Short Q/A:-

Q1) When Ghiyas ud din Tughluq came into power.

A) After the death of Sultan Allauddin Khalji, Ghiyas din Tughlug defeated Khusro khan in the field of Leharwat on 6
September 1320 and Ghazi Malik ascended the throne under the title of Ghiyas ud din Tughlug shah ghazi.
Q2) What type of ruler was Sultan Ghiyas ud din Tughluq from his policies.

A) About Ghiyath-ud-din as an administrator, a modern Historian says:

“The administration of Ghiyas-ud-din was based upon the principles of justice and moderation. The land
revenue was organized and the Sultan took great care to prevent abuses. Cultivators were treated well
and officials were severely punished for their misconduct. The departments of Justice and Police worked
efficiently, and the greatest security prevailed in the remotest parts of the empire.”

Hence, we can say that Ghiyas ud din Tughluq was a great administrator.

Q3) Tell about the policies made by Ghiyas ud din Tughluq.

A) Ghiyas ud din Tughluq was a great administrator, but not a great conqueror. He mainly focused on his
internal issues and made policies for the welfare of his state.
Administration of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq was a success. Though he faced many problems initially but with his
effective administrative measures he was successful in overcoming them. Ghiyas-ud-din faced both internal
and external problems. The administrative set-up established by Ala-ud-din Khilji was destroyed by his
successors while no steps were taken to establish new one. The nobles and the courtiers had become
negligible towards their responsibilities and engaged themselves in fun and frolic. However, Ghiyas-ud-din
faced difficulties and succeeded in overcoming them. The first task of Ghiyas-ud-din was to strengthen his
position on the throne and for that he tried to conciliate the nobles and the people. He pursued a policy of
conciliation with sternness towards the nobles. Ghiyas-ud-din was successful in getting loyalty of his subjects
by the administrative measures.
1) Finance policies:-

Ghiyas -ud-din attempted to improve the finances of the state and for that purpose,
pursued the policy of encouraging agriculture and cultivators. His objectives were to increase the land
cultivation and improve the economic condition of the farmers. State demand of revenue was fixed 1/10 of
the produce not on the area of the Land. The practice of measurement of land which was adopted during the
reign of Allauddin was abandoned. Instead, the old system of sharing of the produce was revived. The
government officers were asked not to be cruel to the peasants but to look after their welfare. He also
improved means of irrigation and plant-gardens. These measures of Ghiyas-ud-din succeeded. The limitation
on keeping cultivated land was Half Acre (4 Kanal). Hence, the area under cultivation increased and the
condition of the farmers improved.

Q4) Tell about the death of Ghiyas ud din Tughluq.

A) Ghiyas-ud-din died in 1325 as a result of the falling of a wooden Fort constructed by his son, who was
mounted on an elephant at Afghanpur (near Delhi) to receive him before his ceremonial entry into the
capital on return from his successful campaign in Bengal. There are conflicting accounts on whether this
was an accident or a conspiracy by his son to gain power, so it remains a bit of a mystery. After his death
his son Muhammad bin Tughlaq proclaimed himself the Sultan.

Q5) what was the effect of Muhammad Bin Tughluq financial reform on average people.

A) Financial administration:-

When he came into power he made many policies. One of the policy and its
effect on its people is following:-

1) Auditing:-

Muhammad Bin Tugluq ordered to record the budgets and expenditures of the Province
on registers, and these register will be sent to the capital for auditing. The reason for making this policy
was to stop corruption. Because of this the average people were happy, but the tax collector were not.

2) Taxation:-

Muhammad Bin Tugluq increased land tax in the Doab upto 5-10 % to improve the financial
condition of the state. He strictly ordered to collect tax without from everyone. But most of the farmer
were not able to pay tax due to drought condition on their land so, the people abandoned their land and
started robbery and went away into the forests leaving agriculture.

.) Just like K.ALi has said:-

“Due to the lake of Grain, Drought the farmers of Doab were in great stress and
after the taxation, they were forced to leave their lands.”

Later on he dismissed his policies of Taxation.

Q6) What step were taken by Muhammad bin Tughluq to improve agriculture production.

A) Inorder to increase the agriculture production of his empire Muhammad Bin Tughluq he increased the
one area for agriculture purposes of nearly 100 Murabah Km. Many seeds were planted on that land and
about 70 Lakh Tinkay were spent on this policy but failed and after 3 years this policy was dismissed.
Q7) Why Muhammad bin Tughluq shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulat abad (Deogir).

A) The Sultan thought that it would be appropriate to transfer his capital to Deogir so that he could stop
the insurgencies raised in the areas near Deogir areas like Bengal etc. So, he shifted his capital from
Delhi to Deogir in 1327 and renamed Deogir with Daulatabad. One of the reason for shifting his capital
in Central location was to save his empire from the attacks and invasion from Mongols. He ordered the
Delhi people to go to the new capital along with their belongings but many refused to come with him
and those who decided to migrate faced many problem on their way or died because of poor facilities.
Even Muslim Ullama were forced to migrate because the Sultan wanted to spread Islam in Deogir and
nearby areas.

.) Just like Burnie has said that:-

“The people of Delhi, who had been living in Delhi and the houses of their
ancestors for many years and were emotionally attached with their place were not ready to leave
Delhi.”

.) According to Ibn Battuta:-

“A search was made and a blind man and a cripple man were found.
The cripple man has put to death while the blind man was tied with the tail of horse and was dragged to
Daulatabad where only his one leg reached.”

Later the sultan realized that the scheme of transferring the capital caused heavy financial loss to the
treasury. Hence, he dismissed it.
Q8) Why the policy of token currency failed.

A) Muhammad Bin Tugluq introduced token currency and issued large quantity of Copper currency
because at that time silver and gold demand was very high and that was why he introduced copper
currency but he failed to prevent forgery (fake). One of the main reason of the failure of this scheme
was that the foreign traders refused to follow this currency and preferred taking silver and gold. The
government of the sultan also faced the problem of manufacturing fake copper coins and the scheme
caused heavy financial loss to the treasury. Hence, he dismissed it.

Q9) Why Muhammad bin Tughluq policy of expenditure of the Empire failed.

A) In 1327, Mongols attacked areas of Hindustan like: - Multan, Lahore and Delhi. So, he pacified the
Mongols by offering them money and jewels and Mongols left. After Mongols left he increased the
security of the empire and decided to expand his empire in order to make it more strong. Hence, he
captured Peshawar, Kalanoor and furthered focusing on expanding his empire.

Some of his campaign are following:-

1) Kharasan campaign:-

His Khurasan project was the first of them. In-order-to fulfill his ambition of a great
conqueror; he planned to conquer the kingdom of Kharasan which was then ruled by Iraq. He recruited
3 lakh 70 thousand soldiers for this purpose and paid them one year’s salary in advance.

He spent nearly three lakhs of rupees for this mission. But this project was dropped because he did not
get the help of the Persian emperor who had assured him to help in this mission. Ultimately this
campaign caused a huge financial loss to the Empire and loss of the reputation of the Sultan as a
conqueror.

2) The Campaign of Karachal:-

Karajal expedition was another mis-judged step of Muhammad-bin- Tughlaq.

Karajal was a Hindu kingdom located between India and China. In 1337 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq sent a
huge army to invade Karajal under his nephew Khusro Malik Leadership. After some initial success, the
Delhi army perished in the mountainous region of Himalayas due to severe rain fall.

But unfortunately army suffered though a terrible disease and we are told by Barni that out of 10, 000
army only 10 horse-men could return to Delhi to tell the story of the disaster. It was a great loss to the
Sultan both in men and money. Though the Hindu raja of Karajal accepted the sultan as their leader of
Delhi, but considering to the amount of loss, it can be described that the Karajal expedition was an
unsuccessful adventure of Sultan.
Q10) Muhammad bin Tughluq spent most of the time of his reign in facing insurgencies. Why?
A) The reason why Muhammad bin Tughluq spent most of his reign in facing insurgencies is because of the wrong
polices made by him during his reign.

It is said that he faced 18 insurgencies put of which some were successful.

Some of the insurgencies are following:-

1) At early stage the insurgencies raised in Bengal was oppressed but in 1334 areas like Laknuti and
Sanargahoun formed their independent state.

2) In 1336, an independent state was formed in Vajiya nagar.

3) In 1337, an independent state was formed in Malla bar.

4) In 1340, an independent Islamic state was formed in Maharashtra.

5) In 1350, the Sultan attacked Sindh but before the conquest of Sindh he died near Thatta in 1351.
After that the Sindh became an independent state and Sammah family formed their empire in Sindh.
Q11) What actions were taken by Sultan Feroz shah Tughluq for the welfare of cultivators.
A) He imposed taxes on the rate of production not on the area of the cultivated land. The rate of tax was set 1/5.
Due to this policy many farmers were living happily and the rate of production also increased.
Q12) Why Sultan Firuz shah implemented Jizya (tax) on Hindu Brahmans.
A) Jizya (tax on Hindus for providing them safety in a Muslim state). But Firuz Shah Tughluq only implement tax on
those Brahmans who were giving training to Hindus soldier, not on those who were only giving religious training
other Hindus.
Q13) How Sultan Firuz Shah made his army inherent.
A) He, out of kindness, passed a new regulation to the effect that when a soldier grew old and incapable his son
should succeed him as his deputy, if he had no son, his son-in-law shall be replaced as his deputy. The reason of
passing this new regulation was to secure the future of a soldier family.
Q14) Why the army was disqualified during Sultan Firuz shah reign.
A) He gave all the responsibility of his army’s administration to Jageerdaar (Feudal lords). Hence, the governors
and jageerdaars were responsible to pay salaries to the army, their administration, and their training, but because
if the negligence by governor, the army became weak and useless.
Q15) What steps were taken by the Sultan for the welfare of agriculture production.
A) The steps are following:-
1) He ordered to dig 4 river, where cultivation was very easy.
2) He ordered to dig up-to 175 water wells.
3) He removed all the unnecessary taxes on farmer and reduced the amount of tax on them, so that the
production increases.
4) He ordered to receive the 1/5 part of the production, instead of ½.
5) He also constructed many dams in many areas.

Long Q/A:-
Q1) Discuss on the personality of Sultan Ghiyas ud din Tughluq.
A) After the death of Sultan Allauddin Khalji, Ghiyas din Tughlug defeated Khusro khan in the field of Leharwat on 6
September 1320 and Ghazi Malik ascended the throne under the title of Ghiyas ud din Tughluq Shah Ghazi.
1) Ghauas ud din Tughluq reign:-
When he came into power, he gain popularity by establishing good relationships with
Turk rulers, who were his relatives and can be helpful for him. He also tried to establish good relationship with the
royal ruler and the royal rulers who were Khusro khans well- wishers were also not removed from their
designations by Ghiyas ud din Tughluq.
He also played an important role in maintaining the peace in his Empire by stopping insurgencies and Anarchy
spreaded by people.
2) Administration:-
Administration of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq was a success. Though he faced many problems
initially but with his effective administrative measures he was successful in overcoming them. Ghiyas-ud-din
faced both internal and external problems. The administrative set-up established by Ala-ud-din Khilji was
destroyed by his successors while no steps were taken to establish new one. The nobles and the courtiers
had become negligible towards their responsibilities and engaged themselves in fun and frolic. However,
Ghiyas-ud-din faced difficulties and succeeded in overcoming them. The first task of Ghiyas-ud-din was to
strengthen his position on the throne and for that he tried to conciliate the nobles and the people. He
pursued a policy of conciliation with sternness towards the nobles. Ghiyas-ud-din was successful in getting
loyalty of his subjects by the administrative measures.
a) Finance policies:-
Ghiyas -ud-din attempted to improve the finances of the state and for that purpose,
pursued the policy of encouraging agriculture and cultivators. His objectives were to increase the land
cultivation and improve the economic condition of the farmers. State demand of revenue was fixed 1/10 of
the produce not on the area of the Land. The practice of measurement of land which was adopted during the
reign of Allauddin was abandoned. Instead, the old system of sharing of the produce was revived. The
government officers were asked not to be cruel to the peasants but to look after their welfare. He also
improved means of irrigation and plant-gardens. These measures of Ghiyas-ud-din succeeded. The limitation
on keeping cultivated land was Half Acre (4 Kanal). Hence, the area under cultivation increased and the
condition of the farmers improved.

About Ghiyath-ud-din as an administrator, a modern Historian says:

“The administration of Ghiyas-ud-din was based upon the principles of justice and moderation. The land
revenue was organized and the Sultan took great care to prevent abuses. Cultivators were treated well
and officials were severely punished for their misconduct. The departments of Justice and Police worked
efficiently, and the greatest security prevailed in the remotest parts of the empire.”

3) Welfare of his Empire:-

Ghiyas-ud-din improved the means of communication. Roads were repaired and

improved. Bridges and canals were also constructed. He improved the postal system. Runners or
horsemen were placed at a distance of two-thirds of a mile. The judicial system was also developed by
Ghiyas-ud-din. Torture for extracting truth was prohibited. It continued only in cases of thieves or those
who embezzled money of the state. He also put restrictions on drinking Alcohol and gambling. Ghiyas-
ud-din was a capable military commander and he loved his soldiers as a father loved his sons. He looked
after their welfare and paid them well. But he was a strict disciplinarian as well. He strictly enforced the
practice of keeping of the soldiers and that of branding of the horses. Two years after his accession,
Ghiyas-ud-din succeeded in increasing the strength of his army.

Thus the administrative measures adopted by Ghiyas-ud-din were quite a success and helped him to
consolidate his empire.

4) Expenditure of Empire:-

He peacefully told and also forced everyone to accept himself as their ruler
because he didn’t wanted chaos. Ghiyas ud din Tughluq only had to captured Talanganah and Araisa and
convinced ever ruler to pay him Kharaj (Tax).

.) Conclusion:-
Sultan Ghiyas ud din Tughluq was a great ruler. He was smart, merciful, pious kings and had every
quality which every Sultan required, but the trust on his loved ones and killed him.
Q2) Write a brief note on Khusro Khan.
A) He came into power on 15-April-1320. He was a new Muslim. Just like K. Ali has said:- “ Khusro khan
was a low-born Hindu convert. During Mubarak shah reign, he was the Governor of Deccan, he planned
to capture the thrones of Delhi for himself and carried it out successfully with the help of Hindus of
Gujrat. Hence, in 1320 he murdered the Sultan and was crowned the king of Delhi.

On his accession to the thrones, he killed all the sons of Allauddin Khalji sons, he also removed all the
well-wishers of Allauddin Khalji from their post and assigned many royal rulers on high designation in
order to gain their support.

After all he had done, many royal rulers were still against him because of his policies. Hence, Ghazi malik
who was one of the most famous noble and the Governor of Punjab attacked Delhi with a large force
and defeated Khusro khan and beheaded him in 1320 (7 September).

Q3) Tell about the early life of Sultan Ghiyas ud din Tughluq.
A) Ghazi Malik ascended the throne under the title of Ghiyas ud din Tughlug. He belonged to the tribe of Qurauna
Turks who lived in the mountainous region between Sind and Turkistan. His father came to India in the time of
Balban and married a Jat woman of Punjab. Thus, Just like K. Ali has said, “the modesty and mildness of the Hindus
and virility and vigour of the Turks” was present in him.
1) Early life:-
Ghiyas ud din Tughluq used to gaze horse of a Sindh merchant, then he became the became a soldier in
Ulgh Khan’s (Brother of Allauddin Khalji, and the ruler of Sindh) Army; from there, because of his abilities and
bravery, he rose to the designation of “Ameer Akhoor”. He also played an important role in driving out the
mongols and for this reason he was called the “warden of the marches”. According to Ibn e Battuta Ghiyas ud din
Tughluq fought 39 fight against Mongols and defeated them.
For his services, he was added into the list of royal rulers and was given the title “Ghazi Malik”.
2) Arrival of Ghiyas ud din Tughluq:-
After the death of Sultan Allauddin Khalji, Ghiyas din Tughlug defeated Khusro khan in
the field of Leharwat on 6 September 1320 and Ghazi Malik ascended the throne under the title of Ghiyas ud din
Tughlug Shah Ghazi.
.) Conclusion:-
.) Conclusion:-
Sultan Ghiyas ud din Tughluq was a great ruler. He was smart, merciful, pious kings and had every
quality which every Sultan required, but the trust on his loved ones and killed him.

Q4) What was the state or condition of the Empire when Sultan Ghiyas
ud din Came into power.
A) When he came into power he faced many difficulties because of the chaos and destruction caused by the Sultan
Allauddin Khalji successors. The condition of the state is described in the following:-
1) Mulk Kafoor:-
 After Allauddin Khalji death, his son Shahab ud din Khalji became the Sultan of Delhi. When
he came into power his age was only 5-6 years old. Mulk Kafoor became the Vice Sultan of Delhi and that’s how he
took all the authorities under his control. Mulk Kafoor also married Shahab ud din Khalji mother and made himself
politically strong. Mulk Kafoor blinded all the sons of Allauddin Khalji and imprisoned them.

Mulk kafoor decided to kill Mubarak Khan. He sent some of his men to kill Mubarak shah, But Mubarak shah gave
them his expensive and valuable necklace to the men sent by Mulk Kafoor and told them to kill Mulk Kafoor.
Hence, Mulk Kafoor was killed by those men.

Because of this the condition of the state very poor because the people were angry and felt unsecured.

2) Mubarak Shah:-

After the murder of Mulk Kafoor, Qutb-ud-din Mubarak shah Khalji ascended to the
thrones and became the Sultan of Delhi in 1316. He killed all of his brothers, so that they could do raise
insurgency against him. In order to make his people happy, he gave back to all the Landlords and royal
rulers their lands taken by Allauddin Khalji by force and in order to gain support from his army, he give
soldier 6 month of salary with bonus. Hence, the price rate of products increased automatically.

Mubarak Shah soon proved to be worthless and only started to fulfil all his desires. Hence, in 1320
Khusro khan attacked Mubarak shah and arrested him. Later on, Mubarak shah was killed and the Khalji
Dynasty came to an end in1320.

Because of the policies by Mubarak shah the economy became poor.

3) Khusro Khan:-

He came into power on 15-April-1320. He was a new Muslim. Just like K. Ali has said:- “
Khusro khan was a low-born Hindu convert. During Mubarak shah reign, he was the Governor of Deccan,
he planned to capture the thrones of Delhi for himself and carried it out successfully with the help of
Hindus of Gujrat. Hence, in 1320 he murdered the Sultan and was crowned the king of Delhi.

On his accession to the thrones, he killed all the sons of Allauddin Khalji sons, he also removed all the
well-wishers of Allauddin Khalji from their post and assigned many royal rulers on high designation in
order to gain their support.

After all he had done, many royal rulers were still against him because of his policies. Hence, Ghazi malik
who was one of the most famous noble and the Governor of Punjab attacked Delhi with a large force
and defeated Khusro khan and beheaded him in 1320 (7 September).
Q5) What steps were taken by the Sultan Ghiyas ud din Tughluq to
decrease the burden on Farmers.
A) Ghiyas -ud-din attempted to improve the finances of the state and for that purpose, pursued the policy of
encouraging agriculture and cultivators. His objectives were to increase the land cultivation and improve the
economic condition of the farmers. State demand of revenue was fixed 1/10 of the produce not on the area
of the Land. The practice of measurement of land which was adopted during the reign of Allauddin was
abandoned. Instead, the old system of sharing of the produce was revived. The government officers were
asked not to be cruel to the peasants but to look after their welfare. He also improved means of irrigation
and plant-gardens. These measures of Ghiyas-ud-din succeeded. The limitation on keeping cultivated land
was Half Acre (4 Kanal). Hence, the area under cultivation increased and the condition of the farmers
improved.

About Ghiyath-ud-din as an administrator, a modern Historian says:

“The administration of Ghiyas-ud-din was based upon the principles of justice and moderation. The land
revenue was organized and the Sultan took great care to prevent abuses. Cultivators were treated well
and officials were severely punished for their misconduct. The departments of Justice and Police worked
efficiently, and the greatest security prevailed in the remotest parts of the empire.”

Q6) Discuss, why Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq failed to rule because
of his personal weaknesses.
A) After the death of Ghiyas ud din Tugluq his son Juna Khan became the sultan with the title of Sultan
Muhammad Bin Tughluq. He was one of the remarkable figures in the history of Muslm Asia. He was an
expert in languages like:- Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hindi. He also had a great knowledge of
Philosophy.

Just like Burnie has said:-

“If Aristotle was alive during Sultan Muhammad Bin Tugluq reign, he for sure
would had been one of the student of the Sultan”.
Muhammad Bin Tughluq was such a remarkable personality although he failed to rule, the reason
behind are following:-
1) Backwardness of people:-
One of the reason was the backwardness of people of that time. For example:-
When Token currency was introduced, people were unable to understand that policy because of its
complexity.
2) Hasty decisions:-
One of the reason was of making hasty decision, without listening the opinion presented
by his nobles and royal rulers.
For instance, The Sultan thought that it would be appropriate to transfer his capital to Deogir so that he
could stop the insurgencies raised in the areas near Deogir areas like Bengal etc. So, he shifted his capital
from Delhi to Deogir in 1327 and renamed Deogir with Daulatabad. One of the reason for shifting his
capital in Central location was to save his empire from the attacks and invasion from Mongols. He
ordered the Delhi people to go to the new capital along with their belongings but many refused to come
with him and those who decided to migrate faced many problem on their way or died because of poor
facilities. Even Muslim Ullama were forced to migrate because the Sultan wanted to spread Islam in
Deogir and nearby areas.

.) Just like Burnie has said that:-

“The people of Delhi, who had been living in Delhi and the houses of their
ancestors for many years and were emotionally attached with their place were not ready to leave
Delhi.”

.) According to Ibn Battuta:-

“A search was made and a blind man and a cripple man were found.
The cripple man has put to death while the blind man was tied with the tail of horse and was dragged to
Daulatabad where only his one leg reached.”

Q7) Tell the Policies by Muhammad Bin Tughluq and the reason of their
failure.
A) Because of the administrative policies by the Sultan, he faced many insurgencies for (from 1335-
1351) 16 years.

A) Financial administration:-

When he came into power he made many policies.

1) Auditing:-

Muhammad Bin Tugluq ordered to record the budgets and expenditures of the Province
on registers and these register will be sent to the capital for auditing. The reason for making this policy
was to stop corruption. Because of this policy the royal rulers and feudal lords were not happy and they
were against the sultan.

2) Taxation:-

Muhammad Bin Tugluq increased land tax in the Doab upto 5-10 % to improve the financial
condition of the state. He strictly ordered to collect tax without from everyone. But most of the farmer
were not able to pay tax due to drought condition on their land so, the people abandoned their land and
started to robbery and went away into the forests leaving agriculture.

.) Just like K.ALi has said:-

 “Due to the lake of Grain, Drought the farmers of Doab were in great stress and
after the taxation, they were forced to leave their lands.”

Later on he dismissed his policies of Taxation.

B) Increase in Agriculture production:-

Inorder to increase the agriculture production of his empire

Muhammad Bin Tughluq he increased the one area for agriculture purposes of nearly 100 Murabah Km.
Many seeds were planted on that land and about 70 Lakh Tinkay were spent on this policy but failed and
after 3 years this policy was dismissed.

C) Transfer of Capital:-

The Sultan thought that it would be appropriate to transfer his capital to Deogir so
that he could stop the insurgencies raised in the areas near Deogir areas like Bengal etc. So, he shifted
his capital from Delhi to Deogir in 1327 and renamed Deogir with Daulatabad. One of the reason for
shifting his capital in Central location was to save his empire from the attacks and invasion from
Mongols. He ordered the Delhi people to go to the new capital along with their belongings but many
refused to come with him and those who decided to migrate faced many problem on their way or died
because of poor facilities. Even Muslim Ullama were forced to migrate because the Sultan wanted to
spread Islam in Deogir and nearby areas.

.) Just like Burnie has said that:-

“The people of Delhi, who had been living in Delhi and the houses of their
ancestors for many years and were emotionally attached with their place were not ready to leave
Delhi.”

.) According to Ibn Battuta:-

“A search was made and a blind man and a cripple man were found.
The cripple man has put to death while the blind man was tied with the tail of horse and was dragged to
Daulatabad where only his one leg reached.”

Later the sultan realized that the scheme of transferring the capital caused heavy financial loss to the
treasury. Hence, he dismissed it.

D) Token currency:-

Muhammad Bin Tugluq introduced token currency and issued large quantity of
Copper currency because at that time silver and gold demand was very high and that was why he
introduced copper currency but he failed to prevent forgery (fake). One of the main reason of the failure
of this scheme was that the foreign traders refused to follow this currency and preferred taking silver
and gold. The government of the sultan also faced the problem of manufacturing fake copper coins and
the scheme caused heavy financial loss to the treasury. Hence, he dismissed it.
.) Conclusion:-

The Sultan was was one of the remarkable figures in the history of Muslm Asia. He was an
expert in languages like:- Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Hindi. He also had a great knowledge of
Philosophy.

Just like Burnie has said:-

“If Aristotle was alive during Sultan Muhammad Bin Tugluq reign, he for sure
would had been one of the student of the Sultan”.
But because of the backwardness of the people and also of making hasty decision he failed to rule and
the Delhi sultanate was badly ruptured.

Q8) Because of the policies formed by Sultan Feroz shah Tughluq, the
destruction of the Delhi Empire was temporally.
A) After the death of Muhammad bin Tughluq, Firuz shah came into power and gained the title Sultan
Firuz shah Tughluq.
.) Firuz shah ruling eras are divided into 2:-

1) First era (1351-1371):-

Related to peace and political affairs of the empire.

2) Second era (1371-1388):-

Related to the prevention insurgencies and during this era the Tughluq Dynasty
came to an end.

a) Financial administration:-

Firoz paid attention primarily towards consolidation and reforms instead of

conquests. During the last year of Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign, the administration was disrupted;
subjects were mostly dissatisfied within the religious policy and worst of all was the weak domain of
economy. Firoz concentrated his attention to improve these matters. He largely succeeded in achieving
these objects.

1) Tax on farmers and villagers:-

He imposed taxes on the rate of production not on the area of the

cultivated land. The rate of tax was set 1/5. Due to this policy many farmers were living happily and the
rate of production also increased.

2) Abolition of un-necessary taxes:-

Firoz abolished nearly 23 taxes. For example taxes like:-

Soap making, selling roses, fishing, Hand carts pullers, and taxes on people living in slums.
Officers were ordered to collect only those taxes which were due to the state. Revenue was fixed
according to rough estimate of production. The revenue were also fixed. This system had an advantage
that the income of the state was fixed and was known before the expenses of the state could be
adjusted according to the income.

3) Decrease in the amount of taxes:-

During Allauddin Khalji reign, the 4/5 part of the Mall-e-Ghanimat was
of the government and 1/5 was of the Army. But, during Feroz shah reign 4/5 part of the Mall-e-
Ghanimat was given to the Army and 1/5 to the government.

4) Imposed taxation:-

Firoz imposed only four taxes including Kharaj (land tax), Khumus (1/5 of Mall-e-
Ghanimat). Jizya (tax on Hindus for providing them safety in a Muslim state) and Zakat (2, 1/2% of the
income of the Muslim).

Firoz imposed jizya even on the Brahamans who were exempted (Free) from this tax by former Sultan.
He imposed irrigation tax on the peasants who used the water of the canals constructed by the state as
1/10 of their products (usher).

b) Justice and welfare during Firuz shah Tughluq reign:-

During his reign his justice and welfare projects are discussed in the
following:-

1) Justice:-

Before Firuz shah Tughluq reign, the criminals were given different types of punishments.
Like:- Their hand, feet, nose, ears were cut off, chests bone were crushed, their hands, feet and chests
were nailed, molten lead was poured in their throat, Eye ball were removed, The criminal was even cut
into half by a saw and his skin was pealed while he was alive.

But, Firuz shah abolished these punishments in his reign and preferred punishments from the Holy
Quran. He restored the privileges of Qazis. He held his own court for administering justice and was in
the favor of mild punishments. He abolished the practice of torturing the guilty to extract truth from
him.

2) Welfare projects:-

Firuz shah took great interest in the launching welfare projects. It is said that Firoz
established 300 cities. Important among these were Firozabad. Frishta credited him for the construction
of 50 dams, 40 mosques, 30 colleges, 20 palaces, 100 caravanserai road, 20 reservoirs, 100 hospitals, 5
mausoleums, 100 public baths, 10 monumental pillars, 10 public wells and 150 bridges numerous
gardens and pleasure houses he used. He also repaired many historical buildings.

He also made a marriage bureau for poor widows and poor unmarried girls. He opened many institution
to help poor families. Many dispensaries were also made to provide free medical facilities to the poor.
.) Conclusion:-

Firuz shah was a very strict ruler but a great administrator. Just like Muhammad bin
Tughluq, he was very intelligent, but was lucky unlike Muhammad bin Tughluq. Hence, Firoz paid
attention primarily towards consolidation and reforms instead of conquests. During the last year of
Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign, the administration was disrupted; subjects were mostly dissatisfied within
the religious policy and worst of all was the weak domain of economy. Firoz concentrated his attention
to improve these matters. He largely succeeded in achieving these object.

Q9) Analyze the policies or reforms formed by Sultan Firuz shah Tughluq.
A) After the death of Muhammad bin Tughluq, Firuz shah came into power and gained the title Sultan
Firuz shah Tughluq.
.) Firuz shah ruling eras are divided into 2:-

1) First era (1351-1371):-

Related to peace and political affairs of the empire.

2) Second era (1371-1388):-

Related to the prevention insurgencies and during this era the Tughluq Dynasty
came to an end.

a) Financial administration:-

Firoz paid attention primarily towards consolidation and reforms instead of

conquests. During the last year of Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign, the administration was disrupted;
subjects were mostly dissatisfied within the religious policy and worst of all was the weak domain of
economy. Firoz concentrated his attention to improve these matters. He largely succeeded in achieving
these objects.

1) Tax on farmers and villagers:-

He imposed taxes on the rate of production not on the area of the

cultivated land. The rate of tax was set 1/5. Due to this policy many farmers were living happily and the
rate of production also increased.

2) Abolition of un-necessary taxes:-

Firoz abolished nearly 23 taxes. For example taxes like:-

Soap making, selling roses, fishing, Hand carts pullers, and taxes on people living in slums.

Officers were ordered to collect only those taxes which were due to the state. Revenue was fixed
according to rough estimate of production. The revenue were also fixed. This system had an advantage
that the income of the state was fixed and was known before the expenses of the state could be
adjusted according to the income.

3) Decrease in the amount of taxes:-

 During Allauddin Khalji reign, the 4/5 part of the Mall-e-Ghanimat was
of the government and 1/5 was of the Army. But, during Feroz shah reign 4/5 part of the Mall-e-
Ghanimat was given to the Army and 1/5 to the government.

4) Imposed taxation:-

Firoz imposed only four taxes including Kharaj (land tax), Khumus (1/5 of Mall-e-
Ghanimat). Jizya (tax on Hindus for providing them safety in a Muslim state) and Zakat (2, 1/2% of the
income of the Muslim).

Firoz imposed jizya even on the Brahamans who were exempted (Free) from this tax by former Sultan.
He imposed irrigation tax on the peasants who used the water of the canals constructed by the state as
1/10 of their products (usher).

b) Justice and welfare during Firuz shah Tughluq reign:-

During his reign his justice and welfare projects are discussed in the
following:-

1) Justice:-

Before Firuz shah Tughluq reign, the criminals were given different types of punishments.
Like:- Their hand, feet, nose, ears were cut off, chests bone were crushed, their hands, feet and chests
were nailed, molten lead was poured in their throat, Eye ball were removed, The criminal was even cut
into half by a saw and his skin was pealed while he was alive.

But, Firuz shah abolished these punishments in his reign and preferred punishments from the Holy
Quran. He restored the privileges of Qazis. He held his own court for administering justice and was in
the favor of mild punishments. He abolished the practice of torturing the guilty to extract truth from
him.

2) Welfare projects:-

Firuz shah took great interest in the launching welfare projects. It is said that Firoz
established 300 cities. Important among these were Firozabad. Frishta credited him for the construction
of 50 dams, 40 mosques, 30 colleges, 20 palaces, 100 caravanserai road, 20 reservoirs, 100 hospitals, 5
mausoleums, 100 public baths, 10 monumental pillars, 10 public wells and 150 bridges numerous
gardens and pleasure houses he used. He also repaired many historical buildings.

He also made a marriage bureau for poor widows and poor unmarried girls. He opened many institution
to help poor families. Many dispensaries were also made to provide free medical facilities to the poor.

c) Army administration policies and Jageer system by Firuz shah Tughluq.

A) The policies made by him for his empire administration was kind of successful, but he badly failed in
his army administration. The reasons are following:-

1) Responsibility of Army’s administration:-

 He gave all the responsibility of his army’s administration to
Jageerdaar (Feudal lords). Hence, the governors and jageer daars were responsible to pay salaries to the
army, their administration, and their training, but because if the negligence by governor, the army
became weak and useless.

2) Replacement policy of a retired soldier:-

He, out of kindness, passed a new regulation to the effect

that when a soldier grew old and incapable his son should succeed him as his deputy, if he had no son,
his son-in-law shall be replaced as his deputy. The reason of passing this new regulation was to secure
the future of a soldier family.

3) Jagger system:-

Allauddin abolished Jagirdari system and took back all jagirs from nobles due to the
shortcoming of the system. Ghayas-ud-Din Tughlaq and Muhammad Tughlaq followed him, but Firoz
again distributed a large part of his empire among nobles and civil and military officers.

This step was to win over the confidence of the nobles. Although, the system ran successfully during
Firoz’s reign but, the farmers faced many problems because they were forced to word on the lands of
Jageer daars and received very low income. Firuz shah also organized the army on a feudal basis. The
regular soldiers received grants of land and the irregulars were paid from the royal treasury.

.) Conclusion:-

Firuz shah was a very strict ruler but a great administrator. Just like Muhammad bin
Tughluq, he was very intelligent, but was lucky unlike Muhammad bin Tughluq. Hence, Firoz paid
attention primarily towards consolidation and reforms instead of conquests. During the last year of
Muhammad Tughlaq’s reign, the administration was disrupted; subjects were mostly dissatisfied within
the religious policy and worst of all was the weak domain of economy. Firoz concentrated his attention
to improve these matters. He largely succeeded in achieving these object.