LEVEL A2

UNIDAD 1

BE PASADO: FRASES

USO:
Conectar el sujeto con el resto de la oración y hablar acerca del pasado
AFIRMATIVO

FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + RESTO]

I/She/He/It was in the kitchen.

You/We/They were late.
NEGATIVO

FORMA:
[SUJETO + WAS/WERE + NOT + RESTO]

WASN'T/WEREN'T
I/She/He/It was not angry.
I/She/He/It wasn't here.

You/We/They were not early.

You/We/They weren't on time.

EJEMPLOS:
"Diana was at home yesterday."
"She wasn't at school."
"They were late to work."
"They weren't early."

BE PAST: PREGUNTAS

PREGUNTAS SI/NO

USO:
Realizar preguntas cuya respuesta es "sí" o "no".
FORMA:
El sujeto y el verbo cambian de lugar.

Afirmativa: They were at home.

Pregunta Si/No: Were they at home?
Negativa: He wasn't at school.
Pregunta Si/No: Wasn't he at school?(Se utilizan siempre con contracciones.)

Respuestas: Yes, I was.

No, I wasn't.

PREGUNTAS-WH

USO:
Realizar preguntas que comienzan con estasexpresiones interrogativas:WHAT, WHEN, WHERE,
WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO:
[PALABRA-WH + BE PAST + RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA]
Afirmativa: Juan was at home.
pREGUNTA -Wh: Who was at home?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN:
[WH-WORD + BE PAST + SUBJECT + REST OF SENTENCE]
Afirmativa: He was in Philadelphia.
Pregunta - Wh Where was he?
Afirmativa: He was there in 1990.
Pregunta - Wh: When was he there?
EJEMPLOS:
Police: "Where were you last nightat 9:30?"
Man: "I was at home all night."
Police: "Was Big Bob with you?"
Man: "No, he wasn't. I was alone."

UNIDAD 2

SUSTANTIVOS y QUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES y CUANTIFICADORES

USO:
Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases
que indican el número o la cantidad de
un objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con sustantivos como con incontables. Otros solo
se utilizan
con sustantivos contables o incontables
pero no con ambos.
RECUERDA: Los sustantivos incontables toman solo la
forma singular del verbo!
some (enunciado):
"There is some water in your glass."
any (preguntas y sentencias negative):

"Is there any money in the handbag?"

 "There isn't any time left."
a lot of

"There is a lot of butter on your bread."

much

"I haven't got much money."

"How much milk do you want?"
a little

"I only want a little juice."

NOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS:

COUNT NOUNS and QUANTIFIERS

USE:
Quantifiers are words or phrases which show the number or amount of an object. Some
quantifiers are used with both count and non-count nouns. Some other quantifiers are used
only with either non-count nouns or count nouns, but not with both.
some (statements):
"There are some books on the shelf."
any (questions and negative sentences):

"Are there any girls in your class?"

"There aren't any onions in the salad."
a lot of

"There are a lot of red apples."

many

"I haven't got many friends."

"How many chairs are in that classroom?"
a few

"He has a few books."

EXAMPLE:
"Are there any small nails down there, Harry?"
"Sorry, there aren't any, but I have some big nails.
Is that OK?"

UNIDAD 3

PRESENTE SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

USO:
Hablar de acciones, estados o hechos que suceden en cualquier momento, de forma
repetida o continuamente.
AFIRMATIVA

FORMA:
La tercera persona del singular añaden una -s final.
[SUJETO + VERBO(s) + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN
I/You/We/They work in a bank.
He/She/It has brown eyes.
ORTOGRAFIA

Los verbos que acaban en ss, sh, ch, x, o añaden la terminación es a la tercera persona del
singular.kisses,matches, goes, watches
Para verbos que terminan en la consonante + y,cambian la y por la terminación -
ies:carry/carries,try/tries, copy/copies
NOTA: el presente simple se utiliza también con adverbios y frases
adverbiales: Always, Never,Often,Sometimes, Usually, Every day/week, On
Sundays, Twice a month, year, etc.
EJEMPLOS:
"I often go to basketball games."
"He never watches TV."
"My brother goes to the health club twice a week."
"I always have coffee for breakfast."
NEGATIVA

FORMA:
[SUJETO+ DO NOT/DON'T+ VERBO+ RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN] DOES
NOT/DOESN'T)

I/You/We/They don't drive in the city.

He/She/It doesn't have brown eyes..
EJEMPLO:
"Bill calls Mary, but he doesn't call me."

PRESENT SIMPLE: YES/NO QUESTIONS

QUESTIONS

USE:
To ask questions about actions in general time that need an answer of "yes" or "no".
FORM:
Put DO or DOES in front of the subject.
[DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB + REST]
Does he/she/it like milk?
Do I know him?
AFFIRMATIVE: She likes milk.
YES/NO QUESTION: Does she like milk?
ANSWERS
USE:
To answer a yes/no question.
FORM:

[YES, SUBJECT + DO/DOES]

Yes, I/you/we/they do.
Yes, he/she/it does.
[NO, SUBJECT + DON'T/DOESN'T]
No, I/you/we/they don't.
No, he/she/it doesn't.
EXAMPLES:
"Do you work on Saturdays?"
"Yes, I do."
"Does he work on Saturdays?"
"No, he doesn't."

PRESENTE SIMPLE: Preguntas Wh

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones en tiempo general

que comienzan con los siguientes interrogativos: WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY,
HOW.
FORMA:
Preguntas acerca del SUJETO:

[WHO-WHAT + VERBO + RESTO]

Who lives here?

Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA ORACION:
[WH-WORD + DO/DOES... VERBO...]

When do you go home?

Where does he live?
EJEMPLOS:
"Who lives in that house?"
"The Porters."
"What does Jack want to do?"
"Go to the movies.
"Where do they work?"
"At the bank."
UNIDAD 4

COMPARACIÓN: IGUALDAD

USO:
Comparar dos personas o cosas que son semejantes.
FORMA:
AFIRMATIVA:
[AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Bob is as tall as Marty.
NEGATIVA:
[NOT AS + ADJETIVO + AS]
Her hair is not as long as mine.

COMPARACIÓN: COMPARATIVOS

USO:
Comparar una o más persona(s)/cosa(s)con otras personas/cosas. .
FORMA:
[FORMA COMPARATIVA DE ADJETIVO + THAN]
John is older than Bart.
Betty is more beautiful than Barbara.
La mayoría de adjetivos añaden la terminación -er:

long/longer, old/older, tall/taller

Los adjetivos que acaban en -e toman la terminación -r:

nice/nicer, late/later
Los adjetivos que acaban en vocal + consonante

duplican la consonante:

fat/fatter, big/bigger, hot/hotter

En los adjetivos que acaban en y, eliminar la y; añadir la terminación -ier:

happy/happier, easy/easier
La mayoría de los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas
forman el comparativo con more:

intelligent - more intelligent

beautiful - more beautiful
Los adjetivos "good" y "bad" tienen una forma comparativa irregular:

good - better
bad - worse
EJEMPLOS:
Todd: "Samurai Sam is winning. He's stronger than Viking Vick."
Ron: "Yes, and he's more popular, too!"

COMPARACIÓN: SUPERLATIVOS

USO:
Comparar una o más personas o cosas con
un grupo.
FORMA:
[THE + FORMA SUPERLATIVA DE ADJETIVO]

John is the tallest boy in the class.

They are the most beautiful shoes in the store.
La mayoría de los adjetivos adquieren la terminación -est: long/longest, old/oldest
Los adjetivos que acaban en -e toman -st: nice/nicest, late/latest
Los adjectives que terminan en una vocal + consonante duplican la
consonante: fat/fattest, big/biggest, hot/hottest
Los adjetivos que acaban en y eliminan la y; añaden la terminación -iest:
happy/happiest, easy/easiest
La mayoría de los adjetivos de dos o más sílabas

forman el superlativo con most:

honest - most honest
beautiful - most beautiful
The adjectives "good" and "bad" have an irregular superlative form:

good - best
bad - worst
EJEMPLOS:
"Come to Mad Mo's. We have the cheapest,
the biggest, the most terrific store in New York! We are the best!"

UNIDAD 5

SUSTANTIVOS y CUANTIFICADORES:
SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES/INCONTABLES

USO:
Los cuantificadores son palabras o frases que indican el número o la cantidad de un
objeto. Algunos cuantificadores se emplean tanto con sustantivos contables como con
incontables. Otros sólo se utilizan con sustantivos contables o incontables, pero no con
ambos.
USADOS CON AMBOS SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES E INCONTABLES:
some (dichos):

"There are some books on the shelf." (CONTABLE)

"There is some fruit on the table." (INCONTABLE)
any (frases negativas y preguntas):

"Are there any girls in your class?" (CONTABLE)

"There aren't any onions in the salad." (CONTABLE)
"Is there any butter?" (INCONTABLE)
"There isn't any homework today." (INCONTABLE)
a lot of:

"There are a lot of red apples." (CONTABLE)

"There is a lot of noise in here." (INCONTABLE)
USADAS CON SUSTANTIVOS CONTABLES SOLAMENTE:
many

"I haven't got many friends."

"How many chairs are in that classroom?"
a few

"He has a few books."

USADAS CON SUSTANTIVOS INCONTABLES SOLAMENTE:
much

"I haven't got much time."

"How much milk do you want?"
a little

"I only want a little juice."

UNIDAD 6

PASADO SIMPLE: ENUNCIADOS

USO:
Hablar acerca de acciones y hechos del pasado.
AFIRMATIVO

FORMA:
El pretérito simple de los verbos regulares acaba en -ed.

[SUJETO + VERBO+ed + REST]

EJEMPLOS:
"Joe walked home alone last night."
"We played football last week."
SPELLING

Los verbos que acaban en -e solo añaden -d: live/lived.

Los verbos que acaban en consonante + y cambian la y por i:

carry / carried try/ tried

NOTA: el pretérito simple se utiliza a menudo con adverbios: Yesterday, Last
week/month/year, A... ago.
NEGATIVO

FORMA:
Poner did not (didn't) antes del verbo.
[SUJETO + DID NOT + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACIÓN]
/DIDN'T
They did not call me last week.
Ruth didn't study last night.
EJEMPLOS:
"He didn't work at all last week."
"I didn't like the movie last night."

PASADO SIMPLE: VERBOS IRREGULARES

FORMA:
Algunos verbos tienen formas irregulares en el pretérito simple. Tiene que aprendérselos de
memoria.

Estos son algunos de los verbos

verbos frequentes :
come - came put - put
do - did read - read
drink - drank say - said
eat - ate sell - sold
find - found sit - sat
get - got sleep - slept
drive - drove speak - spoke
go - went take - took
have - had tell - told
hear - heard think - thought
know - knew understand - understood
leave - left wear - wore
make - made write - wrote
meet - met

PASADO SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS

PREGUNTAS SI/NO

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca de acciones/hechos del pasado cuya respuesta es "sí" o "no".
FORMA:
Put DID / DIDN'T delante del sujeto.
[DID / DIDN'T + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
 Did you walk yesterday?
Didn't they buy the book last week?
PREGUNTAS - WH

USO:
Realizar preguntas acerca del pasado que comienzancon estos interrogativos: WHAT,
WHEN, WHERE, WHO, WHY, HOW.
FORMA:
Questions about the SUBJECT:
[WHO/WHAT + PAST VERBO + RESTO]

Who told him?

What made that noise?
Preguntas acerca del RESTO DE LA SENTENCIA:
[PALABRA-WH + DID + VERBO...]
When did you leave school?
Where did they buy that?
EJEMPLOS:
John: "Did you ask the boss about money?"
Rose: "Yes, I did."
John: "Well, what did she say?"
Rose: "She said no."

UNIDAD 7

PRESENTE SIMPLE: PREGUNTAS CON COLETILLA

USO:
Realizar una pregunta sí/no cuando ya answer is already expected.
FORMA:
Añadir una pregunta corta de dos palabras al final de la frase.
Si se espera un "sí":
[ORACIÓN AFIRMATIVA + DON'T/DOESN'T + SUJETO]
You drive, don't you?
Carl paints, doesn't he?
Si se espera un "no":

[ORACIÓN NEGATIVA + DO/DOES + SUJETO]

You don't smoke, do you?
Mary doesn't drive, does she?
EJEMPLOS:
"You like coffee, don't you?"
"Yes, I do." (La respuesta esperada es un "si")
"She doesn't work here, does she?"
"No, she doesn't."(La respuesta esperada es un "no".)

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: CAN

USO:
El modal CAN se utiliza con verbos y añade un significado especial. Como la mayoría de
los modales,CAN tiene más de un significado.

SIGNIFICADO:
"Joe can speak French." (HABILIDAD)
"You can leave early." (PERMISO)
"It can be hot here." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales, CAN va antesdel verbo y tiene solo una forma.
AFIRMATIVO
[CAN + VERBO]
John can swim quickly.
You can go to the movies with your friends.
NEGATIVO
[CAN + NOT + VERBO]
Diane can't swim.
Beth cannot meet us tonight.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[CAN + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO DE LA ORACION]
Can you help me?
Can Ileave now?
Respuestas:
Yes, you can.
No, you cannot/can't.
PREGUNTAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + CAN... VERBO...]
When can you help me?
EJEMPLOS:
Danny: "Can you open it?"
Keith: "No, I can't. I can't open it."
Danny: "Let's ask Butch. He can do it."

UNIDAD 8

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: HAVE TO

USO:
El semimodal HAVE TO se utiliza con verbos y añade un significado especial.
SIGNIFICADO:
"He has to leave early." (OBLIGACION).
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales y semimodales, HAVE TOva delante del verbo. Tiene la
misma forma que los verbos regulares.
AFIRMATIVO:
[HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
He has to leave early.
They have to do their homework.
NEGATIVO:
[DO/DOES (NOT) + SEMI-MODAL + VERBO + RESTO]
The boys don't have to work today.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO:
[DO/DOES(NOT) + SUJETO + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
Do I have to leave now?
Doesn't she have to study for her test?
Answers:
Yes, I do.
No, she doesn't.
PREGUNTAS - WH:
[WH-WORD + (DO/DOES + SUJETO) + HAVE TO + VERBO + RESTO]
Who has to leave?
When do you have to call your parents?
EJEMPLOS:
Mother: "It's time for bed, Michael."
Rick: "Aw, Mom. Do I have to go to bed now?"
Mother: "Yes, you do. It's late and you have to goto school tomorrow."

MODALES y SEMI-MODALES: MAY

USO:
El modal MAY se utiliza con verbos y
añade un significado especial. Al igual que la mayoría de modales,
MAY tiene más de un significado.
SIGNIFICADO:

"You may leave early."(PERMISO)

"They may buy a new house." (POSIBILIDAD)
FORMA:
Al igual que otros modales, MAY va antesdel verbo y solo tiene una forma.
AFIRMATIVA
[MAY + VERBO]
John may go with you.
They may visit us later.
NEGATIVA
[MAY + NOT + VERBO]
You may not leave the table.
We may not go to the party later.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO
[MAY + SUJETO + VERBO + RESTO]
May we leave now?
May I help me?
Respuestas:
Yes, you may.
No, you may not.
PREGUN TAS - WH
[PALABRA-WH + MAY... VERBO...]
When may we leave?
EJEMPLOS:

Girl: "Mom, may I have a cookie?"

"Okay, but only one. Your brother may
Mother: want one, too."