Hindu calendar

A page from the Hindu calendar 1871-72

Hindu calendar is a collective term for the various lunisolar calendars traditionally used in the Indian
subcontinent. They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping, but differ in their relative
emphasis to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the New Year
to start.[1] Of the various regional calendars, the most studied and known Hindu calendars are
the Shalivahana Shaka found in South India, Vikram Samvat (Bikrami) found in North and Central regions
of India, Tamil calendar used in Tamil Nadu, and the Bengali calendar used in the Bengal – all of which
emphasize the lunar cycle. Their new year starts in spring. In contrast, in regions such as Kerala, the solar
cycle is emphasized and this is called the Malayalam calendar, their new year starts in autumn, and these
have origins in the second half of the 1st millennium CE. [1][2] A Hindu calendar is sometimes referred to
as Panchanga (पञ्चचाङ्ग).[3]
The ancient Hindu calendar conceptual design is also found in the Jewish calendar, but different from the
Gregorian calendar.[4] Unlike Gregorian calendar which adds additional days to lunar month to adjust for
the mismatch between twelve lunar cycles (354 lunar days)[5] and nearly 365 solar days, the Hindu
calendar maintains the integrity of the lunar month, but insert an extra full month by complex rules, every
few years, to ensure that the festivals and crop-related rituals fall in the appropriate season. [4][2]
The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, and remains in use
by the Hindus in India and Nepal particularly to set the Hindu festival dates such as Holi, Saraswati
Puja,Maha Shivaratri, Vaisakhi, Rath Yatra, Navratri, Raksha Bandhan, Ganesh Puja, Pongal, Onam, Krishna
Janmashtami, Durga Puja, Laxmi Puja, Ram Navami, Pana Sankranti, Vishu and Diwali. Early Buddhist
communities of India adopted the ancient Indian calendar, later Vikrami calendar and then local Buddhist
calendars. Buddhist festivals continue to be scheduled according to a lunar system. [6] The Buddhist
calendar and the traditional lunisolar calendars of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand are
also based on an older version of the Hindu calendar. Similarly, the ancient Jain traditions have followed
the same lunisolar system as the Hindu calendar for festivals, texts and inscriptions. However, the
Buddhist and Jain timekeeping systems have attempted to use the Buddha and the Mahavira's lifetimes
as their reference points.[7][8][9]
The Hindu calendar is also important to the practice of Hindu astrology and zodiac system.

Contents

OriginsEdit
Time keeping
[The current year] minus one,
multiplied by twelve,
multiplied by two,
added to the elapsed [half months of current year],
increased by two for every sixty [in the sun],
is the quantity of half-months (syzygies).
— Rigveda Jyotisha-vedanga 4
Translator: Kim Plofker[10]

Time keeping was important to Vedic rituals, and Jyotisha was the Vedic era field of tracking and
predicting the movements of astronomical bodies in order to keep time, in order to fix the day and time of
these rituals.[11][12][13] This study was one of the six ancient Vedangas, or ancillary science connected with
the Vedas – the scriptures of Vedic Sanatan Sanskriti.[11][12] The ancient Indian culture developed a
sophisticated time keeping methodology and calendars for Vedic rituals. [14]
David Pingree has proposed that the field of timekeeping in Jyotisha may have been "derived
from Mesopotamia during the Achaemenid period",[15] but Yukio Ohashi considers this proposal as
"definitely wrong".[16] Ohashi states that this Vedanga field developed from actual astronomical studies in
ancient India.[17] The texts of Vedic Jyotisha sciences were translated into the Chinese language in the 2nd
and 3rd centuries CE, and the Rigvedic passages on astronomy are found in the works of Zhu Jiangyan
and Zhi Qian.[18]
Timekeeping as well as the nature of solar and moon movements are mentioned in Vedic texts. [19] For
example, Kaushitaki Brahmana chapter 19.3 mentions the shift in the relative location of the sun towards
north for 6 months, and south for 6 months.[20][21]
The Vikrami calendar is named after king Vikramaditya and starts in 57 BCE.[22]
TextsEdit
Vedic Sanatana Dharma scholars kept precise time by observing and calculating the cycles of (Surya) i.e.
the sun, moon and the planets. These calculations about the sun appear in various astronomical texts
in Sanskrit, such as the 5th-century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th-century Romaka by Latadeva
and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th-century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th-
century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[23] These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the
characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[23] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have
been completed sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various
deified planets with stories behind them.[23]
The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions. They present Surya, planet-based
calculations and Surya's relative motion to earth. These vary in their data, suggesting that the text were
open and revised over their lives.[24][25][26] For example, the 1st millennium CE Sanathana Dharma
(Hindu) scholars calculated the sidereal length of a year as follows, from their astronomical studies, with
slightly different results:[27]
Smskrth (Sanskrit) texts: How many days in a year?
Estimated length of the sidereal
Hindu text
year[27]
Surya Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36.56 seconds
Paulica Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36 seconds
Paracara
365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 31.50 seconds
Siddhanta
Arya Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30.84 seconds
Laghu Arya
365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30 seconds
Siddhanta
Siddhanta 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 9 seconds
 Shiromani
The Hindu texts used the lunar cycle for setting months and days, but the solar cycle to set the complete
year. This system is similar to the Jewish and Babylonian ancient calendars, creating the same challenge
of accounting for mismatch between the nearly 354 lunar days in twelve months, versus nearly 365 solar
days in a year.[4][28] They tracked the solar year by observing the entrance and departure of surya(sun, at
sunrise and sunset) in the constellation formed by stars in the sky, which they divided into 12 intervals of
30 degrees each.[29] Like other ancient human cultures, Hindus innovated a number of systems of which
intercalary months became most used, that is adding another month every 32.5 months on average.
[28] As their calendar keeping and astronomical observations became more sophisticated, the Hindu
calendar became more sophisticated with complex rules and greater accuracy. [28][30][29]
According to Scott Montgomery, the siddhanta tradition at the foundation of Hindu calendars predate the
Christian era, once had 18 texts of which only 5 have survived into the modern era. [28] These texts
provide specific information and formulae on motions of sun, moon and planets, to predict their future
relative positions, equinoxes, rise and set, with corrections for prograde, retrograde motions, as well as
parallax. These ancient scholars attempted to calculate their time to the accuracy of a truti (29.63
microseconds). In their pursuit of accurate tracking of relative movements of celestial bodies for their
calendar, they had computed the mean diameter of earth, which was very close to the actual 12,742 km
(7,918 mi).[28][29]
Hindu calendars were refined during the Gupta era astronomy by Āryabhaṭa and Varāhamihira in the 5th
to 6th century. These in turn were based in the astronomical tradition of Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa, which in the
preceding centuries had been standardised in a number of (non-extant) works known as Sūrya Siddhānta.
Regional diversification took place in the medieval period. The astronomical foundations were further
developed in the medieval period, notably by Bhāskara II (12th century).[citation needed]
AstrologyEdit
Later, the term Jyotisha evolved to include Hindu astrology. The astrological application of the Hindu
calendar was a field that likely developed in the centuries after the arrival
of Greek astrology with Alexander the Great,[17][31][32] because their zodiac signs are nearly identical. [12]
The ancient Hindu texts on Jyotisha only discuss time keeping, and never mention astrology or prophecy.
[33] These ancient texts predominantly cover astronomy, but at a rudimentary level. [13] Technical
horoscopes and astrology ideas in India came from Greece, states European specialist Nicholas Campion,
and developed in the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE. [34] Later medieval era texts such as
the Yavana-jataka and the Siddhanta texts are more astrology-related.[35]
Balinese Hindu calendarEdit
Hinduism and Buddhism were the prominent religions of southeast Asia in the 1st millennium CE, prior to
the Islamic conquest that started in the 14th century. The Hindus prevailed in Bali, Indonesia and they
have two types of Hindu calendar. One is a 210-day based Pawukon calendar which likely is a pre-Hindu
system, and another is similar to lunisolar calendar system found in South India and it is called
the Balinese saka calendar which uses Hindu methodology. [36] The names of month and festivals of
Balinese Hindus for the most part are different, though the significance and legends have some overlap.
[36]

Year: SamvatEdit
Samvat refers to era of the several Hindu calendar systems in India and Nepal, in a manner that the
consecutive years 1 BC and AD 1 mark the Christian era and the BC/AD system. There are
several samvat found in historic Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts and epigraphy, of which three are most
significant: Vikrama era, Old Shaka era and Shaka era of 78 AD. [37]

The Hindu calendar saka samvat system is found in Indonesian inscriptions, such as the above dated to 611 CE. [38][39]

Vikram Samvat: A northern India almanac which started in 57 BCE, and is also called the Vikrama
Era. It is related to the Bikrami calendar, and is linked to Vikramaditya. This system is common in
epigraphic evidence from northern, western, central and eastern Indian subcontinent, particularly after
the early centuries of the 1st millennium CE.[37]

Shaka Samvat: There are two Shaka era system in scholarly use, one is called Old Shaka Era,
whose epoch is uncertain, probably sometime in the 1st millennium BCE because ancient Buddhist, Jaina
and Hindu inscriptions and texts use it. However, the starting point of Old Shaka Era is a subject of
dispute among scholars. The second system is called Saka Era of 78 AD, or simply Saka Era, a system
that is common in epigraphic evidence from southern India. [37]

Saka era of Southeast Asia: The Hindu calendar system in Indonesia is attributed to the legend of
Hindus arriving with a sage Aji Saka in the 1st century Java, in the March of 78 CE.[40][41] Numerous
ancient and medieval era texts and inscriptions found in Indonesian islands use this reference year. [42]
[43] In mainland southeast Asia, the earliest verifiable use of Hindu Saka methodology in inscriptions is
marked Saka 533 in Ankor Borei, which corresponds to 611 CE, while in the Indonesian islands,
the Kedukan Bukti inscription in Sumatra, marked to Saka 605 (683 CE) is one of the earliest known.
[43] However, these inscriptions set the floruit, and the Hindu calendaring methodology likely existed in
southeast Asia before these dates to be used in important monuments. Further, the Hindu calendar
system remained popular among the Hindus through about the 15th century, and thereafter in Bali
Indonesia.[43]

Indian national calendar (modern): combined many Hindu calendars into one official standardized
one, but old ones remain in use.[44]

MonthsEdit

Play media
The astronomical basis of the Hindu lunar day. Also illustrates Kshaya Tithi (Vaishaka-Krishna-Chaturdashi (i.e. 14th)) and Adhika Tithi
(Jyeshta- Shukla-Dashami(i.e. 10th))

Amanta, Purnimanta systems Edit

Two traditions have been followed in the Indian subcontinent with respect to lunar months: Amanta
tradition which ends the lunar month on no moon day, while Purnimanta tradition which ends it on full
moon day.[45][46]
Amavasyant (Amanta, Mukhyamana) tradition is followed by all Indian states that have a peninsular
coastline (except Odisha), as well as Assam and Tripura.The states are
Gujarat,Maharashtra,Karnataka,Kerala,Tamilnadu,Andhra pradesh,Telangana, and West Bengal.Odisha and
all other states follow the Purnimanta (Gaunamana) tradition. [45]
Purnimanta tradition was being followed in the Vedic era. It was replaced with Amanta system and in use
as the Hindu calendar system prior to 1st century BCE, but the Purnimanta tradition was restarted in 57
BCE by Vikramaditya who wanted to return to the Vedic roots.[46] The presence of this system is one of the
factors considered in dating ancient manuscripts and epigraphical evidence of India that have survived
into the modern era.[46][47]
PakshaEdit
A month contains two fortnights called pakṣa (पक, literally "side").[2] One fortnight is the bright, waxing half
where the moon size grows and it ends in the full moon. This is called Shukla Paksha.[48] The other half is
the darkening, waning fortnight which ends in the new moon. [2] The Hindu festivals typically are either on
or the day after the full moon night, or the darkest night (amavasya, अमचावचास्यचा), except for some
associated with Krishna, Durga or Rama. The lunar months of the hot summer and the busy major
cropping-related part of the monsoon season typically do not schedule major festivals. [49]
A combination of the Paksha system, and the two traditions of Amanta and Purnimanta systems, has led
to alternate ways of dating any festival or event in the historic Hindu, Buddhist or Jain literature, and
contemporary regional literature or festival calendars. For example, the Hindu festival of colors
called Holi falls on the first day (full moon) of Chaitra lunar month's dark fortnight in the Purnimanta
system, while the same exact day for Holi is expressed in Amanta system as the Purnima (full moon) lunar
day of Phalguna.[30] Both time measuring and dating systems are equivalent ways of meaning the same
thing, they continue to be in use in different regions, though the Purnimanta system is now typically
assumed as implied in modern Indology literature if not specified. [30][29]
Month namesEdit
There are 12 months in the Vedic lunar calendar (Sanskrit: ममसमस). If the transits of the Sun through various
constellations (Rāśi) are used, then we get solar months, which do not shift with reference to the
Gregorian calendar. In practice, solar months are mostly referred as Rāśi (not months). The solar months
(Rāśi) along with the corresponding Hindu seasons and Gregorian months are:[29]
Vikrami Gregori Bengali Kannad Malayala Odia Telugu Gujarati
Ṛtu Ṛtu in Devana Tamil name
Rāśi lunar an name a name m name name name name
months[ months[ (season) gariscript for Ṛtu
30] 30]
for Ṛtu for Ṛtu for Ṛtu for Ṛtu for Ṛtu for Ṛtu

Meṣ Vaisak ಗಗಗ್ರೀಷಷ గగగషష

Apr-May Grīṣma ഗഗഗ്രീഷ
a ha গগ্রীষ இளவவேனன ગગ્રીષ્મ ઋતત
(summ ಋತತ മമ ଗଗ୍ରୀଷଷ ఋతతువవ
गग्रीष्म (Grishsho (Grīṣma
er) ல (ilavenil)
Vṛṣa Jyesht May– ) (Grīṣma (Grīṣmam (Griṣma) (Grīṣma Ṛtuvu)
bha ha June Ṛtu) ) Ṛtuvu)
Mith Ashad June– Varṣā ವಷರ వరర
una ha July முதுவவே વરરર ઋતત
(mons বররর ಋತತ വരഷമ ବଷରର ఋతతువవ
वरचार னனல (Varṣa
Kark Shraav oon) (Bôrsha) (Varṣa (Varṣām) (Barṣā)
aṭa ana
July-Aug (mudhuvenil) (Varṣa Ṛtuvu)
Ṛtu) Ṛtuvu)
Siṃh Aug- Śarad శరదదృతతు
Bhadra
a Sept ಶರದದೃತತ શરદ ઋતત
(autum শরৎ(Shôr ശരത ଶରତ వవ
शरद (Śaradṛt (Śarat) ககார (kaar)
(Śaradṛtu
Kany n) ôt) (Śarata)
Ashvin Sept-Oct u) (Śaradṛtu vu)
ā vu)
Tulā Kartik Oct-Nov Hemanta హహేమమంత
ಹಹಗ್ರೀಮಮಂತ ഹഹേമ
(Late- হহেমন ହହେମନ குளனர હહેમત
મં ઋતત
ಋತತ നമ ఋతతువవ
Vṛści Agaha Autum हहे मन्त (Hemôntô (Hemanta (Hēmaṃt
Nov-Dec ) (Hēmaṃ (Hemanta (kulir)
ka na n) ) (Hēmaṃt a Ṛtuvu)
ta Ṛtu) m) a Ṛtuvu)
Dha Śiśira ಶಿಶಿರ శిశిర શશશશર
Pausha Dec-Jan
nu ശശിശശി ଶଗ୍ରୀତ/ଶଶିଶର
ଶି முன்பனன
(Winte शशशशर শগ্রীত (Śeet) ಋತತ രമ (Śīta/Śiśi
ఋతతువవ ઋતત
Mak r) (Śiśira (Śiśiram) (munpani) (Śiśira
Magha Jan-Feb ra) (Śiśira
ara Ṛtu) Ṛtuvu) Ṛtuvu)
Kum Phalgu ವಸಮಂತ వసమంత
Feb-Mar Vasanta വസ
bha na
பபின்பனன વસમંત ઋતત
(spring বসন ಋತತ നമ ବସନ ఋతతువవ
वसन्त (Vasaṃta
) (Bôsôntô) (Vasaṃt (Vasaṃta (Basanta) (pinpani)
Mīna Chaitra Mar-Apr (Vasaṃta Ṛtuvu)
a Ṛtu) m) Ṛtuvu)
Months and approximate correspondenceEdit
The names of the Indian months vary by region. Despite the significant differences between Indo-
European languages and Dravidian languages, those Hindu calendars which are based on lunar cycle are
generally phonetic variants of each other, while the solar cycle are generally variants of each other too,
suggesting that the time keeping knowledge travelled widely across the Indian subcontinent in ancient
times.[1][29]
The Tamil lunar month names are forward shifted by a month compared to Vikrami month names, in part
because Tamil calendar integrates greater emphasis for the solar cycle in a manner similar to the
neighboring Kerala region and it follows the Amanta system for lunar months. This is in contrast to
Vikrami calendar which keeps the Purnimanta system and emphasizes the lunar cycle.[50] A few major
calendars are summarized below:
Calendar month names in different Hindu calendars[1]
Vikrami Vikrami Malayalam
# Assamese Bengali Tamil Odia Kannada/Telugu Gregorian
(lunar)[30] (solar) (solar)
1 Vaisākha Bohag Boishakh Chithirai Baisakha Mēsha Medam Vaisākha April–May
2 Jyeshta Zeth Jjôisthô Vaigasi Jyestha Vrisha Edavam Jyeshta May–June
3 Āshāda Ahar Ashar Aani Asadha Mithuna Midunam Āshāda June–July
4 Shraavana Xaün Shrabôn Aadi Srabana Karka Karkadakam Shrāvana July–August
August–
5 Bhādra Bhado Bhādrô/Bhāddur Aavani Bhadraba Singa Chingam Bhādrapada
September
September–
6 Ashwina Ahin Ashshin Purataasi Aswina Kanya Kanni Āswayuja
October
7 Kartika Kati Kattik Aippasi Kartika Tula Tulam Kārtika October–
 November
Mārgasirsa
November–
8 (Agrahayan Aghün Agrohoyon/Aghran Kartiggai Margasira Vrischika Vrischikam Mārgasira
December
a)
December–
9 Pausha Puh Poush/Pūsh Margazhi Pousa Dhanus Dhanu Pushya
January
January–
10 Māgha Magh Magh Thai Magha Makara Makaram Magha
February
February–
11 Phālguna Phagun Phālgun/Phāgun Maasi Phalguna Kumbha Kumbham Phalguna
March
12 Chaitra Sót Choitrô_Choiț Panguni Chaitra Mina Minuam Chaitra March–April
Corrections between lunar and solar monthsEdit

Play media
The astronomical basis of the Hindu lunar months. Also illustrates Adhika Masa (Year 2-Bhadrapada) repeats; the first time the Sun
moves entirely within Simha Rashi thus rendering it an Adhika Masa

Twelve Hindu mas (māsa, lunar month) are equal to approximately 354 days, while the length of a
sidereal (solar) year is about 365 days. This creates a difference of about eleven days, which is offset
every (29.53/10.63) = 2.71 years, or approximately every 32.5 months. [28] The twelve months are
subdivided into six lunar seasons timed with the agriculture cycles, blooming of natural flowers, fall of
leaves, and weather. To account for the mismatch between lunar and solar calendar, the Hindu scholars
adopted intercalary months, where a particular month just repeated. The choice of this month was not
random, but timed to sync back the two calendars to the cycle of agriculture and nature. [28][29]
The repetition of a month created the problem of scheduling festivals, weddings and other social events
without repetition and confusion. This was resolved by declaring one month as Shudha (pure, clean,
regular, proper, also called Deva month) and the other Mala or Adhika (extra, unclean and inauspicious,
also called Asura masa).[51]
The Indian mathematicians who calculated the best way to adjust the two years, over long periods of
a yuga (era, tables calculating 1000 of years), they determined that the best means to intercalate the
months is to time the intercalary months on a 19-year cycle. This intercalation is generally adopted in the
3rd, 5th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 16th and 19th year of this cycle. Further, the complex rules rule out the
repetition of Mārgasirsa (also called Agahana), Pausha and Maagha lunar months. The historic Hindu texts
are not consistent on these rules, with competing ideas flourishing in the Hindu culture. [52]
Rare correctionsEdit
The Hindu calendar makes further rare adjustments, over a cycle of centuries, where a certain month is
considered kshaya month (dropped). This occurs because of the complexity of the relative lunar, solar and
earth movements. According to the Hindu calendar theory, states uriel Marion Underhill, "when the sun is
in perigee, and a lunar month being at its longest, if the new moon immediately precedes a samkranti,
then the first of the two lunar months is deleted (called nija or kshaya). This, for example, happened in
the year 1 BCE, when there was no new moon between Makara samkranti and Kumbha samkranti, and the
month of Pausha was dropped.[53]
DayEdit
Just like months, the Hindu calendar has two measures of a day, one based on the lunar movement and
the other on solar. The solar day or civil day, called divasa ( ददवस), has been what most Hindus traditionally use, is
easy and empirical to observe, by poor and rich, with or without a clock, and it is defined as the period from one
sunrise to another. The lunar day is called tithi (ततथथ), and this is based on complicated measures of lunar movement. A
lunar day or tithi may, for example, begin in the middle of an afternoon and end next afternoon. [54] Both
these days do not directly correspond to a mathematical measure for a day such as equal 24 hours of a
solar year, a fact that the Hindu calendar scholars knew, but the system of divasa was convenient for the
general population. The tithi have been the basis for timing rituals and festivals, while divasa for everyday
use. The Hindu calendars adjust the mismatch in divasa and tithi, using a methodology similar to the solar
and lunar months.[55]
A Tithi is technically defined in Indian texts, states John E. Cort, as "the time required by the combined
motions of the sun and moon to increase (in a bright fortnight) or decrease (in a dark fortnight) their
relative distance by twelve degrees of the zodiac. [56] These motions are measured using a fixed map of
celestial zodiac as reference, and given the elliptical orbits, a duration of a tithi varies between 21.5 and
26 hours, states Cort.[56] However, in the Indian tradition, the general population's practice has been to
treat a tithi as a solar day between one sunrise to next. [56]
A lunar month has 30 tithi. The technical standard makes each tithi contain different number of hours, but
helps the overall integrity of the calendar. Given the variation in the length of a solar day with seasons,
and moon's relative movements, the start and end time for tithi varies over the seasons and over the
years, and the tithi adjusted to sync with divasa periodically with intercalation. [57]
Weekday/VāsaraEdit
Vāsara refers to the weekdays in Sanskrit.[58] Also referred to as Vara and used as a suffix.[44] The
correspondence between the names of the week in Hindu and other Indo-European calendars are exact.
This alignment of names probably took place sometime during the 3rd century CE.[59][60] The weekday
of a Hindu calendar has been symmetrically divided into 60 ghatika (= 24 hours), each ghatika is divided
into 60 pala(= 24 minutes), each pala is subdivided into 60 vipala (= 24 seconds), and so on.[59]

Names of the weekdays in regional languages

Punjab
N Sansk i Mala
Latin Celestial Nep Bhoj (Hindus Beng Assame Mara Kann Telug Guja Kashm
o rit[59] Hindi Odia Tamil yala
weekday object ali puri and ali se thi ada u rati iri
. [60] m
Sikhs)
[note 1]

Ravivās
ara
Bhān
रवववचासर Aait Aitw Dêûbār/ uvāra Ādivār Nyayi Njaa Raviv
Ravi, abar Raviv ār Aitvār Rôbib Rôbibār Raviv Rôbib ru ār Āthvār
or Sunday/dies aṁ yar
ഞഞ રશવવર आथथ'वचार
1 Aditya Aditya = S ār ār āra ārô
Solis आइत अतवचा ਐਤਵਵਾਰ হদেওবরৰ/ৰবব ஞகா
vāsara un रवववचार রবববরর रवववचार ରବଶିବରର ಭಭಾನತ ఆదదివవారమం ‫ااتَھ وار‬
वचार र বরৰ
ವಭಾರ
யபிற യർ ર
आददत्य
वचासर

Somav Som Śomb Soma Somô Sōma Sōmav Thing Think Sōm Çāņdėr
Soma
āsara Monday/die (deity), Ch bar Soma Som Somav ār Xûmbār vāra bārô vāra āraṁ al al avār vār
vār ār ār
2 ससोमवचास
s Lunae andra= M ससोम হসরমবর হসরমবরৰ ससोमवचा ହସରମବର ಸಹಸಗ್ರೀಮ ససో మవవా ததிங்க തശിങ સસોમ च'न्द'थ रवचार
ससोमवचार ससोमचार ਸਸੋਮਵਵਾਰ
र oon वचार র र ର ವಭಾರ రమం ள ൾ વરર ‫ژندر وار‬

Maṅgal
avāsara
ममंगलवचा Man Maṅg Môṅôlbā Maṅg Môṅg Maṁg Maṁg Chev Maṅg
galb alavār Man Maṅgal Môṅg r/Môṅgôl aḷavā ôḷôbā aḷavā aḷavār Chov aḷavā Bomvār
सर or Tuesday/die Maṅgala= ar avār
ôlbār ra rô ra aṁ vai va r
3 gar bār சசெவ ചചഞ
Bhauma s Martis Mars मङ्ग ममंगलवचा ममंगर ਮਮੰ ਗਲਵਵਾਰ
মঙ্গলবর
মঙলবরৰ/ম ममंगळ ମଙ୍ଗଳବର ಮಮಂಗಳ మమంగళ મમંગળ बसोमवचार
vasara র வேகாய വ ‫پم وار‬
लवचार र ঙ্গলবরৰ वचार ର ವಭಾರ వవారమం વરર
भभौम
वचासर

Budha
vāsara
Bud Budha
बथधवचासर haba Budha Budd Buddha Budh Budh Budh Budh Budh
Wednesda Budh avāra vāraṁ Budh an avār Bödvār
or Budha = M r Budhbār ôbārô
4 Saumya y/dies Merc vāra h vār bār avāra ಬತಧವಭಾ బబుధవవా an ബബുധ બતધવર बबदवचार
vasara urii
ercury बथधवचा
बध
थ वचार बध
थ ਬਬਬੁੱ ਧਵਵਾਰ ববুধবরর ববুধবরৰ बध
थ वचार ବବ ଧବରର புதன் ‫برھ وار‬
ರ రమం ൻ ર
सभौम्य र
वचासर

Guruv
āraṁ,
Guruvā Guruv Brr̥hasp
sara ār ativāra
ṁ
गरु वचासर ग रुवचार
थ Bihib थ Brihô Guruv గబురరువవా Vyazh Vyaa Guru
Deva-
or Thursday/di
Guru
ar or Bi'ph
Vīravār
śpôtib Brihôspô Guru Gurub āra an zham vār Brêsvār
5 Brhasp es Iovis/Jupit बबदह
Brihas ey ār tibār vāra ārô ಗತರತವಭಾ రమం, வேபியகா ગતરતવર ब्रसवचार
ativāsar er
Bṛhaspati pativā बबयफहे ਵਵੀਰਵਵਾਰ ববহেস্পবত ববহেস্পবতবরৰ गथरुवचार ଗବରବବରର വവഞ
‫برس وار‬
a = Jupiter वचार ra বরর
ರ బదృహసస ழன்
ഴമ ર
बह ब स्पतत बह
ब स्प తివవారమం,
वचासर ततवचार లకకషవవా
రమం

Sukr Sukk Xukurbār Śukra Śukrav Śukr Shokụrv

Velli Velli avār ār
Śukrav abar Śukra ar Śukkar Śukrô /Xukrôbā Śukra Śukrô vāra āraṁ
Friday/dies Śukra = Ve vār avār r vāra bārô ಶತಕಗವಭಾ శుకగవవా சவேள ചവ શતક્રવર शसो'कथ'रवचार
6 āsara शथक्रवचा सथक्क bār
Veneris nus
शथक्रवचासर शथक्रवचार ਸਬਬੁੱ ਕਰਵਵਾਰ শুক্রবরর শুকুৰবরৰ/শু शथक्रवचार ଶବକ୍ରବରର ளன ളശി ‫کروا‬
‫شۆ ک‬
र र ক্রবরৰ ರ రమం ર
‫ر‬
 Śanīvār

Sani ਸਨਵੀਵਵਾਰ Śaniv Śaniv

Śanivās Sani Śaniv
Śaniv chch Śônib Śônib āra Śanivā Shan ār Baţėvār
ara bar Chhani Xônibār āra Shani
Saturday/di Śani = Sat ar ārô ಶನಿವಭಾ raṁ
7 शतनिवचास शतनि
ār ār i શશનિવર बटथ'वचार
es Saturnis urn cchhar শবনিবরৰ शतनिवचा செனன
शतनिवचार सतनिच च avār শবনিবরর ଶନଶିବରର శనివవారమం ശനശി ‫وار‬ ‫بٹ‬
र वचार र ರ ર
चर ਛਨਨਨਿੱਚਰਵਵਾ
ਰ

1. ^ Punjabi Muslims use Urdu/Arabic words for Friday / Saturday etc. [61]

The term -vāsara is often realised as vāra or vaar in Sanskrit-derived and influenced languages. There
are many variations of the names in the regional languages, mostly using alternate names of the celestial
bodies involved.
Five limbs of timeEdit
The complete Indian calendars contain five angas or parts of information: lunar day (tithi), solar day
(diwas), asterism (naksatra), planetary joining (yoga) and astronomical period (karanam). This structure
gives the calendar the name Panchangam.[44] The first two are discussed above.
YogaEdit
Learn more
This section needs additional citations
for verification.

The Sanskrit word Yoga means "union, joining, attachment", but in astronomical context, this word means
latitudinal and longitudinal information. The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are
added, and normalised to a value ranging between 0° to 360° (if greater than 360, one subtracts 360).
This sum is divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800' (where ' is the symbol of
the arcminutewhich means 1/60 of a degree). These parts are called the yogas. They are labelled:
1. Viṣkambha
2. Prīti
3. Āyuśmān
4. Saubhāgya
5. Śobhana
6. Atigaṇḍa
7. Sukarma
8. Dhrti
9. Śūla
10. Gaṇḍa
11. Vṛddhi
12. Dhruva
13. Vyāghatā
14. Harṣaṇa
15. Vajra
16. Siddhi
17. Vyatipāta
18. Variyas
19. Parigha
20. Śiva
21. Siddha
22. Sādhya
23. Śubha
24. Śukla
25. Brahma
26. Māhendra
27. Vaidhṛti

Again, minor variations may exist. The yoga that is active during sunrise of a day is the
prevailing yoga for the day.
KaraṇaEdit
 A karaṇa is half of a tithi. To be precise, a karaṇa is the time required for the angular distance between
the sun and the moon to increase in steps of 6° starting from 0°. (Compare with the definition of a tithi.)
Since the tithis are 30 in number, and since 1 tithi = 2 karaṇas, therefore one would logically expect there
to be 60 karaṇas. But there are only 11 such karaṇas which fill up those slots to accommodate for those
30 tithis. There are actually 4 "fixed" (sthira) karaṇas and 7 "repeating" (cara) karaṇas.

The 4

1. Śakuni (शकथतनि)

2. Catuṣpāda (चतथष्पचाद)

3. Nāga (निचाग)
4. Kiṃstughna(ककमं स्तथघ्नि)

The 7 "repeating" karaṇas are:[62]

1. Vava or Bava (बव)
2. Valava or Bālava (बचालव)

3. Kaulava (कभौलव)

4. Taitila or Taitula (ततैततल)

5. Gara or Garaja (गरज)

6. Vaṇija (वणणिज)

7. Viṣṭi (Bhadra) (भदचा)

 Now the first half of the 1st tithi (of Śukla Pakṣa) is always Kiṃtughna karaṇa. Hence
this karaṇa is "fixed".
 Next, the 7-repeating karaṇas repeat eight times to cover the next 56 half-tithis. Thus these are
the "repeating" (cara) karaṇas.
 The 3 remaining half-tithis take the remaining "fixed" karaṇas in order. Thus these are also "fixed"
(sthira).
 Thus one gets 60 karaṇas from those 11 preset karaṇas.

The Vedic day begins at sunrise. The karaṇa at sunrise of a particular day shall be the prevailing karaṇa
for the whole day. (citation needed )

NakshatraEdit
Nakshatras are divisions of ecliptic, each 13° 20', starting from 0° Aries. The purnima of each month is
synchronised with a nakshatra.[citation needed]
Festival calendar: solar and lunar datesEdit
Many holidays in the Hindu, Buddhist and Jaina traditions are based on the lunar cycles in the lunisolar
timekeeping with foundations in the Hindu calendar system. A few holidays, however, are based on the
solar cycle, such as the Vaisakhi, Pongal and those associated with Sankranti.[63] The dates of the lunar
cycle based festivals vary significantly on the Gregorian calendar and sometimes as much as weeks. The
solar cycle based ancient Indian festivals almost always fall on the same Gregorian date every year and if
they vary in an exceptional year, it is by one day. [64]
Regional variantsEdit
The Indian Calendar Reform Committee, appointed in 1952, identified more than thirty well-developed
calendars, in use across different parts of India.[44]
Variants include the lunar emphasizing Vikrama, the Shalivahana calendars, as well as the solar
emphasizing Tamil calendar and Malayalam calendar. The two calendars most widely used today are
the Vikrama calendar, which is in followed in western and northern India as well as Nepal, and
the Shalivahana Shaka calendar which is followed in the Deccan region of India (Comprising present day
Indian states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa).[65]
The 2019 Hindu Calendar, Religious Festivals,
and Zodiac

By The Human Origin Project

890 million Hindus in India use the Hindu Calendar. With basis in Vedic Astronomy and Hindu religion, it is one of the widest used timekeeping systems in the
world.

The Hindu calendar is one of the oldest time-keeping devices known to man. Based on the Vedic
traditions, it calculates days, months, and years based on many astronomical cycles.
It is the cornerstone of the ancient Indian Civilization. Approximately 890 million Hindus live in
India, placing it as the world’s third largest religion after Christianity and Islam. Other countries with
large Hindu populations include Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Indonesia and Malaysia.
They adopt a similar underlying concept for timekeeping, but differ in their relative emphasis
to moon cycle or the sun cycle and the names of months and when they consider the new year to
start.
It counts time that goes so far back in time, it pre-dates the arrival of homo-sapiens on Earth. It
refers back to a time more than 4 million years ago.
Let’s break down how the Hindu Calendar works.

What is the Hindu Calendar Based on?

The Hindu calendar itself is a lunisolar calendar, which means it uses both the phases of the moon to
keep time as well as the Earth’s rotation around the sun. It is the combination of these two celestial
movements that determine the day, month, and year of the Hindu calendar. Because of the nature of
lunisolar calendars, there is always a precise month, and an approximation of the year.
As astronomical markers, they are an extremely accurate tool to measure the time and seasons. The
Hindu calendar was originally used to determine when to plant and harvest crops, when to celebrate
religious and spiritual festivals, as well as keeping track of the motions of the visible universe.
Not only is the Hindu calendar used to keep track of the date, it has a spiritual significance as
well and is heavily tied to the ancient science of astrology. Although this practice’s original purpose
has been lost and polluted in modern times, it was once a way of life that was as influential as it was
important to our ancient ancestors.
The dates according to the Hindu Calendar are not fixed, so they tend to vary and change from year
to year. This is because the calendar is both religious and astronomical, meaning dates are
determined by phenomena observed throughout the cosmos.

How does the Hindu Calendar Work?

Image: The Months and days of the 2019 Hindu Calendar, translated to the Gregorian Calendar.

The Hindu Day

Similar to the Gregorian calendar that much of the world uses today, a day in the Hindu calendar
begins at dawn. However, unlike its Gregorian counterpart, the Hindu calendar splits the day into
30 passages of time known as muhurtas. Each of these lasts roughly 48 minutes and are similar to
the Gregorian concept of hours.
There are seven days that make up a week according to the Hindu Calendar, beginning with Ravi,
the equivalent of Sunday:
1. Ravi (Sunday)
2. Soma (Monday)
3. Mangala (Tuesday)
4. Budha (Wednesday)
5. Guru (Thursday)
6. Brhaspati (Friday)
7. Sani (Saturday)

The Hindu Month

The length of the month is tied directly to the lunar calendar. Basically, a full phase of the moon
equates to a month of the Hindu calendar. As each lunar cycle is roughly 29.5 days long, each month
of the Hindu calendar is somewhere around that length. Usually 28, 29, or 30 days depending on
slight changes within the lunar cycle.
The first day of the month varies depending on where you are from in India, however, generally
either the full moon or the new moon mark the new month’s first day.
Image: The Hindu Calendar laid out in days and months of the year.

Hindu Astrology and Zodiac Signs

Image: The Hindu Zodiac signs line up to conventional Astrology. Source
There are 12 months and each one is named after a sign of the zodiac. As the Earth makes its slow
transition around the sun over the course of a year, we move from one zodiacal sign to the next,
until we have passed all 12 and the year is complete. Depending on which sign of the zodiac
the sun appears to rise against determines what month it is.
If the sun enters a new sign of the zodiac before sunrise, then it is the first day of a new month,
however if it does not, then it’s the last day of the previous month. The 12 months of the Hindu
calendar are as follows:
 Chaitra (Aries)
 Vaisakha (Taurus)
 Jyaistha (Gemini)
 Asadha (Cancer)
 Sravana (Leo)
 Bhadrapada (Virgo)
 Asvina (Libra)
 Kartika (Scorpio)
 Agrahayana (Sagittarius)
 Pausa (Capricorn)
 Magha (Aquarius)
 Phalguna (Pisces)
Each month is separated into two halves that are known as fortnights–one light and one dark. The
light fortnight is a 15-day period that follows the waxing moon, while the dark fortnight begins with
the waning moon.
Leap Months
Generally, a year of the Hindu calendar lasts around 354 days, made up of 12 lunar months of
around 29.5 days. As this is roughly 11 days shorter than the solar year, a gap begins to appear
between the lunar and solar dates. To reconcile this gap, a leap month is added every three or so
years to fix this difference.
This leap month helps religious festivals and other important dates in the Hindu calendar to remain
within a fixed period of time rather than on a set date each year. This is different to the Gregorian
calendar, in which the same occasion happens on the same date every year. The Hindu calendar
relies on astronomy and therefore keeps a truer date for celebrations that occur annually.

Hindu Religion Festivals Dates

 Diwali is the festival of lights for Hindus and Sikhs. akes place in October or November, but
the date is different each year because it is based on the Hindu calendar. 
 Maker Sankrant is celebrated on the January 13 and it is the first Hindu holiday 
 Maha Shivaratri: celebrations honor Shiva, destroyer of the universe. Unlike other Hindu
celebrations, this one is celebrated the night and day before the new moon.
 Holi: is most commonly celebrated in Northern India and usually takes place in February or
March. oli is called “The Festival of Colors” because people paint each other and throw dye and
colorful powder all over their bodies
 Ram Navami: takes place in April and celebrates the birth of Lord Rama. On this holiday,
Hindus clean and decorate their houses with fruits and flowers.
 Raksha Bandan: celebrates love for comrades and brothers. Hindus celebrate it when there
is a full moon. This usually takes place in August. 
 Janmashtami: is a festival celebrating Krishna’s birth. Krishna is god that Hindus worship the
most. They celebrate his birthday in August, eight days after Raksha Bandhan. The celebration
lasts two days.
 Navaratri: is a fun and religious holiday in October. During this time, Hindus from all over
India put aside their daily chores and prepare for Navaratri, a nine-day celebration honoring
three goddesses of the religion: Durga.

Calculating the New Year

Each New Year has its own name according to the Hindu calendar. There are 60 individual names
that continually change until the 60-year period is up and the cycle starts again. The New Year is
determined as the sun moves into the zodiacal sign of Capricorn, making it a purely astronomical
observation. This varies from place to place, however it usually falls the day after the new moon
during the month of Chaitra (Aries).

What is the Year According to the Hindu Calendar?

Much like we do when talking about someone’s age, the Hindu calendar counts from the beginning
of the current era, which began in 3102 BC. By this reckoning, the current year as of 2019 is 5121.

The Yuga Cycles & Hindu Calendar

The current Hindu calendar also takes into count much larger spans of time. It was in the year
3102 BC that the most recent Yuga cycle started, and the Hindu calendar began counting. This was
an extremely interesting and little understood time in our Earth’s prehistory, with many of the
earliest civilizations appearing across the world in this era almost simultaneously.
That is according to the Hindu Yuga cycle, which still continues to this day. We are currently living in
the 4th stage of the Yuga cycle known as the Kali Yuga, which is a 432,000 year time period and the
final chapter of the cycle as a whole.

Conclusion
Although the Hindu calendar has undergone much reform and change throughout the years, its
original form is one of ancient origins. The way it reflected spiritual and personal growth, as well as
astronomical information is something that is not taken into account in the more modern era, yet
was once extremely important to our ancestors.
The mystery remains; what inspired the ancients to create such a specific and sophisticated calendar
system that is still used to this day?
Now it’s up to you. Leave your thoughts on the Hindu Calendar in the comment section below.

Further reading
https://onlinelibrary-wiley-com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au/doi/epdf/10.1002/spe.4380230404
https://www.timecenter.com/articles/brief-history-of-the-hindu-calendar-by-timecenter/
Calendrical Calculations / Nachum Dershowitz by Edward M. Reingold

Tamil New years - why 60 years cycle to the Tamil years ? why all the name of the
tamil years are?
with sanskrit names ? Is there any tradition or culture in it? what is the name first new year and what is the name of the 60th new year.? why
it comes first and last ?
10 following

8 answers
Report Abuse
Answers
Relevance

Best Answer: 1) Hindu Years Names:

Jyotish shastra is a branch of Vedangas. This Sastra has many books in Sanskrit like Surya Sidhanta.

This sastra is useful in finding Thithi, Vara, Nakshatra, Yoga and Karana for day to day use. Also it is useful for finding planetary motions
and thus for astrological predictions, finding horoscope matching and for finding auspicious days and timings.

This is in practice through out India for many many years. To cast panjang the day is calculated from the first day of the Kali Yuga.

Mathematical calculations are used to find the year, months, days etc.

For example to find the name of the Hindu year for 2010 CE, one should know the Kali year. (total number of years fro the start of Kali
Yuga).

for 2010 CE, Kali year is 5111

First get the Salivahana Sahaptam (Year)

Salivahana Year is 5111- 3179 = 1932

Salivahana added 349 years durig his time, may be for some correction or for honour.

Subtracting this from 1932.

1932 - 349 = 1583

Dividing this 1583 with 60 one can get 26 quotient and remainder 23

we are in the 26th 60 year cycle, and the 23rd year is over and we are in the 24th year. From Prabhava, 24th is Vikruthi.

The reason for giving this is that it requires Mathematical calculations used for finding each parameter like year, month, day, Thithi,
Nakshatra, Yoga and for finding planetary motions.

The answer for the question is: 'Year names from Prabhava to Akshaya are taken in Sanskrit through out India from the begining.

Veemeswaramudayan is the Tamil book was published in the year 1234 CE. All books and almanacs including Veemeswaramudayan gave
month equivalents and week days equivalents in Tamil but not for the names for sixty years. Not only for Tamil but all so for all languages
this is true. Unanimously all took Sanskrit year names for their languages for ease of operation or calculation.

2) Surya Siddhanta:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Siddh...

Surya Siddhanta, a 3rd century BC book, gives a method to calculate the samvatsaram (in Chapter 1, Verse 55 mentions to calculate from the
year Vijaya). Here the translator mentioned that nowhere in the book, the sixty year names were provided except the name Vijaya. The author
added that the book assumed the sixty names were very popular like those names of the months and Zodiac etc. The names of sixty Sanskrit
names were popular earlier in 3rd century!

Page 35 and 36 of
http://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAA...

3) Reference, Book, Personal Collection;

Jyothisha Sastram, First Part, Panjanga Gananam, Moonampannai Krishna Joshiyar, Gandhimathi Vilasam Press, Trinelveli, Pages 70 to 75,
Total Pages 368, Year of Publication 1897
Source(s):http://books.google.com/books?id=jpE7AAA...
https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http:...
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya_Siddh...
C. Sri Vidya Rajagopalan · 9 years ago

Tamil calendar
The Tamil calendar is a sidereal Hindu calendar used by the Tamil people of the Indian subcontinent.[1]
[2] It is also used in Puducherry, and by the Tamil population in Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and Sri
Lanka. Tamil Nadu farmers greatly refer to this. It is used today for cultural, religious and agricultural
events,[3] with the Gregorian calendar largely used for official purposes both within and outside India. The
Tamil calendar is based on the classical Hindu solar calendar also used in Assam, West
Bengal, Kerala, Manipur, Nepal, Odisha, Rajasthan and Punjab.
There are several festivals based on the Tamil calendar. The Tamil New Year follows the nirayanam vernal
equinox[4] and generally falls on 14 April of the Gregorian year. 14 April marks the first day of the
traditional Tamil calendar and this remains a public holiday in Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka and Mauritius. Tropical
vernal equinox fall around 22 March, and adding 23 degrees of trepidation or oscillation to it, we get the
Hindu sidereal or Nirayana Mesha Sankranti (Sun's transition into nirayana Aries). Hence, the Tamil
calendar begins on the same date in April which is observed by most traditional calendars of the rest of
India - Assam, Bengal, Kerala, Odisha, Manipur, Punjab etc.[5] This also coincides with the traditional new
year in Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh Nepal and Thailand. The 60-year cycle is also very
ancient and is observed by most traditional calendars of India and China, and is related to 5 revolutions of
Jupiter according to popular belief, or to 60-year orbit of Nakshatras (stars) as mentioned in Surya
Siddhanta.
The traditional Tamil year starts on 14 April 2019, Kaliyuga 5121. Vikrama and Shalivahana Saka eras are
also used. There are several references in early Tamil literature to the April new year. Nakkirar, Sangam
period author of the Neṭunalvāṭai, wrote in the third century CE that the sun travels each year from
Mesha/Chitterai in mid-April through 11 successive signs of the zodiac. [6] Kūdalūr Kizhaar in the third
century CE refers to Mesha Raasi/Chitterai i.e. mid-April as the commencement of the year in
the Puṟanāṉūṟu.[7][8] The Tolkaapiyam is the oldest surviving Tamil grammar that divides the year into six
seasons where Chitterai i.e. mid-April marks the start of the Ilavenil season or summer. [9] The 8th century
Silappadikaaram mentions the 12 Raasis or zodiac signs that correspond to the Tamil months starting with
Mesha/Chitterai in mid-April.[10] The Manimekalai alludes to this very same Hindu solar calendar as we
know it today[11] Adiyarkunalaar, an early medieval commentator or Urai-asiriyar mentions the twelve
months of the Tamil calendar with particular reference to Chitterai i.e. mid-April. There were subsequent
inscriptional references in Pagan, Burma dated to the 11th century CE and in Sukhothai, Thailand dated to
the 14th century CE to South Indian, often Vaishnavite, courtiers who were tasked with defining the
traditional calendar that began in mid-April.[12]
Contents

WeekEdit
The days of the Tamil Calendar relate to the celestial bodies in the solar
system: Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn, in that order. The week starts with Sunday.

This list compiles the days of the week in the Tamil calendar:

Gregorian
Weekday
No. Kizhamai (Tamil) Vaasara (Sanskrit) Lord or Planet Calendar
(Transliteration)
equivalent

1. ஞகாயபிற்றக்கதிழமம Nyayitru- Ravi-vaasara Sun (ஞகாயபிற) Sunday

kizhamai

2. ததிங்கட்கதிழமம thingat-kizhamai Soma-vaasara Moon (ததிங்கள) Monday

3. சசெவவேகாயக்கதிழமம Chevvai-kizhamai Mangala-vaasara Mars (சசெவவேகாய, Red Planet) Tuesday

புதன்கதிழமம bhudhan-
4. Budan -vaasara Mercury Wednesday
kizhamai
5. வேபியகாழக்கதிழமம vyazha-kizhamai Guru Vaasara Jupiter Thursday

6. சவேளளனக்கதிழமம VeLLi-kizhamai Sukra-vaasara Venus Friday

7. செனனக்கதிழமம sani-kizhamai Shani-vaasara Saturn Saturday

For Tamils, each day begins at the sun rise.

MonthsEdit
The number of days in a month varies between 29 and 32.

The following list compiles the months of the Tamil Calendar.

Month Month
No. Sanskrit Name * Gregorian Calendar equivalent
(Tamil) (Transliteration)

01. செதித்ததிமர Cittirai Chaitra mid-April to mid-May

02. மவேககாசெதி Vaikāsi Vaisākha mid-May to mid-June

03. ஆனன Āni Jyaishtha mid-June to mid-July

04. ஆட Ādi Āshāḍha mid-July to mid-August

05. ஆவேணபி Āvaṇi Shrāvaṇa mid-August to mid-September

Bhādrapada/Prauṣṭha
06. புரட்டகாசெதி Puraṭṭāsi mid-September to mid-October
pada
07. ஐப்பசெதி Aippasi Ashwina/Ashvayuja mid-October to mid-November

08. ககாரத்ததிமக Kārttikai Kārttika mid-November to mid-December

09. மகாரகழதி Mārkazhi Mārgaṣīrṣa mid-December to mid-January

10. மத Tai Pausha/Taiṣya mid-January to mid-February

11. மகாசெதி Māsi Māgha mid-February to mid-March

12. பங்குனன Paṅkuni Phalguna mid-March to mid-April

Note: The Sanskrit month starts a few weeks ahead of the Tamil month since the Tamil calendar is a solar
calendar while the Sanskrit calendar is a lunisolar calendar[13]
SeasonsEdit
The Tamil year, in keeping with the old Indic calendar, is divided into six seasons, each of which lasts two
months:

Season in Season in
Season in Tamil Transliteration English Translation Tamil Months Gregorian Months
Sanskrit English

இளவவேனனல ila-venil Light warmth Vasanta Spring chithirai, vaigāsi Mid Apr - Mid Jun

முதுவவேனனல mutu-venil Harsh warmth Grishma Summer āni, ādi Mid Jun - Mid Aug

ககார kaar Dark clouds, Rain Varsha Monsoon āvani, puratāci Mid Aug - Mid Oct

குளனர kulir Chill / Cold Sharada Autumn aippasi, kārthigai Mid Oct - Mid Dec

முன்பனன mun-pani Early mist / dew Hemanta Winter mārkazhi, tai Mid Dec - Mid Feb

பபின்பனன pin-pani Late mist / dew Sishira Prevernal māsi, panguni Mid Feb - Mid Apr

Sixty-year cycleEdit
Further information: Samvatsara
The 60-year cycle is common to both North and South Indian traditional calendars, with the same name
and sequence of years. Its earliest reference is to be found in Surya Siddhanta, which Varahamihirar (550
CE) believed to be the most accurate of the then current theories of astronomy. However, in the Surya
Siddhantic list, the first year was Vijaya and not Prabhava as currently used. There are some parallels in
this sexagenary cycle with the Chinese calendar.[14][15][16] The Surya Siddhanta and other Indian classical
texts on astronomy had some influence on the Chinese calendar [17] although it merits attention that the
sexagenary cycle in China is itself very old.
After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts a new with the first year. This corresponds to the
Hindu "century." The Vakya or Tirukannitha Panchangam (the traditional Tamil almanac) outlines this
sequence. It is related to the position of the planets in the sky with respect to earth. It means that the two
major planets Sani/Saturn (which takes 30 years to complete one cycle round the sun) and the
Viyazhan/Jupiter (which takes 12 years to complete one cycle round the Sun) comes to the same position
after 60 years.
The following list presents the current 60-year cycle of the Tamil calendar:[18]

Name Gregorian Name Gregorian

No. Name No. Name
(English) Year (English) Year

01. பபிரபவே Prabhava 1987–1988 31. வஹேவேபிளம்பபி Hevilambi 2017–2018

02. வேபிபவே Vibhava 1988–1989 32. வேபிளம்பபி Vilambi 2018–2019

03. சுக்ல Sukla 1989–1990 33. வேபிககார Vikari 2019–2020

04. பபிரவமகாதூத Pramodoota 1990–1991 34. செகாரவேர Sarvari 2020–2021

Prachorpath
05. பபிரவசெகாற்பத்ததி 1991–1992 35. பபிலவே Plava 2021–2022
thi
06. ஆங்ககீ ரசெ Aangirasa 1992–1993 36. சுபகதிருது Subakrith 2022–2023
07. ஸ்ரீமுக Srimukha 1993–1994 37. வசெகாபகதிருது Sobakrith 2023–2024

08. பவே Bhava 1994–1995 38. குவரகாததி Krodhi 2024–2025

09. யுவே Yuva 1995–1996 39. வேபிசுவேகாசுவே Visuvaasuva 2025–2026

10. தகாது Dhaatu 1996–1997 40. பரபகாவே Parabhaava 2026–2027

11. ஈஸ்வேர Eesvara 1997–1998 41. பபிலவேங்க Plavanga 2027–2028

12. சவேகுதகானனய Vehudhanya 1998–1999 42. ககீ லக Keelaka 2028–2029

13. பபிரமகாததி Pramathi 1999–2000 43. சசெசௌமதிய Saumya 2029–2030

14. வேபிக்கதிரம Vikrama 2000–2001 44. செகாதகாரண Sadharana 2030–2031

Virodhikrith
15. வேபிஷஷ Vishu 2001–2002 45. வேபிவரகாதகதிருது 2031–2032
u
16. செதித்ததிரபகான Chitrabaanu 2002–2003 46. பரதகாபபி Paridhaabi 2032–2033
Pramaadhis
17. சுபகான Subhaanu 2003–2004 47. பபிரமகாததீசெ 2033–2034
a
18. தகாரண Dhaarana 2004–2005 48. ஆனந்த Aanandha 2034–2035

19. பகாரத்ததிப Paarthiba 2005–2006 49. ரகாட்செசெ Rakshasa 2035–2036

20. வேபிய Viya 2006–2007 50. நள Nala 2036–2037

21. செரவேசெதித்து Sarvajith 2007–2008 51. பபிங்கள Pingala 2037–2038

22. செரவேதகார Sarvadhari 2008–2009 52. ககாளயுக்ததி Kalayukthi 2038–2039

23. வேபிவரகாததி Virodhi 2009–2010 53. செதித்தகாரத்ததி Siddharthi 2039–2040

24. வேபிக்ருததி Vikruthi 2010–2011 54. சரசௌத்ததிர Raudhri 2040–2041

25. கர Kara 2011–2012 55. துன்மததி Dunmathi 2041–2042

26. நந்தன Nandhana 2012–2013 56. துந்துபபி Dhundubhi 2042–2043

Rudhrodhga
27. வேபிஜய Vijaya 2013–2014 57. ருத்வரகாத்ககார 2043–2044
ari
28. ஜய Jaya 2014–2015 58. ரக்தகாட்செதி Raktakshi 2044–2045

29. மன்மத Manmatha 2015–2016 59. குவரகாதன Krodhana 2045–2046

30. துன்முகதி Dhunmuki 2016–2017 60. அட்செய Akshaya 2046–2047

CelebrationsEdit
The months of the Tamil Calendar have great significance and are deeply rooted in the faith of
the Tamil Hindus. Some months are considered very auspicious while a few are considered
inauspicious as well. Tamil months start and end based on the Sun's shift from one Rasi to the
other but the names of the months are based on the star on the start of Pournami in that
month. The name of the month is some times the name of the star itself. (e.g. Chithrai is
always the star on the Pournami of the Chithirai month).
Some of the celebrations for each month are listed below. Dates in parentheses are not exact
and usually vary by a day or two. Underneath (or beside) the months of the Hindu calendar are
their Gregorian counterparts.[19][20]

Approx
Month Notes
Dates

செதித்ததிமர Star on the Pournami: Chithirai. Chitra Pournami & Varusha pirappu are the most
14 April - 13
important festivals in this month. Famous Chithirai Thiruvizha is celebrated in
- Chithirai May
Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple. 14 April is the Tamil New Year.
 Star on the Pournami: Visaagam. Vaikaasi Visaakam is the most important day in this
மவேககாசெதி 14 May - 14 month.This month is most favorable month of Lord Subramainya (Murga Kadavul).
- Vaikaasi June Thirumangalam[Madurai] Shri Pathrakali Mariamman Temple 13day Vaigasi Festival
starts at Sunday followed by vaigasi ammavasai[no moon day].

ஆனன - Aani 15 June - 15 Star on the Pournami: Anusham. Aani Thirumanjanam or Aani Uttaram for Lord
July Nataraja is the most famous day in this month.
Star on the Pournami: Pooraadam (or) Uthiraadam. A most important month for women.
The most auspicious days are Fridays and Tuesdays in this month, these are called Aadi
ஆட - Aadi 16 July - 16
Velli and Aadi Chevvai and the Aadi Amavasya. Aadi Pooram is also a special
August
day.18th day of adi is the most important day for the farmers (delta region) they prepare
paddy seedlings.during this month "kanchi varthal" is famous in amman temples
Star on the Pournami: Thiruvonam. An important month with many
ஆவேணபி 17 August - rituals. Brahmins change their sacred thread on Aavani Avittam. Each Sunday of the
- Aavani 16 September month is dedicated to prayers - Aavani Gnayiru.vinayaka chaturthi ,the festival of
lord ganesha is held in this month
Star on the Pournami: Poorattathi (or) Uthirattathi. An important month
புரட்டகாசெதி 17 September for Vaishnavas. Purattaasi Sani(Saturday) is an auspicious day for Lord Vishnu.
- Purattaasi - 16 October Navarathri & Vijayadhashami or Ayuda Pooja is celebrated to invoke Goddess Durga,
Lakshmi and Saraswathi.
Star on the Pournami: Ashwini. The monsoons typically start over Tamil Nadu in this
month. Hence the saying, "Aippasi Mazhai, adai mazhai" - meaning "Aippasi rains are
persistent rains".
ஐப்பசெதி 17 October - Also Annaabishekam for Lord Shiva is very famous in this month. The
- Aippasi 15 November most famous Hindu festival "Deepavali" is celebrated in this month.
The Fridays of this month - Aipassi velli - are dedicated to religious
observance.

Star on the Pournami: Karthikai. Another auspicious celebration for Shiva devotees
is Thirukaarthigai. The Krithikaa Pournami is the special day of the full moon in
ககாரத்ததிமக 16 November
the month of Kaarthikai, and the star is Krithikaa.
- 15
- Karthikai Each Monday of this month is dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva.
December
Every Monday is called "Somavaaram" when 108 or 1008
sangabhishekam are offered to Lord Shiva and Lord Muruga.
Star on the Pournami: Mrigasheersham. This is another special month in the Tamil
Calendar. Temples open earlier in the mornings and Devotees throng the temples early
மகாரகழதி for puja and prasadam - the offering made to the deity which is later distributed to
16 December
the devotees. Arudra Darisanam (Thiruvaadirai star in Tamil) is the most auspicious
- Maargazhi - 13 January
day in this month. The offering made to Lord Siva is the Thiruvaadirai Kali - a sweet
boiled pudding. Mukkodi Ekathesi is called "Paramapadha vaasal Thirappu" for Lord
Vishnu. The Tiruvembaavai and Thirupaavai fast takes place in this month.
Star on the Pournami: Poosam. Pongal, which is the Tamil harvest festival, is
மத - Thai 14 January - celebrated on the first day of this month. Thaipusam is also a special day
12 February for Murugan devotees, who carry Kavadi to one of the Aarupadaiveedu (Literally
meaning "six abodes").
Star on the Pournami: Magam. Maasi Magam is the special day of which comes in this
மகாசெதி - Maasi 13 February -
Month. Shivaratri is an important festival widely celebrated by Hindus in this
13 March
month.
பங்குனன 14 March - 13 Star on the Pournami: Uththiram. Panguni Uthiram, the last month of the year, is a
- Panguni April famous festival and special to Murugan and Siva devotees.
SignificanceEdit

The Hindus developed a system of calendrics that encapsulates vast periods of time.
For computing the age of the earth and various geological and other epochs, as well as the
[21]
age of mankind, they still employ a Tamil calendar derived from ancient astronomical data,
known as the Tirukkanida Panchanga[22]

The 10th Tamil month, called Thai, falls in mid-January each year. It is celebrated with
much enthusiasm within the Tamil Community all over the world. Thai is marked by gifts of new
clothing for family members and prayers to God for prosperity in the coming year. Thai and the
fifth month Aavani are considered very auspicious for marriage and most marriages occur
during these months.

The fourth month Aadi is a busy month for most people including priests as there will be
major temple festivities throughout the month, so most weddings do not often fall in this
month. Aadi is the month of preparation for the next crop cycle by farmers. Therefore, farming
communities avoid major events like weddings in this month. Those members of the Tamil
community who don't actively contribute/participate in farming take advantage by having
important functions like wedding in this month. For example, the business community prefers
this month for weddings. Aadi is usually the worst month for business, although when
businesses recently initiated Aadi discounts, this situation has changed significantly. Each
Friday of this month is set aside for prayer and worship.

Aadi is portrayed as an inauspicious month for union of newlyweds because conceiving
in this month might often result in child delivery around April-May, the hottest months in Tamil
Nadu (Agni natchathiram - ['pinezhu'] the last 7 days of Chithirai and ['munezhu'] the first 7
days of Vaigasi). 'Aadi' is also the windiest month in Tamil Nadu, and hence the phrase 'Aadi
kaatru ammiyai nagatrum' (literally, 'the strong winds in the month of Aadi can even move a
stone grinder')

Purattaasi is when most of the non-vegetarian Tamil people fast from meat for a month.
Each Saturday of this month is set apart to venerate the planet Saturn.

Deepavali, is celebrated on the new moon day, in the seventh month Aipasi. The month
of Aipasi is usually characterised by the North-East Monsoon in Tamil Nadu, which has given
birth to a phrase, Aipasi adai mazhai meaning the "Non-stop downpour".

Maargazhi falls in winter in Tamil Nadu, and is an auspicious month. The month is
considered sacred. During the holy month of Maargazhi, houses are decorated with colorful and
elaborate kolams. These are drawn on the threshold to welcome guests and divine beings to
bless their houses with prosperity and happiness. The Shaivite fast of Thiru-vembaavai and the
Vaishnava fast of Thiru-paavai are also observed in this month.

The total number of days in a Tamil Calendar is an average 365 days. The Vakiya
Panchangam is employed for both sacred and civil calculations. The Trikanitha Panchangam is
employed for astrological calculations.

FestivalsEdit
The Tamil Calendar is important in the life of Tamil-speaking people and most Festivals of Tamil
Nadu are based on it. Some Festivals include Tamil New Year (also called Puthandu) in mid-
April, Thai Pongal, Deepavali, Panguni Uthiram, Thirukaarthigai, Aadiperukku, Navaratri etc.
One day was even dedicated to a celebration of the Tamil alphabet and was called "ezhuthu
naal'.
See alsoEdit

தமமிழ புத்ததாண்ட பபெயர்கள –

Names of Tamil New Years -

Years Year In Tamil Year in English

1987-88 பபிரபவே Prabhava

Years Year In Tamil Year in English

1988-89 வேபிபவே Vibhava

1989-90 சுக்ல Sukla

1990-91 பபிரவமகாதூத Pramothootha

1991-92 பபிரவஜகாத்பத்ததி Prajothpathi

1992-93 ஆங்கதிரசெ Aangirasa

1993-94 ஸ்ரீமுக Srimuga

1994-95 பவே Bhava

1995-96 யுவே Yuva

1996-97 தகாது Thaathu

1997-98 ஈஸ்வேர Eswara

1998-99 பகுதகான்ய Paguthaanya

1999-00 பபிரமகாததி Pramaathi

2000-01 வேபிக்ரம Vikrama

2001-02 வேபிஷஷ Vishu

2002-03 செதித்ரபகான Chitrabaanu

2003-04 சுபகான Subaanu

2004-05 தகாரண Thaarana

Years Year In Tamil Year in English

2005-06 பகாரத்ததிப Paarthiba

2006-07 வேபிய Viya

2007-08 ஸரவேஜதித்து Sarvajithu

2008-09 ஸரவேதகார Sarvathaari

2009-10 வேபிவரகாததி Virothi

2010-11 வேபிக்ருததி Vikruthi

2011-12 கர Kara

2012-13 நந்தன Nanthana

2013-14 வேபிஜய Vijeya

2014-15 ஜய Jeya

2015-16 மன்மத Manmatha

2016-17 துரமுகதி Thurmugi

2017-18 வஹேவேபிளம்பபி Heyvilambi

2018-19 வேபிளம்பபி Vilambi

2019-20 வேபிககார Vikari

2020-21 செகாரவேர Saarvari

2021-22 பபிலவே Pilava

Years Year In Tamil Year in English

2022-23 சுபகதிருது Subakiruthu

2023-24 வசெகாபகதிருது Sobakiruthu

2024-25 குவரகாததி Kurothi

2025-26 வேபிசுவேகாவேசு Visuvaavasu

2026-27 பரகாபவே Paraabava

2027-28 பபிலவேங்க Pilavanga

2028-29 ககீ லக Keelaga

2029-30 சசெசௌமதிய Sowmia

2030-31 செகாதகாரண Sathaarana

2031-32 வேபிவரகாததிகதிருது Virothikiruthu

2032-33 பரதகாபபி Parithaabi

2033-34 பபிரமகாததீசெ Pramaatheesa

2034-35 ஆனந்த Aanantha

2035-36 ரகாக்ஷஸ Raachasha

2036-37 நள Nala

2037-38 பபிங்கள Pingala

2038-39 ககாளயுக்ததி Kaalayukthi

Years Year In Tamil Year in English

2039-40 செதித்தகாரத்ததிர Sidtharthiri

2040-41 சரசௌத்த்ர Rowthiri

2041-42 துன்மததி Thunmathi

2042-43 துந்துபபி Thunthubi

2043-44 ருத்வரகாத்ககார Rudhrothkaari

2044-45 ரக்தகாக்ஷதி Rakthaakshi

2045-46 குவரகாதன Kurothana

2046-47 அக்ஷய Akshaya

Tamil years names, Thiruvalluvar years, Kollam and pashali years .

The 60 - year cycle of the Tamil Calendar is followed in Tamil Nadu and all over the India as a traditional calendars, with the same name and sequence of
years.
Its original reference is to be found in Surya Siddhanta, which Varahamihirar to be the most accurate of the then current theories of astronomy. However, in
the Surya Siddhantic list, the first year was Vijaya and not Prabhava as currently used.
After the completion of sixty years, the calendar starts a new with the first year. This corresponds to the Hindu "century." Based on this Uga(uga starts
with child nebula created time and the sun system of the earth) is calculated. The Vakya or Tirukannitha Panchangam (the traditional Tamil manual for
astronomy) outlines this sequence.
Hindu and Mayan calendars only has full reference of prabanjam (nebula in English) creation and destroying time. But western science invented last 20
years back only.
The following list represents the current 60 - year cycle of the Tamil calendar year:

Kollam Thiruvalluvar
Year பகதால Year தமிருவளள
Pashail
Tamil Year Year பெசலமி லம வர் Gregorian Year
தமமிழ வருடம -English
01. Prabhava - பபிரபகாவே
1396-1397 1162-1163 2018 1987 - 1988
02.Vibhava - வேபிபவே
1397-1398 1163-1164 2019 1988 - 1989
03.Sukla - சுக்ல
1398-1399 1164-1165 2020 1989 - 1990
04.Pramodhoodha - பபிரவமகாதூத
1399-1400 1165-1166 2021 1990 - 1991
05.Prachorpaththi - பபிரவசெகாற்பத்ததி
1400-1401 1166-1167 2022 1991 - 1992
06.Aangirasa-ஆங்கதிரசெ
1401-1402 1167-1168 2023 1992 - 1993
 Kollam Thiruvalluvar
Year பகதால Year தமிருவளள
Pashail
Tamil Year Year பெசலமி லம வர் Gregorian Year
தமமிழ வருடம -English
07.Srimukha-ஸ்ரமுக்ஹேகா
1402-1403 1168-1169 2024 1993 - 1994
08.Bhava-பகாவே
1403-1404 1169-1170 2025 1994 - 1995
09.Yuva-யுவே
1404-1405 1170-1171 2026 1995 - 1996
10.Thaadhu-தகாது
1405-1406 1171-1172 2027 1996 - 1997
11.Eesvara-ஈஸ்வேர
1406-1407 1172-1173 2028 1997 - 1998
12.Vehudhanya-வவேஹேஷதகான்ய
1407-1408 1173-1174 2029 1998 - 1999
13.Pramathi- பபிரமகாததி
1408-1409 1174-1175 2030 1999 - 2000
14.Vikrama-வேபிக்கதிரம
1409-1410 1175-1176 2031 2000 - 2001
15.Vishu-வேபிஷஷ
1410-1411 1176-1177 2032 2001 - 2002
16.Chitrabaanu-செதித்ரபகான
1411-1412 1177-1178 2033 2002 - 2003
17.Subaanu-சுபகான
1412-1413 1178-1179 2034 2003 - 2004
18.Thaarana-தகாரண
1413-1414 1179-1180 2035 2004 - 2005
19.Paarthiba-பகாரத்ததிப
1414-1415 1180-1181 2036 2005 - 2006
20.Viya-வேபிய
1415-1416 1181-1182 2037 2006 - 2007
21.Sarvajith-செரவேஜதித்்
1416-1417 1182-1183 2038 2007 - 2008
22.Sarvadhari-செரவேதகார
1417-1418 1183-1184 2039 2008 - 2009
23.Virodhi-வேபிவரகாததி
1418-1419 1184-1185 2040 2009 - 2010
24.Vikruthi-வவிக்ருதமி
1419-1420 1185-1186 2041 2010 - 2011
25.Kara-கர
1420-1421 1186-1187 2042 2011 - 2012
26.Nandhana-நந்தன
1421-1422 1187-1188 2043 2012 - 2013
27.Vijaya-வேபிஜய
1422-1423 1188-1189 2044 2013 - 2014
28.Jaya-சஜயகா
1423-1424 1189-1190 2045 2014 - 2015
29.Manmatha-மன்மத
14241425 1190-1191 2046 2015 - 2016
30.Dhunmuki-துன்முகதி
1425-1426 1191-1192 2047 2016 - 2017
31.Hevilambi - வஹேவேபிளம்பபி
1426-1427 1192-1193 2048 2017 - 2018
32.Vilambi-வேபிளம்பபி
1427-1428 1193-1194 2049 2018 - 2019
33.Vikari-வவிகதார
1428-1429 1194-1195 2050 2019 - 2020
34.Sarvari-செரவேர
1429-1430 1195-1196 2051 2020 - 2021
35.Plava- பலவேகா
1430-1431 1196-1197 2052 2021 - 2022
36.Subakrith -சுபக்ரத்
1431-1432 1197-1198 2053 2022 - 2023
37.Sobakrith -சசெகாபக்ரத்்
1431-1433 1198-1199 2054 2023 - 2024
38.Krodhi -குவரகாததி
14331434 1199-1200 2055 2024 - 2025
39.Visuvaasuva -வேபிசுவேகாசுவே
14341435 1200-1201 2056 2025 - 2026
40.Parabhaava-பரபகாவே
1435-1436 1201-1202 2057 2026 - 2027
41.Plavanga-பபிலவேங்க
1436-1437 1202-1203 2058 2027 - 2028
42.Keelaka-ககீ ழகாக
1437-1438 1203-1204 2059 2028 - 2029
 Kollam Thiruvalluvar
Year பகதால Year தமிருவளள
Pashail
Tamil Year Year பெசலமி லம வர் Gregorian Year
தமமிழ வருடம -English
43.Saumya-செகாம்ய
1438-1439 1204-1205 2060 2029 - 2030
44.Sadharana-செகாதகாரண
1439-1440 1205-1206 2061 2030 - 2031
45.Virodhikrithu-வேபிவரகாததிக்ரத்து
1440-1441 1206-1207 2062 2031 - 2032
46.Paridhaabi-பரதகாபபி
1441-1442 1207-1208 2063 2032 - 2033
47.Pramaadhisa-பபிரமகாததிசெ
1442-1443 1208-1209 2064 2033 - 2034
48.Aanandha-ஆனந்த
1443-1444 1209-1210 2065 2034 - 2035
49.Rakshasa-ரகாக்ஷசெ
1444-1445 1210-1211 2066 2035 - 2036
50.Nala-நல
1445-1446 1211-1212 2067 2036 - 2037
51.Pingala-பபிங்கள
1446-1447 1212-1213 2068 2037 - 2038
52.Kalayukthi- ககாளயுக்ததி
1447-1448 1213-1214 2069 2038 - 2039
53.Siddharthi- செதித்தகாரத்ததி
1448-1449 1214-1215 2070 2039 - 2040
54.Raudhri-ரகாவததிர
1449-1450 1215-1216 2071 2040 - 2041
55.Thunmathi-துன்மததி
1450-1451 1216-1217 2072 2041 - 2042
56.Dhundubhi-துந்துபபி
1451-1452 1217-1218 2073 2042 - 2043
57.Rudhrodhgaari-ருத்வரகாத்ககார
1452-1453 1218-1219 2074 2043 - 2044
58.Raktakshi-ரக்டக்ஷதி
1453-1454 12191220 2075 2044 - 2045
59.Krodhana-குவரகாதன
1454-1455 1220-1221 2076 2045 - 2046
60.Akshaya- அக்ஷய
1455-1456 1221-1222 2077 2046 - 2047