Complete Blood Count

- The normal range is 4,500 to 10,000 cells per microliter (cells/mcL). (A microliter is a very tiny amount – one millionth of a
liter).

Genetic screening

- the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological.
- Genetic testing is a type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of
a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition or help determine a person's chance of developing or
passing on a genetic disorder.

Serologic screening

- Serologic tests are blood tests that look for antibodies in your blood. They can involve a number of laboratory techniques.
Different types of serologic tests are used to diagnose various disease conditions. Serologic tests have one thing in common.
They all focus on proteins made by your immune system.

Blood typing

- Blood typing is a method to tell what type of blood you have. Blood typing is done so you can safely donate your blood or
receive a blood transfusion. It is also done to see if you have a substance called Rh factor on the surface of your
red blood cells.
- Possible ABO blood groups include O, A, B, or AB. The Rh antigen is another compound that may or may not be present on
the surface of red blood cells. The Rh test determines whether this configuration is present ("Rh-positive") or absent ("Rh-
negative") on an individual's blood cells.

Maternal Serum for alpha-fetoprotein

- Between weeks 15 and 20 of a pregnancy, a maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screen may be offered. It's usually as
part of a set of tests, which screen for genetic problems, called the quad screen. The AFP blood test determines how
much AFP is in the mother's blood.
- Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein produced in the liver of a developing fetus. During a baby's development,
some AFP passes through the placenta and into the mother's blood. An AFP test measures the level of AFP in pregnant
women during the second trimester of pregnancy.
- Alpha-fetoprotein levels in men and non-pregnant women vary for age and race but mostly range from 0 ng/ml to 40
ng/ml. Maternal AFP levels in pregnancy start to rise from about 14th week of gestation up until about 32 weeks gestation.
Between week 15 and 20 weeks, levels usually range between 10 ng/ml to 150 ng/ml. nanograms per millilitre

Indirect coombs test

- The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to the surface of red blood cells. ...
The indirect Coombs test is used in prenatal testing of pregnant women and in testing prior to a blood transfusion.
The test detects antibodies against foreign red blood cells

Antibodies titer for rubella and hep b

- A positive rubella IgG test result is good—it means that you are immune to rubella and cannot get the infection. This is the
most common rubella test done. ... Less than 7 IU/mL IgG antibodies and less than 0.9 IgM antibodies. This means you are
not immune to rubella.
- The presence of IgM rubella antibodies in the blood indicates a recent infection while the presence of IgG antibodies may
indicate a recent or past rubella infection, or indicate that a rubella vaccine (a measles, mumps, rubella vaccine) has been
given and is providing adequate protection.
- Rubella, also called German measles or three-day measles, is a contagious viral infection best known by its distinctive red
rash. Rubella is not the same as measles (rubeola), though the two illnesses do share some characteristics, including the red
rash
 - For hepatitis B surface antibody (anti-HBs), a level less than 5 mIU is considered negative, while a level more than 12 mIU is
considered protective. Any value between 5 and 12 mIU is indeterminate and should be repeated.
- It is primarily used to help determine the clinical management of patients with chronic HBV infection. Anti-
HBe: Antibody to hepatitis B “e” antigen may be present in an infected or immune person. In persons with
chronic HBV infection, its presence suggests a low viral titer and a low degree of infectivity.
- Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease. The virus is most commonly
transmitted from mother to child during birth and delivery, as well as through contact with blood or other body fluids.

HIV Screening

- An antibody-antigen blood test checks for levels of both HIV antibodies and the p24 antigen. This test can detect the virus as
early as 3 weeks after getting infected. FOLLOW-UP TESTS. A follow-up test is also called a confirmatory test. It is usually
done when the screening test is positive.
- Rapid HIV tests can give results in 15 to 60 minutes, or on the same day. 'Rapid' refers to the time taken for the results and
not to the time between exposure and the test. If samples are being sent to another lab, results can take from a few days or
a few weeks

Glucose tolerance test

Normal blood values for a 75 gram OGTT used to check for type 2 diabetes in those who are not pregnant: Fasting: 60 to 100 mg/dL
(3.3 to 5.5 mmol/L) 1 hour: less than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) 2 hours: less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)

- A two-hour, 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is used to test for diabetes. A healthcare provider will take a fasting
lab draw of blood to test your fasting glucose level first. They'll then ask you to drink 8 ounces of a syrupy glucose solution
that contains 75 grams of sugar

milligrams per decilitre Millimoles Per Litre

Urinalysis

 Color – Yellow (light/pale to dark/deep amber)

 Clarity/turbidity – Clear or cloudy.

 pH – 4.5-8.

 Specific gravity – 1.005-1.025.

 Glucose - ≤130 mg/d.

 Ketones – None.

 Nitrites – Negative.

 Leukocyte esterase – Negative.

TB Screening

TB screening tests help to determine whether a person has become infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. A TB skin test
measures the body's immune response to antigens derived from these bacteria. ... A tuberculin skin test cannot distinguish between
latent and active infections