cost savings.

Therefore, The AAC block material can basically be used to replace conventional bricks as infill
material for RC frames built in the earthquake prone region.

The results shows that, the minimum cost of building and maximum strength of AAC brick wall
in a building can helps to reduce the deflection and story drift in a building.

Some studies deals with the evaluation of steel and cost of building required for the building
provided with AAC block masonry wall.

47
 5.CONCLUSION

• This work is a small attempt towards the understanding of the effect of AAC infill masonry

and brick infill masonry of RC structures.

• In this work,behavior of brick infill panels and AAC in-filled panel was studied and

compared in a systematic manner. The main conclusions are summarized below.

• The corresponding benefits of construction cost are lower than conventional bricks material

in RC frame structure. Area of footing there is 24.3% of savings while using AAC blocks

over clay bricks.

• While using AAC blocks over clay bricks, more savings would be seen in per unit rate of

AAC blocks and very less use of plastering and mortar while brickwork, as compared to

conventional ricks .

• AAC blocks proved to be the best constructional material amidst other bricks having just

a much selected few disadvantages.

• We can save maximum amount of steel in beams rather than footing , column, slab , lintel,

chajja. If we used AAC block in place of conventional brick we are saving almost around

10-15 % in cost.

• Autoclave Aerated Concrete has been shown to provide better insulation to sound

transmitted by air than other solid building materials, e.g. dense concrete, clay bricks, etc.,

under comparable conditions.

• AAC is non-combustible, and due to its low thermal conductivity and slow rate of heat

transfer, AAC has high fire resistance capabilities.

48
 6.REFERENCES

1. Hemant B. Kaushik; Durgesh C. Rai; and Sudhir K. Jain, “ A rotational approach to

analytical modeling of masonry infills in reinforced concrete frame buildings” The 14th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China.
2. Rafic Ahmad, „Brick masonry and hollow concrete block masonry- A comparative
study, 2013, 14-21.
3. IS: 6041-1985, “Code of practice for AAC block masonary”, Bureau of Indian Standard,
New Delhi.
4. Eric Ray domingo “ an introduction to autoclaved aerated concrete including design
requirements using strength design” B.S., Kansas State University, 2008.
5. Ramamrutham S. “Theory of Structure, 3rd Edition, DhanpatRai& Sons New Delhi
(1998).”
6. B. C. Punmia “R.C.C. Design, 10th Edition, Lakshni Publication New Delhi (2010).”
7. Dr. Shah V. L. & Dr. Karve S. R. “Illustrated Design of Reinforced Concrete Building,
6th Edition, Structures Publications (2010).”
8. S.N. Sinha “Handbook of REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN”.
9. B.N Dutta, 2009 “Estimating And Costing In Civil Engineering”, Twenty- Sixth Revised
Edition UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
10. Indian Standard Plain Reinforced Cement Concrete Code of Practice IS456:2000.
11. SP : 16 – 1890, “Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456 -1978”, BIS, New
Delhi, 1980.
12. www.constructionworld.in
13. DR. H.J SHAH, reinforced concrete design for manual designing.

49