ISSN XXXX XXXX © 2016 IJESC

Research Article Volume 6 Issue No. 9

Replacement of Natural Sand with Robo/Artificial Sand in

Specified Concrete Mix
K. Srinivas Reddy
Assistant Professor
Depart ment of Civil Engineering
Teegala Krishna Reddy Engineering College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Abstract:
Now a day the construction industry in the India is facing one of the major problems that is natural fine aggregate. And court
awarded that totally band on excavation of fine aggregate fro m river because they affect on environment and changing the river
direction Cement, sand and aggregate are basic needs for any construction industry. Sand is a prime material used for preparation
of mortar and concrete and which plays a major ro le in mix design. Now a day’s erosion of rivers and considering environmenta l
issues, there is a scarcity of river sand. The non-availability or shortage of river sand will affect the construction industry; hence
there is a need to find the new alternative material to rep lace the river sand, such that excess river erosion and harm to
environment is prevented. Many researchers are finding different materials to replace sand and one of the major materials is
quarry stone dust (Artificial/Robo/ M -SAND). Using d ifferent proportion of this robo sand along with sand the required concrete
mix can be obtained. Replacement of natural fine aggregate with artificial fine aggregate by 20%, 40% 60% and also finding the
compressive Strength of that concrete cube This Project presents a review of the different alternatives to natural sand in
preparation of concrete. The project emphasize on the physical and mechanical properties and strength aspect on concrete

Key words: Artificial/ Robo/M –SAND, Natural sand, cement, concrete, course aggregate, Physical Properties, Mechanical
Properties, Curing , strength, Research significance

I. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
The main objective of this experimentation is to find out the
effect of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand
with 20%, 40% and 60% on hardened properties of
cement concrete. The experimental work includes the
casting, curing and testing of specimens. Concrete mix is
prepared with proportion of 1:1.43:2.9 with water cement
ratio of .44 and 0.5 respectively. Three trials are carried out
for each water cement ratio and concrete mix proportion,
where Mix 1 is the reference mix with 20% manufactured
sand, Mix 2 is with 40% replacement of natural sand by
manufactured sand and Mix 3 is with 60% manufactured
sand. All of the experiments are performed in normal room
temperature. The mortar ingredients namely cement, fine
aggregate and coarse aggregate first mixed in dry state.
Manufactured sand is used as a partial replacement to
the natural sand then calculated amount of water is added
and mix it thoroughly to get a homogeneous mix. Mortar is
poured in the moulds layer by layer and compact
thoroughly. Cubes are used for compressive strength test
having size 150 mm (5.9 in) x150 mm (5.9 in) x 150 mm
(5.9 in) that are cured in water for 7 & 28 days and
tested at 7 & 28 day’s on Universal testing Machine
(UTM ).
II. INTRODUCTION
Cement, sand and aggregate are essential needs for any
construction industry. Sand is a major material used for
preparation of mortar and concrete and plays a most
important role in mix design. In general consumption of
natural sand is high, due to the large use of concrete and
mortar. Hence the demand of natural sand is very high in
developing countries to satisfy the rapid infrastructure
growth. The developing country like India facing shortage of
good quality natural sand and particularly in India, natural
sand deposits are being used up and causing serious threat to
environment as well as the society. Rapid ext raction of sand
fro m river bed causing so many problems like losing water
retaining soil strata, deepening of the river beds and causing
bank slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers, disturbs
the aquatic life as well as disturbs agriculture due to lowering
the water table in the well etc are some of the examples. The
heavy-explo itation of river sand for construction purposes in
Sri Lanka has led to various harmfu l problems .
The alternate material to river sand

Vari ous Experi ments considered:-

1. Specific gravity of sand.
2. Specific gravity of Cement
3. Specific gravity of robo sand
4. Specific gravity of course aggregate
5. Slu mp cone test on fresh concrete
6. Sieve analysis
7. Co mpression testing on concrete cubes
(150x150x150 mm)

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 3.4 Coarse Aggregate:
Crushed stone aggregates of 20mm size obtained from local
quarry site were used for the experimentation. The fineness
modulus of coarse aggregates was found to be 6.3with a
specific gravity of 2.76 the water absorption and moisture
content values obtained for the sand used was found to be
1 Copper slag 2.Washed Bottom Ash 2.5% and 0.5% respectively.

IV. ROBO SAND AND PROPERTIES

The artificial/robo sand produced by proper machines can be
a better substitute to river sand. The sand must be of proper
gradation (it should have particles fro m 150 microns to 4.75
mm in proper proportion). Robo sand is a purified form of
quarry dust with is excreted fro m manufacturing of coarse
aggregate. Which mostly in the form of chips. These baby
chips are crushed to the specified size of 0-4.75mm as
required. In fact both natural sand and robo sand look
similar. They don’t differ in many properties like water
absorption. But now there they started manufacturing
separate for sand

General Requirements of Manufactured Sand

1. All the sand particles should have higher crushing
strength.
2. The surface texture of the particles should be smooth.
3. The edges of the particles should be grounded.
3 Construction and Demolition waste 4 Quarry Dust
4. The ratio of fines below 600 microns in sand should not
Fig.1 – Indicating the different alternati ve materials
be less than 30%.
5. There should not be any organic impurit ies
III. MATERIALS US ED:
6. Silt in sand should not be more than 2%, fo r crushed
The properties of various materials used in making the
sand.
concrete (M25) are discussed in the following sections.
7. In manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below
75 microns shall not exceed 15%.
3.1 Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grades satisfying all the
requirements of IS 8112-1989 was used in making the
concrete slab panels and cubes in the experimental work.
Physical properties Values for OPC used
Standard consistency 32.5%
Sp gravity 3.15
Initial setting time >30 min’s
Final setting time <600 min’s
TABLE 1 – Typical properties of Cement 43 grade IS
8112-1989

3.2 Natural (Ri ver) Sand:

The natural sand having fineness modulus of 2.78 and
conforming to zone II as per IS: 383-1970 was used for the
experimentation after washing it with clean water. The
specific gravity of this natural sand was found to be 2.55.
The water absorption and moisture content values ob tained
for the sand used was found to be 6% and 1.0% respectively.

3.3 Artificial sand (Crushed sand):

The crushed sand having fineness modulus of 2.81 and
conforming to zone II as per IS: 383-1970 was used for the
experimentation after washing it with clean water. The
specific gravity of this artificial sand was found to be 2.66.
The water absorption and moisture content values obtained
for the sand used was found to be 6.5% and 1.0%
respectively.
Properties Natural sand Robo sand
Sp gravity 2.55 2.66
Fineness module 2.78 2.81
TABLE 2 - Properties of Fi ne aggregate Fig.2 – MANUFACTING OF ROBO SAND

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 Percentage of Cu mulat ive
Percentage
individual Percentage
Sieve passing,
fraction re-tained, by
no by mass
retained, mass
by mass
Rob Rob Rob
Natura Natura Natura
o o o
l sand l sand l sand
sand sand sand
10MM 0 0 100 100 0 0

4.75M
0 0 100 100 0 0
FIG-3 Typical layout of manufacturing the M
Artificial/Robo Sand. 2.36M
12 0 88 100 12 0
M
Properties of Robo sand 1.18M
Organic material 13 43 75 57 25 43
NIL M
content
600µM 39 28 36 29 64 71
Use with any type of Portland
Co mpatiblity with
cement and blended cement for
cement 300µM 20 9 16 20 84 80
various mix designs

Setting time Normal setting time as river Sand 150µM 9 7 7 13 93 87

Yeild Rich mix PAN 7 13 0 0 - -

Cememt -330kg Robo sand- TOTA L 100 278 281

Standard mix design
660kg , 20mm&10mm Course Table 5- Fineness modulus and Zone cl assification
for M20 1:2:4 per cu m
aggregate -1320kg Fineness modulus of Natural sand = 278 ÷ 100 = 2.78
Fineness modulus of Robo/Artificial sand = 2.81 ÷ 100 =
Workability Good 2.81

0.49 + free water 182 liters per cum.

W/C Ratio
Of concrete

TABLE 3- Average properties from all manufacturing

units (Robo silica Pvt. Ltd.)

V. FINENESS MODULUS AND ZONE

CLASSIFICATION
The results of aggregate sieve analysis are expressed by a
number called Fineness Modulus. Obtained by adding the
sum of the cumulative percentages by mass of a sample
aggregate retained on each of a specified series of sieves and Graph 1 - Showing fineness modules range for concrete
dividing the sum by 100. The specified sieves are: 150μm As per the above results the Natural sand and Robo Sand
(No. 100), 300μm (No. 50), 60μm (No. 30), 1.18 mm (No. both are of Zone –II. And fineness module of Natural sand is
16), 2.36 mm (No. 8), 4.75 mm (No. 4), 9.5 mm , 19.0 mm , 2.78 and Robo sand is 2.81
37.5 mm , 75 mm , and 150 mm.

TABLE 4 - IS CLASSIFICATION OF ZONES (I S 380-

Fig 4 Sieve Analysis of Fi ne aggregate and Course
1970)
aggregate

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VI. TYPES OF MIX ES
6.1 Nomi nal Mixes
In the past the specifications for concrete prescribed the
proportions of cement, fine and
Coarse aggregates. These mixes of fixed cement-aggregate
ratio which ensures adequate strength are termed nominal
mixes. These offer simplicity and under normal
circu mstances, have a marg in of strength above that
specified. Ho wever, due to the variability of mix ingredients
the nominal concrete for a given workability varies widely in
strength.
6.2 Standard mixes
The nominal mixes of fixed cement-aggregate ratio (by
volume) vary widely in strength and may result in under- or
over-rich mixes. For this reason, the minimu m co mpressive
strength has been included in many specifications. These
mixes are termed standard mixes. IS 456-2000 has
designated the concrete mixes into a number of g rades as
M10, M15, M20 M25, M30, M35 and M40. In this
designation the letter M refers to the mix and the number to
the specified 28 day cube strength of mix in N/ mm2. The
mixes of grades M10, M15, M 20 an M25 correspond
approximately to the mix proportions (1:3:6), (1:2:4),
(1:1.5:3) and (1:1:2) respectively.
6.3 Designed Mixes
In these mixes the performance of the concrete is specified
by the designer but the mix proportions are determined by
the producer of concrete, except that the minimu m cement
content can be laid down. This is most rational approach to
the selection of mix proportions with specific materials in
mind possessing more or less unique characteristics. The
approach results in the production of concrete with the
appropriate properties most economically.
6.4 Designated mi x: -
the concrete producer selects the water cement ratio and the
minimu m cement content. This approach can be used only if
the concrete producer holds a special certificate of product
conformity based on product testing and surveillance,
coupled with certificat ion of quality assurance.
VII. FACTORS AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF
MIX PROPORTIONS
The various factors affecting the mix design are:
7.1 Compressive strength
It is one of the most important properties of concrete and
influences many other describable properties of the hardened
concrete. The mean compressive strength required at a
specific age, usually 28 days, determines the nominal water-
cement ratio of the mix. The other factor affecting the
strength of concrete at a given age and cured at a prescrib ed
temperature is the degree of compaction. According to
Abraham’s law the strength of fully co mpacted concrete is
inversely proportional to the water-cement rat io.
7.2 Workability
Workability is a measure of the ease with which a fresh mix
of concrete or mortar can be handled and placed. Workab ility
is defined as the amount of useful internal work necessary to
produce full co mpaction. The useful internal work is a
physical property of concrete alone and is the work or energy
required to overcome the internal frict ion between the
individual part icles in the concrete.
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7.3 Durability
The durability of concrete is its resistance to the aggressive
environmental conditions. High strength concrete is generally
more durable than low strength concrete. In the situations
when the high strength is not necessary but the conditions of
exposure are such that high durability is vital, the durability
requirement will determine the water-cement ratio to be used.
7.4 Maxi mum nominal size of aggregate
In general, larger the maximu m size of aggregate, smaller is
the cement requirement for a part icular water-cement ratio,
because the workability of concrete increases with increase
in maximu m size of the aggregate. However, the
compressive strength tends to increase with the decrease in
size of aggregate. IS 456:2000 and IS 1343:1980 reco mmend
that the nominal size of the aggregate should be as large as
possible.
7.5 Gradi ng and type of aggregate
The grading of aggregate influences the mix proportions for a
specified workab ility and water cement ratio. Coarser the
grading leaner will be mix which can be used. Very lean mix
is not desirable since it does not contain enough finer
material to make the concrete cohesive. The type of
aggregate influences strongly the aggregate-cement ratio for
the desired workability and stipulated water cement ratio. An
important feature of a satisfactory aggregate is the uniformity
of the grading which can be achieved by mixing different
size fractions.
7.6 Quality Control
The degree of control can be estimated statistically by the
variations in test results. The variation in strength results
fro m the variat ions in the properties of the mix ingredients
and lack of control of accuracy in batching, mixing, placing,
curing and testing. The lower the difference between the
mean and minimu m strengths of the mix lo wer will be the
cement-content required. The factor controlling this
difference is termed as quality control.
7.7 Mix Proportion designations
The common method of expressing the proportions of
ingredients of a concrete mix is in the Terms of parts or
ratios of cement, fine and coarse aggregates. For e.g., a
concrete mix of proportions 1:2:4 means that cement, fine
and coarse aggregate are in the ratio 1:2:4 or the mix contains
one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts
of coarse aggregate. The proportions are either by volume or
by mass. The water-cement rat io is usually exp ressed in mass
Factors to be considered for mix design
 The grade designation giving the characteristic
strength requirement of concrete.
 The type of cement influences the rate of
development of co mpressive strength of concrete.
 Maximu m no minal size of aggregates to be used in
concrete may be as large as possible within the limits
prescribed by IS 456:2000.
 The cement content is to be limited fro m shrin kage,
cracking and creep.
 The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing
and compaction is related to the size and shape of section,
quantity and spacing of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction.
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VIII. PROCEDURE OF DES IGN MIX Vo lu me of C.A. = 0.6879 – 0.2334 = 0.4335 m3
8.1 MIX DES IGN Therefore weight of F.A. = 0.2334 X 2.55 X 1000 = 595.17
TES T DATA FOR MATERIALS kg/ m3
a) Cement used : OPC 43 grade Say weight of F.A. = 595 kg/ m3
confirming to IS 8112 Therefore weight of C.A. = 0.4335 X 2.76 X 1000 = 1196
b) Specific g ravity of cement : 3.15 kg/ m3
C) Specific gravity of Say weight of C.A. = 1196 kg/ m3
Coarse aggregate : 2.74 Weight of water =178.542
Fine aggregate : 2.77
D)Water absorption Water: cement: F.A.: C.A. = 0.44 : 1 : 1.43 : 2.88
Coarse aggregate : 0.5 percent Sample -1: Natural Sand Sample
Fine aggregate : 1.0 percent % of Replacement for natural sand by robo sand
e) Sieve analysis :0%
Coarse aggregate : Conforming to Table 2 of IS: 383 Cement used - Ord inary Port land cement– IS 8112-1989
Fine aggregate : Conforming to Zone I of IS: 383 :10kg
Natural sand –
TARGET MEAN S TRENGT H FOR MIX Fineness modules – 2.78
PROPORTIONING Specific Gravity -2.55 `:14.3kg
Ft = fck+ 1.65 s Robo sand –
Where Fineness modules -2.81
fck = Target average compressive strength at 28days, Specific Gravity – 2.75 : 0kgs
fck= Characteristic co mpressive strength at 28 days, Coarse aggregate -
s= Standard deviation Specific Grav ity –2.77 : 28.8Kg
Fro m Tab le 1 standard deviation, s = 4 N/ mm2 (IS 456 2000) Water cement rat io - : 0.44
Therefore target strength = 25 + 1.65 x 4 = 31.6 N/ mm2 Date of co mpaction : 18/7/2014
Curing conditions All cubes for cured 7 day and
SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO Slu mp value : 75mm
Fro m Table 5 of IS: 456-2000, maximu m water cement ratio
= 0.5 Specimen
Based on Graph referred water cement rat io adopted is S.No. Observations
1 2 3
= 0.44
0.4 < 0.45, hence ok Determined
1 compression load 500 450 400
observed
Co mpressive
strength of cube
2 22.22 20 17.77
(Co mpressive
load/sectional area)
Average
3 20 N/ mm2
compressive strength
TABLE 6- Co mpressive strength with 7 days of curing

Graph 2 Determin ing W/C Rat io According IS Code

Specimen
SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT S.No. Observations
Fro m Tab le-2, maximu m water content = 182 liters (for 1 2 3
25mm – 50mm slu mp range and for 20 mm aggregates)
Determined
Estimated water content for normal slump = 182 liters (IS
10262). 1 compression load 540 700 790
observed
CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT Co mpressive strength
Water cement rat io = 0.44 of cube
2 24 31.1 35.1
Cement content = 182/ 0.44 = 413.63 kg/ m3 =414 kg/ m3 (comp ressive
Fro m Tab le 5 of IS: 456, min imu m cement content for severe load/sectional area)
exposure condition = 414 kg/ m3 > 300 kg/ m3 , hence OK Average compressive
3 30.0 N/ mm2
strength
CALCULATION FOR C.A & F.A: TABLE 7-Co mpressive strength with 28 days of curing
Vo lu me of concrete = 1 m3
Vo lu me of cement = 414 / (3.15 X 1000) = 0.1301 m3 Sample -2: 20% Replacement of natural sand by Robo
Vo lu me of water = 182 / (1 X 1000 ) = 0.1820 m3 sand% of Rep lacement for natural sand by robo sand
Total weight of other materials except coarse aggregate = : 20 %
0.1301 + 0.1820 = 0.3121 m3 Cement used - Ord inary Port land cement– IS 8112-1989
Vo lu me of coarse and fine aggregate = 1 – 0.3121 = 0.6879 :10kg
m3 Natural sand –
Vo lu me of F.A. = 0.6879 X 0.33 = 0.2332 m3 (Assuming Fineness modules – 2.78
33% by volu me of total aggregate) Specific Gravity -2.55 `:11.44kg

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Robo sand –
Specimen
Fineness modules -2.81
S.No. Observations
Specific Gravity – 2.75 : 2.86kgs
1 2 3
Coarse aggregate -
Specific Gravity –2.77 : 28.8Kg
Water cement rat io - : 0.44 Determined compression
1 520 420 410
Date of co mpaction load observed
: 18/ 7/2014
Co mpressive strength of
Curing conditions: All cubes for cured 7 day and
cube
Slu mp value : 68mm 2 23.11 18.66 18.22
(comp ressive load/sectional
area)
Specimen Average compressive
3 20 N/ mm2
S.No. Observations strength
1 2 3 TABLE 10 - Co mpressive strength with 7 days of curing

Determined Specimen
1 compression load 540 480 540 S.No. Observations
1 2 3
observed Determined
Co mpressive strength 1 compression load 700 740 720
of cube observed
2 24 21.33 24
(comp ressive Co mpressive
load/sectional area) strength of cube
2 31.11 32.88 32
Average compressive (comp ressive
3 23.11 N/ mm2
strength load/sectional area)
Average
3 32 N/ mm2
TABLE 8- Co mpressive strength with 7 days of curing compressive strength
TABLE 11- Co mpressive strength with 28 days of curing
Specimen
S.No. Observations
1 2 3 Sample -4: 60% Rep lacement of natural sand by Robo sand
Determined % of Replacement for natural sand by robo sand : 60 %
1 compression load 700 750 700 Cement used - Ord inary Port land cement– IS 8112-1989
observed :10kg
Co mpressive Natural sand –
strength of cube Fineness modules – 2.78
2 (comp ressive 31.11 33.33 31,11 Specific Gravity -2.55 `:5.72kgs
load/sectional Robo sand –
area) Fineness modules -2.81
Average Specific Gravity – 2.75 : 8.58kgs
3 compressive 31.85 N/ mm2 Coarse aggregate -
strength Specific Gravity –2.77 : 28.8Kgs
Water cement rat io - : 0.44
TABLE 9 -Co mpressive strength with 28 days of curing Date of co mpaction : 18/7/2014
Curing conditions : A ll cubes for cured 7 day and
Sample -3: 40% Rep lacement of natural sand by Robo sand Slu mp value : 50mm
% of Replacement for natural sand by robo sand
: 40 % Specimen
Observations
Cement used - Ord inary Port land cement– IS 8112-1989 S.No. 1 2 3
:10kg Determined
Natural sand – 1 compression load 600 600 600
Fineness modules – 2.78 observed
Specific Gravity -2.55 `:8.58kgs
Co mpressive
Robo sand – strength of cube
Fineness modules -2.81
2 (comp ressive 26.66 26.66 26.66
Specific Gravity – 2.75 : 5.72kgs
load/sectional
Coarse aggregate - area)
Specific Gravity –2.77 : 28.8Kgs
Average
Water cement rat io - : 0.44
3 compressive 26.66 N/ mm2
Date of co mpaction : 18/7/2014
strength
Curing conditions: All cubes for cured 7 day and 8
TABLE 12- Co mpressive strength with 7 days of curing
Slu mp value : 60mm

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 Specimen IX. CAS TING & TES TING OF CUB ES
S.No. Observations 9.1 COMPACTION B Y HAND
1 2 3 Each layer of the concrete filled in the mould shall be
Determined compacted by not less than 35 strokes by tamping bar. The
1 compression load 760 720 800 strokes shall be penetrate into the underlying layer and the
observed bottom layer shall be rodded through its depth. Where voids
Co mpressive are left by the tamping bar the sides of the mould sh all be
strength of cube tapped to close the voids.
2 33.77 32 35.55
(comp ressive
load/sectional area)
Average
3 compressive 33.77 N/ mm2
strength
TABLE 13- Co mpressive strength with 28 days of curing

Fig .7 Pictures while co mpacting the concrete in moulds

(150x150x150mm)

9.2 COMPACTION B Y VIB RATION

When compacting by vibration each layer shall be vibrated
by means of an electric o r pneumat ic hammer or vibrator or
by means of a suitable vibrating table until the specified
condition is attained.

9.3 CURING
Cement sets or cures when mixed with water which causes a
series of hydration chemical react ions. The constituents
slowly hydrate and crystallize; the interlocking of crystals
gives cement its strength maintain ing a high mo isture content
in cement during curing increases both the speed of curing,
and its final strength. Gypsum is often added to Portland
cement to prevent early hardening or “flash setting”,
allo wing a longer working time. The time it takes for cement
to cure varies Depending on the mixture and environmental
conditions initial hardening can occur in as little as 20 mins,
while fu ll cure take over a month. Curing is the process in
which the concrete protected from loss of mo isture and kept
within a reasonable temperature range.
The casted cubes shall be stored under shed at a place free
fro m the vib ration at a temperature 220 C to 330 C fo r 24 hours
covered with wet straw or gunny sacking. The cube shall be
removed fro m the moulds at the end of 24 hours and
immersed in clean water at a temperature 240 C to 300 C till
the 7 or 28-days age of testing. The cubes shall be tested in
the saturated and surface dry condition.

9.4 Compressive strength

Co mpressive strength of concrete Out of many test applied
to the concrete, this is the utmost important which gives an
idea about all the characteristics of concrete. By this single
test one judge that whether Concreting has been done
properly or not. For cube test two types of specimens either
cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm
depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of
the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are
commonly used. 6 Cubes of 150 x 150 x 150 mm size (the
nominal size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm) shall be
cast, 3 for 7-days testing and 3 for 28-days testing.

ANNEX – I (Different pictures of the project)

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 Robo Compressive strength Change in Strength
sand N/mm2 wi th reference mi x
0% 30 -
20% 31.84 +1.84
40% 32 +2
60% 33.77 +3.77
TABLE 16 – THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 28
DA YS.(N/ mm2 )

Fig 8 THE COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE Compressive strength

40

strength in N/mm2
35 33.77
30 30 31.84 32
25
20 Compressive
15 strength at the
10 age of 28 days
5
0
0 50 100
% of replacement of natural sand
Fig 8.3 Taking readings from the followi ng di al values
Graph 5 showing the compressive strength of concrete cured
9.5 Compressive strength for 7 days for 28 days and Comparison with reference mix.
After curing of cubes for 7days, the concrete moulds of
150x150x150 mm is tested with a compressive testing 9.7 Comparison Between 7 days & 28days of compressive
mach ine or universal testing machine. Apply the load strength
gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of According to the graph and the experimental research the
140kg/cm2/ minute till the specimen fails. The result are value’s is clearly showing the replacement of Natural sand
shown below:- with the Robo sand gives good results regarding compressive
Robo Compressive Change in Strength strength. As the w/c ratio is more for Robo sand concrete, the
sand strength N/ mm2 wi th reference mi x Robo sand absorb more water than the Natural sand. The
0% 19.99 - increased water-cement ratio will gives good workability in
20% 23.11 +3.12 Robo sand concrete. As far as we concern the usage of Robo
40% 20 +.01 sand in concrete doesn’t cause any harm to the concrete
60% 26.66 +6.67 structures. Use of this gives a economical concrete as the
TABLE 15 – THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FOR 7 cost of natural sand is increased due to scarcity of sand . And
DA YS.(N/ mm2 ) the Many state government had put restrictions on sand
mining in rivers. Which is a environmental issue, so use of
Robo sand will not cause any harm to the environ ment. The
Compressive strength use of robo sand can also overcome the scarcity of sand for
construction purposes.
30
25 26.66
23.11
20 19.99 20 Compressive strength
strength in N/mm2

15 40
10 35 33.77
strength in N/mm2

5 Compressi 31.84 32
30 30
0 ve … 26.66
25
23.11
0 50 100 20 19.99 20
% of replacementof natural sand 15
10 Compressiv
Graph 4 showing the compressive strength of concrete cured 5 e strength
for 7 days and Co mparison with reference mix. 0 of 28 days
0 20 40 60 80
9.6 Compressive strength for 28 days % of replacement of natural sand
After curing of cubes for 28 days, the concrete moulds of
150x150x150 mm is tested with a compressive testing
mach ine or universal testing machine. Apply the load Graph 6 showing the compressive strength of concrete cured
gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of for 7 & 28 days and Co mparison with reference mix.
140kg/cm2/ minute till the specimen fails. The result are
shown below:-

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X. CONCLUS IONS [9]. Marek, C.R. Vu lcan Materials Co mpan y. Importance of
The effect of partial replacement of Natural sand by Robo Fine Aggregate Shape and Grading on Properties of
sand on the compressive strength of cement concrete of grade Concrete. Paper presented at Centre for Aggregate Research,
M25 (1:1.4:2.88 –Design mix) with water cement rat io as March 2-4 (1995).
0.44 are studied. Results are compared with reference mix of
0% rep lacement of Natural sand by Robo sand. The [10]. Celik, T. and Marar, K. Effects of Crushed Stone Dust
compressive strength of cement concrete with 20%, 40%, on Some Properties of Concrete. Cement and Concrete
60%replacement of Natural sand by Robo sand reveals Research. Vo l. 26, No. 7. pp. 1121-1130 (1996)
higher strength as compared to reference mix. The overall
strength of concrete linearly increases for 0%,20%, 40%,
60% replacement of Natural sand by Robo sand as compared
with reference mix. Robo sand has a potential to provide
alternative to Natural sand and helps in maintaining the
environment as well as economical balance. Non-availab ility
of natural sand at reasonable cost, forces to search for
alternative material. Robo sand qualifies itself as suitable
substitute for river sand at reasonable cost. The Robo sand
found to have good gradation and better bonding which is
comparatively less in natural sand. According to price –
service ratio the use of robo sand gives effective results, as
far as we concern the cost of Robo sand is 30-50% less in
market wh ich is good for production of economical concrete.
The service of robo sand is also as good enough for as
Natural sand concrete.

Future scope of work

 Replacing natural sand with different % of
manufactured sand so that clear variation of strength can be
plotted as well as optimu m amount can also be determined.
 Conducting investigation for M40, M50 and also for
high strength concrete
 Conducting chloride penetration test and water
absorption tests on concrete ensure adequate durability
 Suitability of manufactured sand must
be ascertained for plastering.

XI. BIB LIOGRAPHY:

[1]. M.S. Shetty, Text book of concrete technology (theory
and practice) S.Chand & Co mpany Ltd

[2]. IS: 10262-1982. Reco mmended Gu idelines for Concrete

Mix. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[3]. IS: 456-2000. Reco mmended Guidelines for plain

cement Concrete Mix & Reinfo rced cement concrete. Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delh i.

[4]. IS 383-1979 Reco mmended Guidelines for fine

aggregate . Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

[5]. IS 8112: Specificat ion for 43 grade ordinary Portland

cement , Bu reau of Indian Standards, New Delh i.

[6]. M.C Nataraja, Fellow of Indian Concrete Institute,

Chennai Journals of CIVIL ENGINEERING

[7]. Dilip K. Kulkarni. INTERNATIONAL JOURNA L OF

CIVIL A ND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Vo lu me 3,
No 3, 2013. Indian Institute of Technology, Bo mbay,

[8]. Ahmed. A.E. and El-Kourd, A.A. Properties of Concrete

Incorporating Natural and Crushed Stone Very Fine Sand.
ACI Materials Journal, Vo l. 86, No. 4. pp.417- 424 (1989).

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