cleaning

A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with "cleaning properties in dilute

solutions."[1] These substances are usuallyalkylbenzenesulfonates, a family of
compounds that are similar to soap but are more soluble in hard water, because the
polarsulfonate (of detergents) is less likely than the polar carboxyl (of soap) to bind to
calcium and other ions found in hard water. In most household contexts, the
term detergent by itself refers specifically to laundry detergent or dish detergent, as
opposed to hand soap or other types of cleaning agents. Detergents are commonly
available as powders or concentrated solutions. Detergents, like soaps, work because they
are amphiphilic: partly hydrophilic (polar) and partly hydrophobic (non-polar). Their dual
nature facilitates the mixture of hydrophobic compounds (like oil and grease) with water.
Because air is not hydrophilic, detergents are also foaming agentsto varying degrees.

Chemical classification of detergents

Detergents are classified into three broad groupings, depending on the electrical charge of
the surfactants.
Anionic detergents
Typical anionic detergents are alkylbenzenesulfonates. The alkylbenzene portion of
these anions is lipophilic and the sulfonate is hydrophilic. Two different varieties have
been popularized, those with branched alkyl groups and those with linear alkyl groups.
The former were largely phased out in economically advanced societies because they are
poorly biodegradable.[2] An estimated 6 billion kilograms of anionic detergents are
produced annually for domestic markets.
Bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DOC), are anionic detergents produced by the liver
to aid in digestion and absorption of fats and oils.
Three kinds of anionic detergents: a branched sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate,
linear sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, and a soap.

Cationic detergents
Cationic detergents are similar to the anionic ones, with a hydrophobic component, but,
instead of the anionic sulfonate group, the cationic surfactants have quaternary
ammonium as the polar end. The ammonium center is positively charged.[2]
Non-ionic and zwitterionic detergents
Non-ionic detergents are characterized by their uncharged, hydrophilic headgroups.
Typical non-ionic detergents are based on polyoxyethylene or a glycoside. Common
examples of the former include Tween, Triton, and the Brij series. These materials are
also known as ethoxylates or PEGlyates and their metabolites, nonylphenol. Glycosides
have a sugar as their uncharged hydrophilic headgroup. Examples include octyl
thioglucoside and maltosides. HEGA and MEGA series detergents are similar, possessing
a sugar alcohol as headgroup
chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17. Chlorine is in
the halogen group (17) and is the second lightest halogen following fluorine. The element
is a yellow-green gas under standard conditions, where it forms diatomic molecules.
Chlorine has the highest electron affinity and the third highest electronegativity of all the
reactive elements. For this reason, chlorine is a strongoxidizing agent. Free chlorine is
rare on Earth, and is usually a result of direct or indirect oxidation by oxygen.
The most common compound of chlorine, sodium chloride (common salt), has been
known since ancient times. Around 1630 chlorine gas was first synthesized in a chemical
reaction, but not recognized as a fundamentally important substance. Characterization of
chlorine gas was made in 1774 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, who supposed it to be
an oxide of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure
element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it
fromAncient Greek: χλωρóς (khlôros) "pale green".
Nearly all chlorine in the Earth's crust occurs as chloride in various ionic compounds,
including table salt. It is the second most abundant halogen and 21st most abundant
chemical element in Earth's crust. Elemental chlorine is commercially produced
frombrine by electrolysis. The high oxidizing potential of elemental chlorine led
commercially to free chlorine's bleaching and disinfectant uses, as well as its many uses
of an essential reagent in the chemical industry. Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a
wide range of consumer products, about two-thirds of them organic chemicals such
as polyvinyl chloride, as well as many intermediates for production of plastics and other
end products which do not contain the element. As a common disinfectant, elemental
chlorine and chlorine-generating compounds are used more directly in swimming pools to
keep them clean andsanitary.
In the form of chloride ions, chlorine is necessary to all known species of life. Other
types of chlorine compounds are rare in living organisms, and artificially produced
chlorinated organics range from inert to toxic. In the upper atmosphere, chlorine-
containing organic molecules such as chlorofluorocarbons have been implicated in ozone
depletion. Small quantities of elemental chlorine are generated by oxidation of chloride
to hypochlorite in neutrophils, as part of the immune response against bacteria. Elemental
chlorine at high concentrations is extremely dangerous and poisonous for all living
organisms, and was used in World War I as the first gaseous chemical warfare agent.
Iodine

Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is
from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine
vapor.[3]
Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the
production of acetic acid and certain polymers. Iodine's relatively high atomic number,
low toxicity, and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of
many X-ray contrastmaterials in modern medicine. Iodine has only one stable isotope. A
number of iodine radioisotopes, such as 131I, are also used in medical applications.
Iodine is found on Earth mainly as the highly water-soluble iodide ion I−, which
concentrates it in oceans and brine pools. Like the other halogens, free iodine occurs
mainly as a diatomic molecule I2, and then only momentarily after being oxidized from
iodide by an oxidant like free oxygen. In the universe and on Earth, iodine's high atomic
number makes it a relatively rare element. However, its presence in ocean water has
given it a role in biology. It is the heaviest essential element utilized widely by life in
biological functions (only tungsten, employed in enzymes by a few species of bacteria, is
heavier). Iodine's rarity in many soils, due to initial low abundance as a crust-element,
and also leaching of soluble iodide by rainwater, has led to many deficiency problems in
land animals and inland human populations. Iodine deficiency affects about two billion
people and is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities.[4]
Iodine is required by higher animals for synthesizing thyroid hormones, which contain
the element. Because of this function,radioisotopes of iodine are concentrated in
the thyroid gland along with nonradioactive iodine. If inhaled, the radioisotope iodine-
131, which has a high fission product yield, concentrates in the thyroid, but is easily
remedied with non-radioactive potassium iodide treatment.
Ammonium

The ammonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical
formula NH4+.[1] It is formed by the protonation ofammonia (NH3). Ammonium is also a
general name for positively charged or protonated substituted amines and quaternary
ammonium cations (NR4+), where one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic
radical groups (indicated by R).
Sanitizing
This article is about a type of transfer of energy, from a hotter body to a colder one. For
other uses, see Heat (disambiguation).
In physics, heat is energy in transfer other than as work or by transfer of matter. When
there is a suitable physical pathway, heat flows from a hotter body to a colder one.The
transfer results in a net increase in entropy. The pathway can be direct, as
inconduction and radiation, or indirect, as in convective circulation.
Heat refers to a process of transfer between two systems, the system of interest, and its
surroundings considered as a system, not to a state or property of a single system. If heat
transfer is slow and continuous, so that the temperature of the system of interest remains
well defined, it can be described by a process function.
Kinetic theory explains heat as a macroscopic manifestation of the motions and
interactions of microscopic constituents such asmolecules and photons.
In calorimetry, sensible heat is defined with respect to a particular state variable of the
system; it causes change of temperature, leaving that particular state variable unchanged.
Heat transfer that occurs with the system at constant temperature and that changes that
particular state variable is called latent heat with respect to that variable. For infinitesimal
changes, the total incremental heat transfer is then the sum of the latent and sensible heat
increments. This is a basic paradigm for thermodynamics, and was important in the
historical development of the subject.
The quantity of energy transferred as heat is a scalar expressed in an energy unit such as
the joule (J) (SI), with a sign that is customarily positive when a transfer adds to the
energy of a system. It can be measured by calorimetry,[10] or determined by calculations
based on other quantities, relying on the first law of thermodynamics.

A chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and
characteristic properties.[1] It cannot be separated into components by physical
separation methods, i.e., without breaking chemical bonds. Chemical substances can
bechemical elements, chemical compounds, ions or alloys.
Chemical substances are often called 'pure' to set them apart from mixtures. A common
example of a chemical substance is purewater; it has the same properties and the
same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it is isolated from a river or made in
a laboratory. Other chemical substances commonly encountered in pure form
are diamond (carbon), gold, table salt (sodium chloride) and refinedsugar (sucrose).
However, in practice, no substance is entirely pure, and chemical purity is specified
according to the intended use of the chemical.
Chemical substances exist as solids, liquids, gases or plasma, and may change between
these phases of matter with changes intemperature or pressure. Chemical
reactions convert one chemical substance into another.
Forms of energy, such as light and heat, are not considered to be matter, and thus they are
not "substances" in this regard.

In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume

of a mixture. Several types of mathematical description can be distinguished: mass
concentration, molar concentration, number concentration, and volume concentration.
[1] The term concentration can be applied to any kind of chemical mixture, but most
frequently it refers to solutes and solvents in solutions. The molar (amount) concentration
has variants such as normal concentration and osmotic concentration.
A temperature is an objective comparative measure of hot or cold. It is measured by
a thermometer, which may work through the bulk behavior of a thermometric material,
detection of thermal radiation, or particle kinetic energy. Several scales and units exist for
measuring temperature, the most common being Celsius (denoted °C; formerly
called centigrade), Fahrenheit (denoted °F), and, especially in science, Kelvin (denoted
K).
The coldest theoretical temperature is absolute zero, at which the thermal motion in
matter would be zero. However, an actual physical system or object can never attain a
temperature of absolute zero. Absolute zero is denoted as 0 K on the Kelvin scale,
−273.15 °C on the Celsius scale, and −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale.
The kinetic theory offers a valuable but limited account of the behavior of the materials
of macroscopic systems. It indicates theabsolute temperature as proportional to the
average kinetic energy of the random microscopic motions of their constituent
microscopic particles such as electrons, atoms, and molecules.
Thermal vibration of a segment of protein alpha helix: The amplitude of the vibrations
increases with temperature.Temperature is important in all fields of natural science,
including physics, geology, chemistry, atmospheric sciences, medicine, andbiology—
as well as most aspects of daily life.