Industrial Training Report (2018-19)

NAME : ABHISHEK JADHAV

BOOTLA RAHUL

ROLL NO : 16071A0161
16071A0169

DISCIPLINE : CIVIL
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENGINEERING
TH ST
YEAR/SEM : 4th YEAR1st1SEM
YEAR SEM

TRAINING COMPANY: V.G. INFRAPVT

V.G.INFRA PVT LTD
LTD.

AREA OF COMPANY : CHITRAPURI, MANIKONDA.

CHITRAPURI,MANIKONDA

PERIOD OF INTERNSHIP : 44WEEKS

WEEKS
 CONSTRUCTION OF MULTI STOREY BUILDING

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO VNRVJIET IN THE PARTIAL

FULL FILLMENT OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY

BOOTLA RAHUL (16071A0169)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

B.MANIKANTA REDDY

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Bachupally , Nizampet(S.O)
Hyderabad 500090

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 DECLARATION

I, the Undersigned declare that the mini project report on “CONSTRUCTION OF

MULTISTOREY BUILDING” written and submitted by me is an original work done under the
guidance of B.MANIKANTA REDDY, Assistant Professor. The Matter herein is not reproduced
from any other source.

Signature
Name of the student :BOOTLA RAHUL
Roll No:16071A0169

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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this mini project report " CONSTRUCTION OF A MULTISTOREY
BUILDING ” is the bonafide work of “BOOTLA RAHUL (16071A0169)” who carried out the
mini project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Guide name: B.MANIKANTA REDDDY Dr.A.MALLIKA

Designation: Assistant Professor Professor

Head of the Department
Department of Civil Engineering
VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE Department of Civil Engineering

OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY VNR VIGNANA JYOTHI INSTITUTE

Bachupally,Nizampet(S.O) OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Hyderabad 500090 Bachupally , Nizampet(S.O)

Hyderabad 500090

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, we would like to gratefully acknowledge VG INFRA PROJECTS PVT LTD for
having us to do our summer internship at their prestigious project CONSTRUCTION OF A
MULTISTOREY BUILDING. It was a great learning experience that taught us plenty of things
about CIVIL ENGINEERING.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to HEMANTH KUMAR(Site supervisor),who

directed us to this project and for providing us the opportunity to train ourselves in the project.

We would like to thank Mr.C.MADHUSUDHAN REDDY(DIRECTOR) who was helpful and

offered us his invaluable assistance, support and giving us the ample knowledge in the stream of
CIVIL ENGINEERING.

We would like to convey our heart full thanks to B.MANIKANTA REDDY(Assistant

Professor) for his effort and indefatigable guidance rendered throughout the progress of project
work.

We would like to thank DR.A.MALLIKA,HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT for her effort to

provide us internship project and her guidance throughout the project.

Finally, a special thanks to all the staff of VG INFRA PVT LTD for their continuous support
and guidance throughout the internship program.

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TRAINING INFORMATION

Personal Details :

Student Name :BOOTLA RAHUL

Reg. No. : 16071A0169

Email : rahulbootla16@gmail.com
Discipline of Study : CIVIL ENGINEERING
Year / Sem : 4TH YEAR 1ST SEM

Date of Start Training : 13th MAY 2019

Date of End Training : 08TH JUNE 2019

Company Details:

Company Name : V.G.INFRA PROJECTS PVT.LTD.

Office Address : Flat no:705, 9th floor HIG,Chitrapuri colony,

Manikonda,Hyderabad-500089
Mail : vgconstructions@gmail.com
Web Address : www.vginfraprojects.com
Company Contact : Hemanth Kumar (Site Supervisor)
Contact Number : +91 8340003190

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WEEKLY TRAINING LOG BOOK

Training Span: 13th MAY to 08th JUNE, 2019.

Date Time Description of duties

13th may 10am Site visit and introduce to senior engineer and other trainees

14th may 10am Explained about the plan of residential building

15th may 10 am Explained about the plan of residential building

16th may 10am Excavation marking

17th may 10am Calculation of volume of soil to be excavated

18th may 10am Column marking and footing marking are done with total station

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WEEKLY TRAINING LOG BOOK

Training Span: 13th MAY to 08th JUNE, 2019.

Date Time Description of duties

20th may 10am Laying of PCC slab bed with sufficient cover

21th may 10am Footing and column marking on PCC slab

22th may 10 am Laying of footing, column reinforcement

23th may 10am Shuttering and concreting of footings

24th may 10am Removal of shutters and curing of footings

25th may 10am Shuttering and concreting of pedestals

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WEEKLY TRAINING LOG BOOK

Training Span: 13th MAY to 08th JUNE, 2019.

Date Time Description of duties

27th may 10am Removal of shutters and curing of pedestals and marking of
columns and concreting of neck columns

28th may 10am Refilling and plinth reinforcement

29th may 10 am Shuttering and concreting of plinth beam

30th may 10am Removal of shutters, curing and refilling of plinth area

31th may 10am Consolidation of refilled soil in plinth area

01th june 10am Shuttering and concrete filling of columns

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WEEKLY TRAINING LOG BOOK

Training Span: 13th MAY to 08th JUNE, 2019.

Date Time Description of duties

03th june 10am Removal of shutters and flooring of plinth area

04th june 10am Reinforcement of stair cases and concreting

05th june 10 am Form work for slab

06th june 10am Slab and beam reinforcement

07th june 10am Shuttering and concrete filling of beams and columns

08th june 10am Curing of columns and beams

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 ABSTRACT

Building construction is one of the major activities that take place everywhere for residential,
governmental and commercial purpose.With the advent of modern technology ,building
construction methods have improved.Thus it has enabled man to construct any structure in any
terrain and climatic condition.
A multi-storey building is a building that has multiple storeys, and typically contains vertical
circulation in the form of ramps, stairs and lifts.This report thows light onto the basic and general
steps adopted by civil contractors to construct building for residential purpose.Multistorey
building can be residential or commercial.
This report consists of the general methods followed in construction of a multistorey
building.Thus it guides us through the initial steps that is,planning,designing and execution
phase.Planning consists of detailed design drawings and material specifications that must be
ready and hence will be used to forecast the cost of entire project.

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 List of table

Table 2.1 Formwork removal of our site 15

Table 2.2 Specific gravity and silt content result 18

List of figures

Figure 1.1 Company organization flow chart 1

Figure 2.1 Construction flow in building construction 4
Figure 2.2 Excavation of our site 11
Figure 2.3 Refilling 11
Figure 2.4 Formwork to footing pads 15

Figure 2.5 Formwork to foundation 15

Figure 2.6 Formwork to elevation column 16
Figure 2.7 Reinforcement at the site 16
Figure 2.8 Slump cone test 19

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page no.

1. Background of the hosting company 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Vision 1
1.3 Mission 1
1.4 Core values 2

1.5 Company structure 3

2. Summary of Duties 4

2.1 Basic steps in starting a building project 4-7

2.2 Work piece or task I have been executing 7
2.2.1 Site work 7 -8
2.3 Procedure I have been used when I perform work tasks 9
2.3.1 Setting out 9

2.3.2 Excavations 9 -11

2.3.3 Fill 11
2.3.4 Masonry work 12
2.3.5 Concrete form work 13 -15
2.3.6 Reinforcement bars 16
2.4 Concrete 17

2.4.1 Constituents of concrete 17

2.4.2 Test on aggregates 18
2.4.3 Test on concrete 19
2.4.4 Pouring of concrete 20

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2.4.5 Consolidation of concrete 20
2.4.6 Curing of concrete 21
2.5 My performance during accomplishing tasks 22
2.6 Challenges I have faced 22

3. Overall benefits of the internship

3.1 Improving practical skill 23 -24

3.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge 24
3.3 Upgrading interpersonal communication skill 24
3.4 Improving team playing skill 25

3.5 Improving leadership skill 25 -26

3.6 Work ethics and related issues 26
3.7 Safety work around the site 26 -27
3.8 Accident administration 27

4. Conclusion 28

5.References 29

xiii
 ABOUT THE COMPANY

1.1 INRODUCTION

V G Infra Projects Private Limited is a Non-govt company, incorporated on 29 Apr, 2011. It's
a private unlisted company and is classified as 'company limited by shares'.
Company's authorized capital stands at Rs 30.0 lakhs and has 92.333336% paid-up capital which
is Rs 27.7 lakhs. V G Infra Projects Private Limited last annual general meet (AGM) happened
on 27 Jun, 2017.
V G Infra Projects Private Limited is majorly in Construction business from last 8 years. Current
board members & directors are CHINTHAM MADHUSUDHANA REDDY, CHINTAM
VENKATA REDDY and RADHAMMA CHINTAM .

1.2 VISION

V G Infra Projects Private Limited envisages being a partner of the emergent world in the
field of infrastructural development through enduring structures with an elegant face.To purse
and achieve the highest possible standards of excellence for us to be a preferred choice in the
industry
To establish ourselves as one of the most reliable and well recognized infrastructure
development company in Hyderabad.

1.3 MISSION

Maintain the quality of construction through the synergizing of experience, vision, resource and
professional values.To create exceptional infrastructure facilities for our customers with
innovative and unsurpassed construction products and services.
To be socially responsible and uphold our commitment towards the environment while
promoting the well-being of our customers , employe , shareholders and stakeholders.

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1.4 CORE VALUES

Unparalleled customer satisfaction and a spirit of challenge as well as change are core
components of the.

have four basic values:-

Clients service:

They add value to client‘s project through innovative solutions. Consistency and knowledge in
dealing with clients has contributed to fulfillment and corporate success.

Excellence:

They are resilient and persistent in talking on challenging goal and setting higher performance
benchmarks that helps them to excel in every way that is meaningful to clients, employees and
vendors.

Quality:

They are driven to attend to client‘s concern responsively towards delivering commitments.

Employees:

The company pursues business opportunities that will enable them to be competitive by
empowering employees to take on initiative and at the same time promote ownership of
responsibilities and accountabilities to results and performance.

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1.5 COMPANY STRUCTURE

Figure 1.1 company organization flow chart

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 2. Summary of duties

2.1Basic Steps in Starting a Building Project

When there is a plan to develop a new building, it is very necessary to have an idea about the
start and the end of the building project. The flowchart below shows the construction flow from
the start to the end of a building project.

Fig.2.1 Construction Flow in Building Construction

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1.Planning
2.Permits
3.Preparation of Construction Site
4.Foundation Construction
5.Superstructure Construction
6.Punch Lists
7.Building Warranty Period

1. Planning
The planning in building construction involves three major steps:

1.Developing the Building Plan

2.Analysing the Finance
3.Selecting the Construction Team
Once the site where the building project is indented to construct is chosen, the expertise of
engineers and architects are taken to develop the site and the building plan. Sometimes, an
appropriate site is selected after the building layout is prepared. The building plan is developed
based on the owner’s requirements and budget.

Once the plan is in hand, the finance and total cost is estimated. The structural design details, the
material estimates are prepared which help to derive project cost estimate. The cost calculated
include:

1.The material cost

2.The construction cost

3.The labor cost

4.Miscellaneous cost
Based on the estimated cost, either a bidding process is performed or the project to handover to a
known contractor. The contractor and the owner must agree to contract based on which the
project is implemented. The contract mentions the completion period and necessary guides,
exclusions to remove claims.

2. Permits and Insurance in Building Construction

Before starting a building construction, the owner must make sure that one has necessary permits
taken to start the construction. Permits and insurance are obtained from different sources in cities
and states. A construction work conducted without permits results in project delay or project

5
demolition or huge fines. Possessing insurance for the required parties helps to save the owner
and the contractor.

3. Site Preparation
From here, the actual construction process starts. Based on the site and building plan, necessary
excavations, leveling, and filling can be undergone to prepare the site. The necessary excavation
for utilities, power, water and sanitation lines, temporary storage facilities are prepared. Mostly
the works needed to set up the utilities are prepared. This is followed by an inspection from the
government officials.

Inspections are performed at different stages on structural, building codes, the utilities, HVAC,
electrical works etc. After the completion of the whole project, a final inspection is performed.

4. Foundation / Substructure Construction

Building structures are generally constructed on concrete foundations. Based on the soil type and
water table level of the area, the foundation chosen can vary. If necessary, soil testing is
performed to check the bearing capacity. Shallow foundations are required for low-rise building.
For high-rise building, pile foundation is employed.

Once the foundation is selected, the soil is excavated to construct the foundation. It is performed
based on the foundation layout. Formworks are placed in the foundation trenches and
reinforcement is placed based on the foundation detailing design prepared in the planning stage.
The reinforcement works performed by the contractor is periodically checked by the engineer in
charge.

5. Superstructure Construction
The superstructure is constructed once the substructure is complete. Generally, a framed
structured is developed which is later finished with masonry walls. Adequate windows and
exterior doors are placed based on the building plan. Other works coming under this section is:

1.Construction of roofs or siding.

2.Installation of heating, ventilation and air conditioning
3.Providing adequate electric and water lines connection line.
4.Provide insulation works as required to protect from lighting.
5.Provision of waterproofing to the walls.
6.Plastering and finishing the walls and surfaces.
7.Flooring works.
8.Exterior and Interior Painting

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6. Punch List

Once the project is complete, the contractor inspects the whole work one by one and make a
punch list. Those structural units or areas that were not constructed properly or are below the
quality level is listed in the punch list. This is later corrected by the contractor in charge.
7. Warranty Period
Once the project is complete and handovered to the owner, the contractor specifies a warranty
period. Within this period, any defects found in building constructed must be fixed and replaced
by the contractor in charge. The warranty for materials and appliances are obtained from
manufacturers and suppliers.

2.2 Work piece or task I have been executing

Actually I assigned from the university to work with consultants but consultation is not easy task
to perform especially for students because it needs experienced and further specialized person in
the field and most of the work is not parallel with civil engineering it has different field within it.
So, to know every work what civil engineers do I try to work and share experience with
contractor in addition to consultant. And also the consultant main work at the site is controlling
time, cost, quality and safety of workers so those work needs inspection, test conducting and
taking different measures when the contractor don‘t execute it properly. Their main work is to
advice and provides a better idea how the project will finish with a minimum cost, time and
quality.

Generally I have been working in the two sections as mentioned above. I classify the work in to
office work and site works, mostly the work I have been executing on the site is supervising,
working as a site engineer, surveyor and Forman.

2.2.1Site work

The site work was the very important task for me because the internship main objective lies over
her and I have gain many knowledge from the site like communication skill, handling workers,
management skill etc. within four weeks I have the ability to see many works from the project.

The work task I have been executing at site is:

- Supervising of works.

- Inspecting the worked element and how they work.

- Checking the work based on the given check list .

- Testing materials .

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The site work in general overlay over the supervision part so I have been working as supervisor
based on the given check list that our company give to us. Every work must be checked wither it
is executed based on the methodology that the contractor provides to the consultant or not. If not
the contractor must report the case why they didn‘t execute upon it.

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2.3 Procedure I have been used when I perform work tasks

The site work I have been perform was controlling how the work is going on and supervising the
work based on the given check list which was given to us from the office. The checklist for site
supervisors is issued in order to ensure a uniform system of supervision of building construction
projects and as a result ensure the quality of construction. In the checklist the responsibilities,
liabilities and limitations of the supervisor are briefly mentioned in the steps to the general terms.
Details of construction are specified in the drawings, technical specifications and in the general
and special conditions of the contract. The duty of mine was to ensure that the construction
works are executed in accordance with the contract requirement. In the application of the
checklist the details specified in the contract document always precede before the application and
use of it. There are also tables and forms in the checklist that help as records of the incidences
affecting the work and as references. In addition the standard technical specification was used as
reference on the preparation of the checklist and shall always have precedence over the checklist.
Therefore, I have been work most of my time at site to become more familiar with site works and
to get more practical knowledge. Site work in general includes every kind of work executed at
the site starting from setting out till finishing works based on the given specification and
methodology. The site work that I have been trough in the fore month internship period was in
the sub structure work and super structure work exclusively. A normal building consists of two
parts in general this are the super structure and the sub structure.
Any structure below the ground floor slab level including the basement, retaining walls, ground
slab, grade beam, and foundation is called a substructure. In most of the cases, substructure work
can be categorized as earthwork, concrete work and masonry work. I have seen that how the
excavation was done, concrete pouring, masonry work and back filling.
Super structure is the part of a building which extend above the grade beam or everything above
the sub structure includes slab(1st floor slab), column, walls, roof etc. the purpose of the super
structure is to enclose and divide space as well as spread load safely in to the sub structure.

2.3.1 Setting out

A building is set out in order to clearly define the outline of the excavation and the center line of
the walls, so that construction can be carried out exactly according to the plan. The basic
coordinates of each building will be set in position in accordance to the given bench mark.
Surveying will be carried out by total station through skilled professional. Performing the job by
the cited instrument will enable the respective professional to decide and limit the real
topography of the site. I didn‘t see this work but I try to grasp some knowledge by asking the
engineers how it was worked and its main procedures.

2.3.2 Excavations

Excavation is the first step of construction. It refers to the process of removing soil or rock from
its original location, typically in preparation for constructing foundations, basements, and
underground utility lines and for grading of the ground surface. Excavated material required for
backfill or grading fill is stockpiled on the site for subsequent use. Excavation work I have seen

9
was including bulk excavation, pit excavation and trench excavation. The main aim of the
excavation work is to remove organic soils or unwanted soil for the safety of the building from
chemical attacking. Excavation shall be carried out to the lines, levels, width, depth and grades
and shown on the drawings, directed by the Engineer or as appropriate to the works to be placed
in the excavation.

Site clearance

After receiving the approval of the surveying data, using the intended machineries the top soil
excavation will be started. The organic top soil found on the upper layer to an average thickness
of 20cm will be removed separately from the bulk excavation work. Immediate cart away will be
performed following its clearance. This job will be carried out by loader or motor grader as may
be suitable to the work. The use of loader will give the advantage of forthwith cart away as dump
trucks will be ready available on site, while performing the clearance work. Moreover the
clearing of the top soil by loader will bring an increased output result than the motor grader.
Bulk excavation Bulk excavation was carried out after the removal of the top soil is executed.
150cm off set from each side of the site will be extended to the outer side and the work is
performed for the intended average depth of excavation, which is 80cm from the reduced ground
level. The removal of the soil with the mentioned type machine has a positive effect over
increasing of the out pit than an excavator. However as they have planned to stock pile partly the
excavated soil in the nearby location, which is not more than 200 meters away from the specific
block, they also use excavator as a combination. The surplus excavated soil immediately taken
off from site. As to whether the excavation is executed to the required level will be ensured by
taking the level reading in the appropriate manner. The data was organized and supplied to the
respective Resident Engineer for which he/ she may give an approval. The Work was arranged in
a way before the coming of the heavy rainy season.

Pit and trench excavation

Naturally this activity follows the bulk excavation. Accordingly, before going into the direct
excavation work, the site was organized in a manner that necessary profiles are put in position.
Appropriate site lay out was made and all the positions of the pit excavation in their exact and
right place was located. The settings out of these essential structural bases seek the approval of
the Resident Engineer. The pit excavation works was started from the center and proceed in
either direction, along the length of the specific site. Excavating the pit from the middle to the
edges has the advantage to give right off way for the dump trucks to haul the excavated soil to
the designated place. It avoids the unnecessary obstacles which will prohibit access to the pit
under excavation and give additional access by either of the sides. Excavation of pit and trench
was carried out by an excavator and manpower respectively. Excavation shall be carried out to
the lines, levels, width, depth and grades and shown on the drawings, directed by the Engineer or
as appropriate to the works to be placed in the excavation. Excavation shall be suitably trimmed
and leveled before subsequent work is placed. In the event of over excavation without the

10
approval of the Engineer, such over excavated area was filled with selected excavated or
borrowed fill material approved by the Engineer and finished compacted. Excess volume formed
in excavation was filled with selected excavated or borrowed material approved by the Engineer
and compacted to the compaction standard requirements in the Fill Section of the Specification

Figure 2.2 excavation of our site

2.3.3. FILL

Fill work will follow the erection of foundation column. Bulk, pit and trench excavations need to
be back filled with a better soil type, which will have better compaction character and would
bring the minimum required proctor density. In order to attain the minimum standard as
mentioned on the Bill of Quantity, they deploy appropriate machineries.

Figure 2.3 refilling

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2.3.4 Masonry work

Masonry are works that are executed by laying building material units such as stone, brick and
HCB of specified dimension by providing a binding material such as mortar. I got the
opportunity to see masonry work under the grade beam on the periphery of the building. The
masonry was built with roughly dressed stone wall of size not less than 300mm per course and
400mm wide. Stone used for masonry work shall be hard and sound, free from vents, cracks,
fishers, discoloration or other defects that will adversely affect strength or appearance. After
constructing masonry wall, the grade beam is constructed directly over it. It gives an appearance
of additional stability to the building and also the clearance from the ground level.

2.3.5 Concrete Form work

As fresh concrete is in plastic state when it is placed for construction purpose so, it becomes
necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the concrete till it gains
sufficient strength for self-supporting. This temporary structure is called form work. Concrete
formwork serves as a mold to produce concrete elements having a desired size and configuration.
It is usually erected for this purpose and then removed after the concrete has cured to a
satisfactory strength. In some cases, concrete forms may be left in place to become part of the
permanent structure. For satisfactory performance, formwork must be adequately strong and stiff
to carry the loads produced by the concrete, the workers placing and finishing the concrete, and
any equipment or materials supported by the forms.

In the site the form work material we use was the plywood material which have a good surface
finish.

Plywood is used extensively for concrete forms and provides the following advantages:

 It is economical in large panels.

 It is available in various thicknesses.
 It creates smooth, finished surfaces on concrete.

table 2.1 formwork removal period of our site

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Formwork to Footing Pads: Most of the pads which have larger and similar size were made via
plywood formworks. Those of pads with a smaller size were made via together fixed timbers of
locally available type. Such formworks was dismantled and directly fitted to their similar type
pads successfully.

Figure 2.4 form work to footing pads

Formwork to Foundation Columns: A Foundation column with similar cross-section and

height was identified and their respective formworks were made ready, in a manner that they
could be able to use them in rotation.

Figure 2.5 form work to foundation column

Formwork to Elevation Columns: same as explained in Foundation Columns. The only

exception here was the height of the columns. Since the height of the columns in some of the
blocks is different than the others, the formwork preparations were consider this fact.

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 Figure 2.6 form work to elevation column

2.3.6 REINFORCEMENT BAR

Concrete is much weaker in tension than in compression. Its tensile strength is approximately
10% of its compressive strength. Therefore, concrete is generally used in conjunction with steel
reinforcement, which provides the tensile strength in a concrete member. The use of plain
concrete without steel reinforcement is limited to pavements and some slabs-on-ground. Steel is
the ideal material to complement concrete because the thermal expansion of both materials is the
same. In other words, when heated or cooled, both steel and concrete expand or contract equally.
Consequently, no stress is caused by differential expansion or contraction. Composite materials
that expand differentially are subjected to such stresses.

Figure 2.7 reinforcement at site

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2.4 Concrete

Concrete is a composite consisting of the dispersed phase of aggregates (ranging from its
maximum size coarse aggregates down to the fine sand particles) embedded in the matrix of
cement paste. This is a Portland cement concrete with the four constituents of Portland cement,
water, stone and sand. These basic components remain in current concrete but other constituents
are now often added to modify its fresh and hardened properties. This has broadened the scope in
the design and construction of concrete structures. It has also introduced factors that designers
should recognize in order to realize the desired performance in terms of structural adequacy,
constructability, and required service life. These are translated into strength, workability and
durability in relation to properties of concrete. In addition, there is the need to satisfy these
provisions at the most cost effective price in practice. Since our building is a reinforced concrete
structure the concrete work was commenced every day for constructing/development of every
part of the building.

2.4.1Constituents of concrete

The constituents of modern concrete have increased from the basic four (cement, water, stone,
and sand) to include both chemical and mineral admixtures. These admixtures have been in use
for decades, first in special circumstances, but have now been incorporated in more and more
general applications for their technical and at times economic benefits in either or both fresh and
hardened properties of concrete.

Cement

Cement may be described as a material with adhesive and cohesive properties that make it
capable of bonding mineral fragments (‗aggregates‘) into a compact whole. In this process, it
imparts strength and durability to the hardened mass called concrete. The cements used in the
making of concrete are called hydraulic cements so named, because they have the property of
reacting chemically with water in an exothermic (heat generating) process called hydration that
results in water resistant products. The products of hydration form a viscous cement paste, which
coats the aggregate surfaces and fills some of the void spaces between the aggregate pieces. The
cement paste loses consistency (‗stiffens‘) on account of gradual loss of ‗free water‘, adsorption
and evaporation, and subsequently ‗sets‘, transforming the mixture into a solid mass. If the
consistency of the cement paste is either excessively ‗harsh‘ or excessively ‗wet‘, there is a
danger of segregation, i.e., the aggregate tends to separate out of the mix; this will adversely
affect the quality of the hardened concrete and result in a ‗honeycomb‘ appearance. The freshly
set cement paste gains strength with time (‗hardens‘), on account of progressive filling of the
void spaces in the paste with the reaction products, also resulting in a decrease in porosity and
permeability.

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Aggregate

Since aggregate occupies about three-quarters of the volume of concrete, it contributes

significantly to the structural performance of concrete, especially strength, durability and volume
stability. In general, aggregates in concrete have been grouped according to their sizes into fine
and coarse aggregates.

2.4.2 Aggregate property and tests

A number of tests have been described to assess the quality of the aggregate, in terms of the
following physical and mechanical properties:
• particle size, shape and surface texture: size and shape influence strength; shape and texture
influence bond (between the aggregate and the cement paste)
• Specific gravity and bulk density: of aggregate particle and aggregate whole respectively;
• moisture content, water absorption and bulking of sand: the moisture present in aggregate or
the moisture that may be absorbed by the aggregate, as the case may be, must be accounted for in
the water content of the concrete mix; moreover, the presence of water films in between sand
particles results in an increase in volume (bulking of sand) that must be accounted for in case
volume batching is employed in mix preparation;
• Strength: resistance to compression, measured in terms of the aggregate crushing value;
• Toughness: resistance to impact, measured in terms of the aggregate impact value;

• Hardness: resistance to wear measured in terms of the aggregate abrasion value;

• soundness: which indicates whether or not the aggregate undergoes appreciable volume
changes due to alternate thermal changes, wetting and drying,and freezing

From those listed taste the two tests (specific gravity and silt content) was conducted but I didn‘t
have the opportunity to see those tests because our university send as a little bit slow from the
anticipated time of intern ship due to different reason. The result was:

table 2.2 specific gravity and silt content test result

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Water
Water has a significant role to play in the making of concrete — in mixing of fresh concrete and
in curing of hardened concrete. In order to ensure proper strength development and durability of
concrete, it is necessary that the water used for mixing and curing is free from impurities such as
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar and organic materials.
Water that is fit for human consumption (i.e., potable water) is generally considered to be
suitable for concreting. However, when the portability of the water is suspect, it is advisable to
perform a chemical analysis of the water.

2.4.3 Test on concrete

Testes conducted at site for concrete work was the slump test and the cube test.
Slump test is the most widely used test in the field and laboratory which is used to check the
consistency of concrete used at a construction site. It provides usefull Information on the
uniformity in the day to day or even hour to hour production of concrete. The main apparatus
used for this test was 30cm height, 20cm bottom width and 10cm top width cylindrical cone,
60cm tamping road and iron plate. The workability depends on the reversed gap between the
cone and the fresh concrete after tamping and removing of the cone. So, the workability is
classified as:
 Very law when the height is 0-25mm
 Low when the height is 25-50mm
 Medium when 50-100mm
 Highly workable when 100-175mm

Figure 2.8 slump cone test

Based on the above principle we conducted a test at the site and the result was medium so, we
proceeded the work.

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2.4.4 Pouring of concrete
After the concrete is casted the next step is casting or pouring the concrete in to the required
place. Before commencing the casting process supervision is made for the bars, spacers, different
installations and the formwork if it was in the expected quality for casting. The equipment used
for pouring is bucket to carry the concrete, tower crane and vibrator for compaction of the fresh
concrete.

Figure3.1 pouring of concrete

2.4.5 Concrete consolidation

Once the concrete has been placed in the form, it must be consolidated. Consolidation is the
process of compacting concrete to ensure that it has no voids and air pockets. On a small job,
consolidation can be done manually with the help of a steel rod, whereby the worker simply rods
into the concrete up and down and with some sideways motion. It is, however, more common to
employ a high-frequency power driven vibrator. This is typically an internal (or immersion)
vibrator inserted into the concrete. An external vibrator is one that vibrates the form and is more
commonly used in precast concrete plants. An internal vibrator consists of a rod connected to a
flexible shaft. The vibrator is inserted into freshly placed concrete. As the concrete in a particular
location is compacted, the vibrator is moved to the next location. Because the vibrator has a
finite area of influence, the new insertion point must be fairly close to the previous insertion
point

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2.4.6 Curing

The hydration reaction begins as soon as water and cement come into contact, but the rate at
which this reaction proceeds is extremely slow. It takes up to 6 months or longer for concrete to
gain its full strength. However, approximately 80% of concrete strength develops in 28 days.
Approximately two thirds of the 28-day strength is obtained in the first 7 days and approximately
half in the first 3 days. This is true only if sufficient water and favorable temperature are
available for the hydration reaction to continue. That is why concrete test cylinders are kept in a
moist chamber until tested. Providing moisture to concrete continuously for hydration is called
curing of concrete. A well-cured concrete is denser and, hence, stronger and more durable. On
construction sites, curing is begun as soon as the concrete has fully set (solidified), which is
generally 12 to 24 h after placing the concrete. Curing in the initial stages of hardening is
extremely important and should continue as long as possible, not less than 7 days. It is the
process of preventing the loss of moisture from the concrete while maintaining a satisfactory
temperature regime. Curing is essential for producing ‗good‘ concrete that has the desired
strength, impermeability and durability, and is of particular importance in situations where the
water-cement ratio is low, or the cement has a high rate of strength development. So, curing must
be conducted using potable water and covering of the structural element using covering material
for at least 7 successive days to retain the moisture lost.
In our site curing of concrete starts from the finishing of the pouring and ends in a 7 days. Mostly
they cure at morning and night time.

Figure 3.2 curing of concrete

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2.5 My performance during accomplishing work tasks

Absolutely good the reason behind this performance was I integrate with all workers within a
short time and get involved in different site works to gain more knowledge about the working
environment in the site and improve myself with more site works and office work. Since the site
work is very repetitive I have been working in different section to get involved and pass through
different peace of works. Especially the work tasks I have been performing in the office work
were very impressive because I didn‘t have any knowledge about the quantity works, cost and
report writing etc. In general in the last four weeks I perform all my duties nicely and get
knowledge of the practical world and relate it with the theory I have learnt in the class in the last
three years. Also I transform myself to another level of skill, ethics, knowledge and leadership
using this internship class and I perform it well.

2.6 Challenges I have faced

Construction projects are complex and time-consuming undertakings that require the interaction
and cooperation of many different persons to accomplish. The construction industry is typically
divided into specialty areas, with each area requiring different skills, resources, and knowledge
to participate effectively in it. In order to integrate and work closely in each section it is a
challenging task to one person especially when he/she is fresh or beginner. In fact some
challenges may be solved by me but some are above my limit and even the workers at the site
also. In general I have faced the following challenges in the internship period.

 Communication problem with workers in the office and at the site.

 Shortage of working drawings like structural, architectural, sanitary, electrical and some

other details.

 Weather condition of the site.

 Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work at the site.

 Underestimation by workers such as engineers, Forman.

 Unsatisfactory answers for questions from engineers.

 Safety facility.

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3. Overall Benefits of the internship

Internship is a class healed at site to provide an enhanced understanding of the outside working
environment before the student graduate. Student like civil and urban engineering and other
fields also take this practice. The main aim of this practice (internship) is that to teach students
communication with different workers or employees, to improve practical skill what they learned
at class, up grading the theoretical knowledge in addition to the class, improve their leadership
skill, team playing skill and etc.

3.1 Improving practical skill

The aim of the internship is to address more practical knowledge for student. So, I found a
practical knowledge at the site as much possible within the four weeks. The knowledge we have
learn in the class is helpful to get those practical or real work in the site and totally different from
the actual knowledge gained from the class. Thus I found some knowledge in the site which
helps me to work with the site environment or site peoples.

Some of the practical knowledge I gain from the internship class was:

i. Construction of formwork and false work for some reinforced concrete structure. In any
construction work the first stage before casting of concrete is designing and constructing
of form work. As I explained in the work procedure the formwork and false work must be
stiff and must resist the fresh concrete till the concrete gain its strength. Thus the
construction stage of form work was new to me since I‘m new for the practical world
now I gain practical knowledge about how it is worked and erected.
ii. Bar bending, positioning, splicing and tying, according the specified drawing. After the
formwork and false work is ready the bar bending, positioning and tying work goes next.
This work is done based on the working drawing provided in the working drawings
(structural drawing) by the design team of that specified structure. In most case it was
new for me to see such work since it is a practical work only performed at the site.
iii. We conduct the surveying class in the field for its lab session of the course in the normal.
But we don‘t know about how it is going to be in building construction in particular and
in which particular stage of the construction work it used either the super structure or sub
structure.
iv. Casting and pouring of reinforced concrete structure and equipment used for casting.
Concrete is a vital material in any construction of reinforced concrete and is the main
constituent or ingredient of any reinforced concrete structure. Thus it is mandatory to
know this material in practice including how it is treated, placed (poured), mixed and the
equipment used for those work. I got the practical knowledge in terms of those listed
aspects of concrete.
v. Different construction equipment (machines) and their use in construction site. Many of
great structures before are a product of numerous human power and countless days

21
inspired by great powers. Machines are capable of handling tough work which may be beyond
the scope of human labor to be performed. They can be expected to work with fair degree of
effectiveness even under adverse weather, climate or topographical conditions. I generally know
how equipment‘s are used in the site including their specific purpose.

3.2 Upgrading the theoretical knowledge

The internship class is not only depending on the practical aspect but it also help students to
upgrade or increase knowledge on already that they have. I try to integrate the practical
knowledge with that of the theory learned in the class in different place in order to get more
knowledge than the theory we learned on the class. I got the internship class very interesting in
terms of upgrading a theoretical knowledge and I learned from the site some theories that we
haven‘t learn in the class room by searching different related literature. Some of this is:

 Quantity surveying .
 Structural design of shear wall and its advantage.
 Construction equipment.
 Report writing .
I learned those things in exclusive cause it is hard to read and understand everything from books
and asking some peoples at site to those things ashamed me. Generally I change myself alit bit
after the internship period in my knowledge than before I took it.

3.3 Upgrading interpersonal communication skill

Communication is sharing or exchanging information or ideas with others in order to get some
messages and knowledge. The communications systems within the building design and
construction enterprise has taken on a large role in the achievement of profitability and
efficiency. A basic understanding of communication systems is beneficial to all building
professionals and trades, as they all play a part in the success of the construction. Construction is
one of the places that ask a good communication skill either managing every trade of work or
asking what is gowning on over there. So, communication is an important way of learning, which
can be defined formally as the act, process, or experience of gaining knowledge or skills and
sharing what we know. Cool communication is important in the real constructions world and it
can appear in different forms as speaking, writing, and listening. In the site the most things I gain
is due to communication with other workers like engineers, skilled and non-skilled workers,
Forman etc. in some place/case it is very difficult to talk workers and ask them what we want
because of that they underestimate us and sometimes they are not eager to tell. But I improve and
know how to communicate with different classes of workers in the site.

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3.4 Improving team playing skill

Team playing skill for construction work Team works, especially for engineers, involve in every
piece of task and achieving good team playing skill is essential for Effective completion of tasks
and Increasing productivity. This skill already exists in my personality in the campus due to
different assignment and project works that I work together with student. But this skill is more
than this in the construction site. In the construction site the work is already a team work and it
needs more closeness of workers to solve problems arise in different aspects, misunderstanding
in the drawing or working methodology and consult every work. We the student at the site also
works together as a team to get more understanding and share ideas. More or less I improve my
team work status by working together with different professionals, student and workers as a
whole in the civil engineering works and consulting.

3.5 Improving leadership skill

Leadership is the process of influencing individuals or groups to accomplish an organizational

goal or mission. I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day to
day activities. Among all other managements i have seen that human resource management is the
most important one. i have actually observed the method of controlling the working time and
amount of work done by each worker so that the work proceeds according to the work plan
(schedule).Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. For effective leadership i
understood that personal values like confidence, effective communication and devotion are very
important.

In order to be good Leadership the following criteria should be fulfilled.

Those are:-

 Be technically proficient (skilled with different knowledge‘s).

 Seek responsibility and take responsibility for your actions.
 Make sound and timely decisions.
 Know your people and look out for their well-being.
 Keep your workers informed.
 Develop a sense of responsibility in your workers.
 Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished.
 Use the full capabilities of your organization.
 Listening to others.
 Being organized.
 Able to communicate clearly and efficiently. In the site it was impossible to us to lead
anything because we go to the site to learn about the site work and we don‘t have enough
ability to handle such works in such short time but we have learned how to become a
good leader and the main signal of a good leader.

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Finally what I take hold of is Becoming a leader isn‘t easy because it takes a conscious
commitment and consistent effort to develop one‘s leadership skills. But on the positive side,
anyone who is willing to make the effort can become a good leader.

3.6 Work ethics and related issues

The concept of work ethics may be summarized as the overall quality in one‘s behavior towards
appreciating the process of work flow and performing rather well on the job so that this work
flow will not be jeopardized in the long run. During my internship program, I could say that I
have managed to do my side of the job description with a high spirit and enthusiasm so that there
was a smooth flow of activities both in the office and on construction site. Work ethics involve
such characteristics as honesty, responsibility, reliability, accountability and etc.

Punctuality is one of the major issues that could be raised when talking about work ethics and on
my side I tried meet this criteria by attending to my working station in time so that there will not
be any delay on the activities planned for that day. The behavior that one shows towards his
peers and colleagues is also one manifestation of the concept of work ethics. Personally, I always
respected and gave priority the employers of the company. Elements of work ethics that worth
mentioning are:-punctuality, honesty, reliability, office discipline, corporation and responsibility.

We us a student should follow the rules and regulations set by the company and avoid
complaining any work load, activity or assignment that may arise on the site or office. It is a
pleasure of supervisors if we have a good work ethics and we are responsible for any given tasks.
Since the aim of internship is to let students know the outside environment pertinent to their
field, which includes of such the above dealt qualities, I was with the great interest that I tried to
meet my responsibilities and work ethics that I suppose to be fulfill by my side.

Generally, I can say I have gained the potential benefits by taking the Engineering Internship
Program.

3.7 Safety work around the site

Human life is irreplaceable, which is susceptible of minor infections. Now days it has become
common to hear accidents on the construction industry. The more the accidents are becoming
redundant the responsibility of the contractors and the attention to give to safety of the workers is
progressing to be paramount. Therefore, it cannot be denied to work on increasing the safety
condition of the site. The most effective way of avoiding risks is the preventive strategy. As the
health professionals use to say ―prevention is better than cure‖, it is more than reasonable to be
abide by such motto. Less concerned safety rule, regulation and training are among the problem
in the site.

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Safety of all working staffs and visitors should be observed to a highest care. Infliction of injury
shall be minimized. For this prior readiness is very important. The safety management will be
carried out with a special superintendent to be assigned on site. The superintendent will be
assisted with a dresser to be employed for the site. Safety of the workers and visitors will be
managed in the following strategies;

Preventive Strategy: Success would only be possible if there are workers, who can give their
potential output without fear of any unforeseen risks. While they are striving to achieve the
targeted result, they may not be focused on their safety matters. This has to be taken care of by
others, devoted for the same purpose. The preventive strategy involves the following elements:

Orientation: - All working and visiting people must be oriented about safety and the care they
have to take once they are within the territory of construction. Falls from scaffoldings, suspended
slabs, roofs, ladders, lift holes, stairs, pits and the like are the potential risks that the workers
should be aware of. Orientation must include on how to work with machines and equipment, the
possible accident they may inflict and what rules and procedures they have to follow when
working with.

Signage: - Important signs that could remind people who are moving within the working location
should be situated in a place where everybody can see or look.

Firm Temporary Works: - All temporary works like scaffoldings and ladders should be made
strong, so that they are able to withstand the possible load to come upon them.

Temporary guards: Temporary guard rails should be made in places where there are open
spaces where a person might fall down.

Lighting: - Appropriate lighting must be delivered, if there need to work on the night times.

Helmets: - Wearing of helmets must be mandatory for some staffs, supervisors and visitors as
mentioned on the contract document. Such should be made ready available on site, with the
appropriate coloring.

3.8 Accident administration

After involving the above stated methods of prevention of accident, there could arise different
disastrous calamities within the project, which necessitate the application of most serious and
acute acting administration.

First Aid: - A dresser, who has relevant professional background will be assigned on site for any
possible first aid.

Secondary Treatment: Some accidents may require secondary treatment as a result of infliction
serious injury.

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4. Conclusions
The internship is a bridge between the theoretical knowledge and the practical or the reality work
at the field of construction or civil engineering work. We all who take the internship class go to
companies that already working either as a consultant or a contractor. The responsibilities of the
hosting company are to teach student and shape them in the four weeks as a real site workers.
My hosting company is a consultant team and they help me and my friends who took the
internship session in this company in acquiring different knowledge in different positions. They
collaborate with the contractors to teach us in that section and they believe that the civil
engineering work is more important for us than the consulting office.

This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can be
only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in building
construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with problems that arise
in a building construction.

They help me to understand what is going to be when I work in the consultant office. The
contractors also avail practical knowledge for us to improve our practical knowledge status in the
field. And also the contractors make us more familiar with site works starting from
communication skill, handling of different site works equipment utilization manpower control to
finishing of the work within the time scheduled by the client.

Overall the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are proud to
be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical period of the
history. It will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate in other disciplines
as well.

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5. REFERENCE

1. Ministry of work and urban development proclamation ―Ethiopian building code of standard
2‖ Addis Ababa, ethiopia,1995
2. Frederick S. Merritt Jonathan T. Ricketts ―Building design and construction hand book‖
McGraw hill, six edition, 2001
3. W.f. CHEN, J.y.Richard LieW ―The civil engineering hand book‖ crc press, second edition,
2003

4. Su.PILLA, devadas MENON “reinforced concrete design‖ McGraw hill, second edition,
2003
5. Madan MEHTA, Walter SCARBOROUGH and Diane ARMPRIEST “building construction
principle, materials and system‖, prentice hall, second edition, 2013
6. Construction material, geotechnical, quantity survey and structural handouts

27