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STUDY OF BOND PROPERTIES OF
CONCRETE UTILIZING FLY ASH, MARBLE
AND GRANITE POWDER
Abstract—Nowadays in India ,If we analyse the whole situation
, we came to know that there is not a proper plaaning for the
road development and construction in order to fulfil the criteria.
As we know that infrastructure plays a tremendous role in the
development of country and it has not developed in order to
serve the people in the most efficient method it can. Population
in india is increasing day by day and india is 2nd largest in
population ,because of this number of vehicles also increasing
on road .flexible and rigid pavement are not enough to giving
the better results as formation of potholes and propagation of
reflective crack occurs due to wheel load.the population for which
roads are planned and designed are not providing adequate
performance to withstand excessive load of traffic especially in
metropolitican cites like Bangalore delhi Mumbai etc.
In order to overcome this present situation there is a need to
turn the focus on composite pavement from rigid and flexible
pavements. The design life of composite pavement is more than
fexible and rigid pavements.the overlay of bituminous concrerte
over cracked concrete or asphalt mix has placed a efficient and
economical method to meet the problem of riding surfaces which
get deteriotated due to high traffic load .laying of biruminous
mix layer over cracked surface is a much better solution but the
reflective cracks propagation over the surface of overlaid layer
from underlying cracked surface is a huge matter of concern.
Various studies have been done to retard the propagation of
reflectives crack using additives like plastic waste, steel neeting
,geogrid ,fibres and other alternatives. In this study we are cusing
a glass fibres as an additive and compare thw condition of roads
with or without using glass fibres. Various types of tests are done
to cement , aggregates, concrete, marshal stability and other test
in order to study the road reflective cracks.
As we have an eye on properties of glass fibres which I have
used as an additive, glass fibres have high tensile strength
,increase flexural strength , ductility , resistance to thermal crack
,act a sound insulation , more resistance to impact load ,increase
the life span of structure has been performed in Bangalore
University on manually designed Reflection Crack Simulator in
which the mechanism of horizontal movement of slab to develop
thermal stresses and vertical movement of underlying pavement
due to moving wheel load were simulated mechanically and the
results were observed.
In this , Glass Fibre has been used as an additive in the
overlaying bituminous concrete layer to retard the propagation
of reflection cracks from the underlying cracked concrete .
Chapter-1
I. I NTRODUCTION
A. General
Concrete, the single most widely used building material
around the globe, is a heterogeneous composite that consists
of combination of readily available basic building materials
including cement, water, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and
in some cases, admixtures, fibres or other additives, according
to the need. When these ingredients are mixed together, they
form a fluid mass that is easily moulded into any shape. Over
time, when it is cured sufficiently, the cement forms a hard
matrix which binds the rest of the ingredients together into a
durable stone-like material, called concrete.
The reason behind the enormous use of concrete in the
construction sector lies in its versatile, reliable and sustainable
nature, because of its strength, rigidity, durability, mould-
ability, efficiency and economy.
B. Objectives of the thesis:
The main objective of the thesis is to study the potential of
sandstone fly ash, marble and granite powder to be used as
a partial substitute of natural sand in concrete. In this study,
concrete mixes are prepared with partial replacement of natural
sand with sandstone fly ash, marble and granite powder” at
different substitution rates of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%,
and different properties of concrete are compared with the
control concrete mix containing 100% natural sand. Different
objectives of this study are given below:
• To compare the workability of concrete mixes incorporat-
ing sandstone fly ash, marble and granite powder” as partial
replacement of natural sand with control concrete mix.
• To compare the compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength and density of concrete mixes incorporating sandstone
fly ash, marble and granite powder” as partial replacement of
natural sand with control concrete mix.
• To compare water absorption, sorptivity and chloride-
ion permeability of concrete mixes incorporating sandstone
fly ash, marble and granite powder” as partial replacement of
natural sand with control concrete mix.
• To study various changes occurred in cement phases with
inclusion of sandstone fly ash, marble and granite powder” as
partial substitute of sand in concrete mixes by x-ray diffraction
(xrd) analysis.
• To study the various changes occurred in microstructure
of concrete with inclusion of sandstone fly ash, marble and
granite powder” as partial substitute of sand in concrete mixes
by scanning electron microscope (sem) analsysis.
• To find out the optimum percent replacement of natural
sand with sandstone fly ash, marble and granite powder” so
as to give acceptable workability, hardened and durability
properties.
C. Outline of the thesis:
This thesis report includes five chapters:
Chapter 1 “introduction” gives some quantitative data
about excessive sand mining in the world and its environmental
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impacts, use of industrial by-products as fine aggregate in B. Methodology

concrete, production process and properties of fly ash, marble
and granite powder”.
Chapter 2 “literature review” gives an overview about the
previously published literature on the effect of different fly
ash, marble and granite powder”s as a partial replacement of
river sand in concrete.
Chapter 3 “experimental program” gives the detail of
scheme of experimentation, different raw materials used and
procedures adopted for testing of raw materials, mix design,
casting, curing and methodology of various tests on concrete.
Chapter 4 “results and discussion” gives results of prop-
erties of raw materials and mix proportioning of concrete
mixes. It also includes results and analysis of workability
of concrete, hardened properties of concrete, i.e., density,
compressive strength and splitting tensile strength, durability
properties, i.e., water absorption, sorptivity and rapid chloride-
ion permeability, mineralogical and microstructural character-
istics & microstructural analysis, i.e., xrd and sem analysis, of
concrete mixes, incorporating sandstone fly ash, marble and
granite powder” as a partial replacement of natural sand and
results are compared with control concrete.
Chapter 5 gives major conclusions drawn from the study.
Chapter-2
The chapter describes the details of experimental program
and methodology for the evaluation of fresh properties (worka-
bility), hardened properties (density, compressive strength and
splitting tensile strength), durability properties (chloride-ion
permeability, sorptivity and water absorption) and mineralog-
ical & microstructural characteristics (x-ray diffraction, i.e.,
xrd and scanning electron microscopic, i.e., sem) of concrete
mixes made with varying percentages of sandstone fly ash,
marble and granite powder” as partial replacement of natural
sand. In this chapter, procedures adopted for physical testing
of constituent materials, i.e., cement, coarse aggregate, natural
sand and sandstone fly ash, marble and granite powder”, used
for making concrete are described. This chapter also includes
procedure adopted for mix design of concrete, details of test
specimens to carry out different tests, procedure of casting as
well as the test procedures adopted, age of specimen at testing,
are also discussed in this chapter. Flow
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II. L ITERATURE R EVIEW

A. General
The effects of fly ash, marble and granite powder” as
a replacement of river sand on the different properties of
concrete have been reported since 1994. The early studies have
only focused on normal strength concretes as well as mortars
and it has been found out that use of inclusion of fly ash,
marble and granite powder” as a replacement of river sand
does modify many concrete properties i.e. Fresh properties,
hardened properties as well as durability properties. Since
then, several researches have reported the effects of use of fly
ash, marble and granite powder” as a part of fine aggregate in
normal strength concrete, high strength concrete and mortars.
The purpose of this study is to access the current state
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of knowledge concerning the utilization fly ash, marble and
granite powder” as replacement of natural or river sand in
mortar and concrete. An extensive review of the recently
published studies and available research papers on the use
of fly ash, marble and granite powder” as a partial and
full replacement of river sand is conducted in this literature
review. Studies are examined in terms of measured fresh
properties, hardened properties and durability properties. The
key pointes arising from the literature review are discussed
property-wise. Different properties studied in literature review
are workability, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength,
flexural strength, young’s modulus of elasticity, chloride-
ion penetration, water permeability, water absorption, drying
shrinkage and abrasion resistance.
Chapter-3
Study Methodology
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Fig. 1. Structure of the Report