Journal of Cleaner Production 101 (2015) 174e179

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Cleaner Production

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro

Study on feasibility of reutilizing textile effluent sludge for producing

concrete blocks
Bao Jian Zhan, Chi Sun Poon*
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With an increasing interest in recycling and reusing waste, there is a need to carry out research on
Received 13 October 2014 exploring ways to transform industrial wastes into construction materials. This paper attempts to explore
Received in revised form the feasibility of reutilizing textile effluent sludge (TES) for producing concrete blocks with a pretreat-
5 March 2015
ment step. The lime-based pretreatment process was adopted to remove ammonia in TES which had
Accepted 28 March 2015
been found to lead to bad odor and strength loss of the concrete blocks. The concrete blocks were
Available online 6 April 2015
prepared with an aggregate to cement ratio of 12, 10 and 6. The pretreated TES was adopted to replace
the fine aggregate at a mass ratio ranging from 0% to 30%. The compressive strength and drying shrinkage
Keywords:
Textile effluent sludge
values were determined to evaluate the performance of concrete blocks containing TES. The results
Lime-based pretreatment indicated that the lime-based pretreatment process can lower the ammonia concentration in TES
Concrete block significantly. The concrete blocks with a lower TES content and lower ammonia concentration had higher
Ammonia compressive strength and better volume stability. When the TES content in the concrete blocks was
Leaching about 10%, the concrete blocks with an aggregate to cement ratio of 10 can satisfy the minimum strength
requirement for non-load bearing applications. Meanwhile, the result of leaching test indicated that the
toxic trace metals present in textile effluent sludge could be stabilized/solidified and metal leaching from
the concrete blocks is not a concern.
© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Textile industry involves processing or converting raw material/
fabric into finished clothing materials via several processes which
consume large amount of water and produces polluting waste ef-
fluents (Karthikeyan and Mohan, 1999) containing non-
biodegradable and toxic dissolved substances (Khatri et al., 2014).
Previous studies confirmed that the levels of pollutants in textile
effluent were considerably higher than the discharge limits stipu-
lated by local regulations (Noorjahan, 2011; Paul et al., 2012).
Therefore, treatment of the textile effluent before discharge is
almost mandatory leading to the production of huge volumes of
textile effluent sludge. Besides landfill disposal of the sludge, there
are growing interests in trying to re-utilize the sludge.
Currently, cement based binders are extensively adopted for
treating industrial solid waste containing radioactive or hazardous
substances to prevent the leaching of contaminants to the envi-
ronment (Batchelor, 2006). Stabilization of hydrocarbons in
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ852 2766 6024; fax: þ852 2334 6389.
E-mail address: cecspoon@polyu.edu.hk (C.S. Poon).
petroleum solid waste was also investigated with cement-based S/S
process (Karamalidis and Voudrias, 2007). It was found that in-
clusion of cement blended with pozzolanic materials increased the
leachability of most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solidified
sludge samples. Sewage sludge from have been studied for fired
bricks production, but high content of this sludge resulted in a
degradation of mechanical strength and absorption of fired bricks
(Ingunza et al., 2011).
Several kinds of waste are also reused in combination with
cement for producing concrete products, including waste marble
(Gencel et al., 2012), ferrochromium slag (Gencel et al., 2013) and
CRT funnel glass (Ling and Poon, 2014). Recently, reutilization of
sewage sludge ash (SSA) was reported to manufacture blocks with
best performance by replacing 10% sand with SSA (Francisco et al.,
2014). Even another study assessed the potential feasibility of
reusing lime-dried sludge as a replacement of limestone material
for clinker production (Xu et al., 2015). Rala et al. (2015) have
explored the feasibility of reuse the marble slurry to partially
replace cement for concrete production. They found that 10% of
cement replaced by marble slurry was the optimum content to
produce concrete with the requisite strength and enhanced
durability.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.083
0959-6526/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 B.J. Zhan, C.S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 101 (2015) 174e179
As early as 1980s, sludge from wastewater treatment plants had
been studied and reused for producing fired clay bricks, and the
results indicated that the compressive strength was acceptable
while the texture and finish on the surface of bricks were rather
poor (Tay, 1987). The reuse potential of textile effluent sludge for
the production of cement-sludge bricks was also confirmed in
previous study (Hema and Suneel, 2009), and the compressive
strength of the product could even meet the requirement of
structural application as described in the India standard. However,
the density and compressive strength of the cement brick
decreased with increasing amounts of sludge in the brick. The
negative effects of textile effluent sludge on properties of concrete
block were also demonstrated in some other studies. Herek et al.
(2012) suggested that incorporating no more than 20% by mass of
sludge could lead to good quality concrete bricks in terms of me-
chanical characteristics; leaching and solubilization tests proved
the sludge brick were inert. Balasubramanian et al. (2006) also
reported an investigation on replacing 10%, 20% and 30% of cement
with textile effluent sludge to produce flooring tiles, pavement
blocks, hollow blocks, solid blocks and burnt clay bricks. It was
concluded that a maximum of 30% substitution for cement with
textile effluent sludge may be possible in fabrication of non-load
bearing building materials.
Few studies gave a valid explanation for the adverse effects of
textile effluent sludge on properties of cement-sludge mixtures. It
was speculated that the presence of chloride and sulfates in sludge
resulted in decline in strength (Raghunathan et al., 2010); Pandey
et al. (2011) inferred that Zn and Pb salts in the sludge caused
precipitation of protective coatings around cement grains during
cement hydration, leading to a decrease in compressive strength.
In this paper, an investigation of assessing the feasibility of
reutilizing a textile effluent sludge (TES) with high concentrations
of ammonia is reported. Pretreating processes for the TES were
attempted in order to alleviate the deleterious effects of TES on the
properties of cement-sludge mixtures. Then, the pretreated sludge
was used as a partial replacement of fine aggregate to produce
concrete blocks. The evaluation of the concrete blocks was con-
ducted in terms of compressive strength and drying shrinkage.
2. Materials and experimental program
2.1. Characteristics of textile effluent sludge
The textile effluent sludge (TES) was obtained from a bleaching
and dyeing factory which is located in Guangdong Province of
Chinese mainland. The sludge collected (as shown in Fig. 1) was
generated from the wastewater treatment process of the factory.
A series of physical and chemical tests were conducted to charac-
terize the sludge. The analysis results of the TES are shown in
Table 1.
2.2. Pretreatment methods
Considering the high concentration of ammonia (NH4eN) in the
sludge, it was necessary to remove the ammonia salts in TES for two
main reasons. First, ammonia is a strong odors compound which
would be unacceptable to the workers handling the TES, and the
ultimate users of TES related products. Moreover, a previous study
on reusing ammonia contaminated fly ash in cement mortar and
concrete demonstrated that the presence of ammonia can inhibit
cement hydration and thus lower the compressive strength (Kim
et al., 2007). In this study, anhydrous lime (CaO) was chosen to
remove ammonia from TES as it is the cheapest source of alkali to
produce hydroxide ions (OH), which can convert ammonium ions
in the sludge to ammonia gas (released).
175
Fig. 1. Raw textile effluent sludge.
Several pre-treatment methods listed below had been tried:
Method A: The as received sludge were pre-dried at 105 C for
24 h, and then ground manually to fine particles smaller than 5 mm
in size (Fig. 2). The particle size distribution was determined and
the results are presented in Table 2. The prepared TES was used for
making the blocks similar to the reference sample;
Method B: The prepared TES from process A was mixed with
lime before concrete blocks casting. Before mixing with cement and
aggregates, the TES was mixed with lime and water for 5 min using
a planetary mixer, with a proportion of TES: lime: water ¼ 1: 0.25:
0.6;
Method C: The prepared TES from process A was mixed with
lime for 5 min with a proportion of TES: lime: water ¼ 1: 0.25: 0.6;
and then the mixture were aged for 24 h in the laboratory
(23 ± 2  C, 65 ± 10%RH) before concrete blocks casting;
Method D: The as received TES was mixed with lime for 5 min
with a proportion of TES: lime ¼ 1: 0.07, and then the mixture were
aged for 24 h in the laboratory environment (23 ± 2  C, 65 ± 10%RH)
before concrete blocks casting.
The basic route for the all pretreatment methods is sketched in
Fig. 3. After the pretreatment process, the NH4eN concentrations of
the pretreated sludge were also determined using the HACH
Method 8155 (Hach Company, 2003).
2.3. Concrete block casting
2.3.1. Mix proportions of concrete blocks
Four series (A, B, C and D) of concrete block mixes were designed
to reuse the sludge corresponding to the four pretreating method of
TES mentioned above.
The cement used was ASTM Type I Portland cement. Crushed
fine granite passing 5 mm sieve was used as the fine aggregate,
while the crushed granite with a nominal size of 10 mm was used as
the coarse aggregate. Aggregate to cement ratios (A/C) of 6, 10 and
12 were adopted. The pretreated sludge was used to replace the fine
aggregate with different mass ratios. The amount of water added
varied slightly with the different mixes, and was dependent on the
amount of pretreated sludge (normally the pre-treated TES had a
higher water demand than natural aggregates) used. The details of
mix proportions for concrete blocks are presented in Table 3.
2.3.2. Fabrication of concrete blocks
The experimental procedure of concrete blocks casting is
illustrated in Fig. 4. Specimens with dimensions of
70 mm  70 mm  70 mm, and 25 mm  25 mm  285 mm were
176 B.J. Zhan, C.S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 101 (2015) 174e179

Table 1
Characterization of TES.
a b
Oxides Value (% dry mass) Trace metals Value (mg/Kg dry mass)

Al2O3 6.20 Ag <1

SiO2 3.40 As <5
P2O5 2.79 Ba 46.83
SO4 24.95 Cd 18.39
CaO 0.87 Cr 110.01
TiO2 0.53 Cu 455.11
MnO 0.82 Hg <5
Fe2O3 60.45 Ni 63.38
Others Pb 304.04
Water Content (% wet weight) 75.24 Se <2
c
Loss-on-ignition (% dry mass) 11.81 Si 26.48
d
NH4eN (mg/kg wet weight) 1692 Zn 291.40
e
Specific gravity (oven-dried) 1.14
a
The oxides are determined using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) method.
b
Trace metals are determined according to US EPA Method 200.7.
c
Loss on ignition is determined according to BS EN 12879.
d
NH4eN concentration is measured using the HACH Method 8155.
e
Specific gravity is determined using pyknometers according to BS 733-2.

demolded. The samples for compressive strength testing were

wrapped by plastic films for moist curing; the samples for drying
shrinkage testing were put into a drying shrinkage chamber (20  C,
50%RH) after 28-day standard moist curing.

2.4. Test methods

Compressive strength tests were conducted after 7 and 28 days

Fig. 2. Ground TES (<5 mm) after oven-dried.
prepared for the determination of compressive strength and drying
shrinkage. Once the mixing procedure was completed, the mixed
materials were cast into steel molds in three layers. The amounts of
materials for each sample were determined by the mold internal
volume and the target density of blocks. After each of the first two
layers was filled, compaction was applied manually using a
hammer and a wooden stem. After the third layer was filled, a
compressive force with a pressure of 30 MPa was applied for about
30 s to mechanically compact the mix within the mold. The excess
materials were then removed with a trowel. The fabricated blocks,
in the steel molds, were covered by a plastic sheet and left in the
laboratory environment (23 ± 2  C, 65 ± 10%RH) for 24 h, and then
of moist curing, in accordance with the procedures described in BS
EN 12390-3 (BSI, 2009). The drying shrinkage test was determined
using the method specified in BS 6073 (BSI, 2008).
Furthermore, considering the presence of heavy metal in the
textile effluent sludge, the toxicity characteristic leaching proce-
dure (TCLP) was performed using the fractured particles from an
optimum mix according to the US EPA Method 1311(U.S. EPA, 1990).
The fractured particles after the compressive strength testing at 28
day and were crushed to pass through a 10 mm sieve. 20 g of
crushed sample was put into 400 ml of the TCLP leachant (prepared
by diluting 5.7 mL of glacial acetic acid in 2 L of distilled water) for
tumbling 18 h in a rotary mixer. The mental concentration in the
leachate was then determined using an inductively coupled
plasma-optical emission spectral photometer (ICP).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Compressive strength
The compressive strength for all the samples after 7-day and 28-
day curing age are shown in Table 4.
For the samples in Series A, there was a significant reduction in
compressive strength after adding the TES into the blocks. Even
only 10% of fine aggregate was replaced by TES (A-10), the 7-day

Table 2
Particle size distribution of pre-dried TES.

Sieve size Mass retained, g Percentage retained, % Cumulative percentage passing, %

5 mm 0 0.0 100.0
2.36 mm 17.8 6.9 93.1
1.18 mm 47.9 18.7 74.4
600 mm 77.9 30.3 44.1
300 mm 64.3 25.0 19.0
150 mm 32.5 12.7 6.3
75 mm 10.0 3.9 2.5
<75 mm 6.3 2.5 /
 B.J. Zhan, C.S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 101 (2015) 174e179 177

Fig. 3. Sketch of pretreatment methods for TES.

Table 3
Mix proportions for concrete blocks prepared with TES.

Series Notation Pre-treatment % of fine aggregate Aggregate Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
method of TES substituted with TES to cement ratio

Series A A-00 A 0 12 1 7.8 4.2

A-10 10
A-20 20
A-30 30
Series B B-00 B 0 10 1 6.5 3.5
B-05 5
B-10 10
B-15 15
Series C C-10S C 10 6 1 3.9 2.1
C-10T 10 10 1 6.5 3.5
Series D D-00 D 0 6 1 3.9 2.1
D-10 10
D-15 15
D-20 20

compressive strength was reduced by almost 80% while the 28-day
compressive strength was reduced by 70%, compared to the refer-
ence samples (A-00). Further increase in TES dosage in the concrete
blocks had little impact on the compressive strength. However,
except the reference sample, the 7-day compressive strength of the
samples in Series A did not meet the minimum requirement of
7 MPa according to BS 6073-1.
When 5% of fine aggregate was replaced by TES, the B-05 sam-
ples attained a satisfactory compressive strength value after 7 days
moist curing, which was considerably higher than 7 MPa. Never-
theless, even after 28-day curing, the compressive strength of B-10
and B-15 samples was still around 4.4 MPa.
Both two mixes in Series C were prepared with 10% fine
aggregate substituted with TES, but with different aggregate to
cement ratios. Apparently, the compressive strength value for
concrete blocks (Ce10S) after 7-day and 28-day curing was
acceptable once an aggregate to cement ratio of 6 was adopted.

Table 4
Properties of concrete blocks prepared with TES.

Series Notation Compressive strength, MPa 14-day Drying

shrinkage value, %
7-day 28-day

Series A A-00 23.6 ± 1.0 25.6 ± 1.0 0.0451 ± 0.0021

A-10 5.1 ± 0.5 8.4 ± 0.3 0.0705 ± 0.0013
A-20 3.1 ± 0.1 4.8 ± 0.3 0.0926 ± 0.0040
A-30 2.9 ± 0.2 4.3 ± 0.3 0.1142 ± 0.0031
Series B B-00 27.6 ± 1.3 34.2 ± 1.3 0.0604 ± 0.0012
B-05 19.1 ± 0.5 23.4 ± 0.2 0.0688 ± 0.0023
B-10 2.7 ± 0.2 4.5 ± 0.1 0.0677 ± 0.0038
B-15 2.3 ± 0.2 4.4 ± 0.3 0.0789 ± 0.0027
Series C C-10S 22.8 ± 1.3 35.6 ± 2.5 0.0495 ± 0.0020
C-10T 6.3 ± 2.1 16.9 ± 0.8 0.0589 ± 0.0013
Series D D-00 e 52.1 ± 0.2 e
D-10 30.3 ± 1.1 43.3 ± 0.7 0.0477 ± 0.0020
D-15 5.9 ± 0.3 28.7 ± 0.8 e
D-20 2.9 ± 0.3 23.3 ± 1.1 e
Fig. 4. Fabrication of concrete blocks in lab.
178 B.J. Zhan, C.S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 101 (2015) 174e179

Fig. 5. Comparison of drying shrinkage value of concrete blocks from different series.

While 7-day compressive strength of concrete blocks with an

aggregate to cement ratio of 10 (C-10T) failed to meet the minimum
requirement of 7 MPa. Fig. 6. Strength loss (f) against sludge content in concrete blocks.

For the concrete blocks in Series D, only the 7-day compressive

strength for concrete blocks prepared with 10% fine aggregate
replaced with pretreated TES was higher than the minimum of
7 MPa. However, after 28 days curing age, the compressive strength
far exceeded 7 MPa even 20% fine aggregate was replaced with TES.
3.2. Drying shrinkage
Adoption of concrete blocks with smaller drying shrinkage can
lead to a reduction in probability of developments of drying-
shrinkage cracks of masonry walls. The 14-day drying shrinkage
values for all the samples are listed in Table 4. Apparently, partial
replacement of fine aggregate with pretreated TES resulted in a
significant increase in 14-day drying shrinkage of the concrete
blocks. For the blocks in Series A and B, the 14-day drying shrinkage
values of all the samples were beyond the maximum allowable
values of 0.060%, as prescribed in BS 6073. The drying shrinkage
value even reached 0.1142% when 30% of fine aggregate in concrete
blocks (A-30) were replaced with TES. As shown in Fig. 5, a com-
parison of drying shrinkage value was made between the concrete
blocks containing TES with different pretreating methods. It was
important to note that, regardless of the aggregate to cement ratio,
there is no discoverable connections between the drying shrinkage
and TES content of concrete blocks. However, the drying shrinkage
values for the samples in Series C and D-10 were still acceptable.
selected as the optimum mix based on the testing results of me-
chanical property and volume stability. Two batches of fractured
particles were collected from specimen D-10 and 3 measurements
were made for each batch. The results are listed in Table 5. Compared
with the maximum allowable values given by US EPA, none of them
exceeded the limits, even the most abundant elements (Cu, Pb, Zn)
presented in the as received TES. Therefore, the toxic trace metals
present in textile effluent sludge could be stabilized/solidified and
metal leaching from the concrete blocks is not a concern.
3.4. Discussion
According to the results tabulated in Table 4, it can be easily
noticed that the compressive strength of concrete blocks (Series A,
B and D) was reduced with the increase in replacement ratio of fine
aggregate with the pretreated TES. However, given the use of
different aggregate to cement ratios for samples in Series A, B and
D, it is inappropriate to compare the compressive strength of
concrete blocks directly. In order to give a quantitative measure of
the effect of pretreatment of TES on the mechanical property of the
concrete block, a strength loss factor (f) is defined as:
f ¼ ð1  sr =sÞ  100% (1)

3.3. Metal leaching Where, sr is 28-day compressive strength of concrete blocks pre-
pared with the pretreated TES, while s is 28-day compressive
Taking into account of maximizing the TES utilization in concrete strength of concrete blocks without TES (ref). Thus, f ranges from 0 to
blocks and easy operation of TES pretreatment, the sample D-10 was 100% as sr is always smaller than s for the samples in the same series.

Table 5
TCLP results of concrete blocks containing TES.

Elements Limits (mg/L) Batch 1 Batch 2

a
Mean value, mg/L RSD, % Mean value, mg/L RSD, %

Ag 5.0 0.01 2.5 0.01 1.8

As 5.0 <0.1 e <0.1 e
Ba 100.0 0.31 1.0 0.32 1.0
Cd 1.0 <0.01 e <0.01 e
Cr 5.0 0.02 4.0 0.01 1.3
Cu 1.0 0.11 8.1 0.10 1.2
Hg 0.2 <0.1 e <0.1 e
Ni 1.0 0.03 5.0 0.03 1.1
Pb 5.0 <0.1 e <0.1 e
Se 1.0 0.07 23.7 <0.05 e
Zn 5.0 0.01 0.3 0.01 0.7
a
RSD e Relative standard deviation.
 B.J. Zhan, C.S. Poon / Journal of Cleaner Production 101 (2015) 174e179
Fig. 7. NH4eN concentration in sludge pretreated with different methods.
Fig. 8. Comparison of compressive strength of concrete blocks containing TES pre-
treated with different methods.
Fig. 6 plots the variation of (f) vs. the mass percentages of the
pretreated TES in the concrete blocks from Series A, B and D. It can
be seen that samples in Series D had the lowest strength loss.
Combining the results of NH4eN concentration in the pretreated
sludge in Fig. 7, it can be inferred that the NH4eN in the TES might
have weakened the mechanical properties of the concrete blocks.
A previous study (Kim et al., 2007) indicated that use of fly ash with
high levels of ammonia could dramatically lower the compressive
strength of cement mortar and concrete. Furthermore, due to the
presence of ammonia, the setting time of the cement mortar was
delayed when the amount of ammonia contaminated fly ash was
increased. Microscopic analysis also showed that the presence of
ammonia in the fresh concrete mixture suppressed the formation
of calcium silicate hydrates and ettringite, both of which are
important cement hydration products. The NH4eN concentration
of TES pretreated with method A, B, C and D decreased gradually
(Fig. 7) and as a result, the loss of compressive strength of the
concrete blocks with lower NH4eN concentrations were lower, as
shown in Fig. 8 (sr(B-10)< sr(C-10T), sr(Ce10S)< sr(D-10)). The sludge
pretreated with method D had the lowest NH4eN concentration,
making the concrete blocks in Series D achieved the lowest
strength loss.
179
4. Conclusion
Based on the results and discussion presented above, it can be
concluded that it is feasible to reuse the textile effluent sludge for
producing non-load bearing concrete blocks with acceptable
compressive strength and volume stability when appropriate pre-
treatment processes are used. It is a fact that the compressive
strength of the concrete blocks decreased significantly with the
increase of TES content. The experimental results indicated that the
ammonia level in TES was the main cause of the weakening effects.
The lime pretreatment process proposed in this study can
dramatically lower the NH4eN concentrations and improve the
properties of the blocks. The toxic trace metals present in textile
effluent sludge can be stabilized well by cement hydration
products.
References
Balasubramanian, J., Sabumon, P.C., Lazar, J.U., Ilangovan, R., 2006. Reuse of textile
effluent treatment plant sludge in building materials. Waste Manag. 1, 22e28.
Batchelor, B., 2006. Overview of waste stabilization with cement. Waste Manag. 7,
689e698.
BSI, 2008. BSI BS 6073e2: Precast Concrete Masonry Units e Part 2: Guide for
Specifying Precast Concrete Masonry Units.
BSI, 2009. BS EN 12390e3: Testing Hardened Concrete Part 3: Compressive Strength
of Test Specimens.
Francisco, B., Pedro, G., Jordi, P., Jose , M.S., 2014. Portland cement systems with
addition of sewage sludge ash. Application in concretes for the manufacture of
blocks. J. Clean. Prod. 82, 112e124.
Gencel, O., Ozel, C., Koksal, F., Erdogmus, E., Martínez-Barrera, G., Brostow, W., 2012.
Properties of concrete paving blocks made with waste marble. J. Clean. Prod. 1,
62e70.
Gencel, O., Sutcu, M., Erdogmus, E., Koc, V., Cay, V.V., Gok, M.S., 2013. Properties of
bricks with waste ferrochromium slag and zeolite. J. Clean. Prod. 0, 111e119.
Hach Company, 2003. Method 8155, Salicylate Method (Ammonia).
Hema, P., Suneel, P., 2009. Exploring the reuse potential of chemical sludge from
textile wastewater treatment plants in India-A hazardous waste. Am. J. Environ.
Sci. 1, 106e110.
Herek, L.C.S., Hori, C.E., Reis, M.H.M., Mora, N.D., Tavares, C.R.G., Bergamasco, R.,
2012. Characterization of ceramic bricks incorporated with textile laundry
sludge. Ceram. Int. 2, 951e959.
Ingunza, M.D., Duarte, A.L., Nascimento, R.M., 2011. Use of sewage sludge as raw
material in the manufacture of soft-mud bricks. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 6, 852e856.
Karamalidis, A.K., Voudrias, E.A., 2007. Cement-based stabilization/solidification of
oil refinery sludge: leaching behavior of alkanes and PAHs. J. Hazard. Mater.
1e2, 122e135.
Karthikeyan, J., Mohan, S.V., 1999. Color Pollution Control in Textile Industry Ef-
fluents: a Review Advances in Industrial Pollution Control. Techno Science
Publications, Karad.
Khatri, A., Peerzada, M.H., Mohsin, M., White, M., 2014. A review on developments
in dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes for reducing effluent pollution.
J. Clean. Prod. 87, 50e57.
Kim, J.K., Cho, S.D., Lee, H.D., Kim, S.C., 2007. Effect of ammonia concentration on the
utilization of ACFA (Ammonia contaminated fly ash) as an additive in mortar
and concrete mixture. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 6, 932e938.
Ling, T., Poon, C., 2014. Use of recycled CRT funnel glass as fine aggregate in dry-
mixed concrete paving blocks. J. Clean. Prod. 68, 209e215.
Noorjahan, C.M., 2011. Physicochemical characterization of untreated textile
effluent and its effects on biochemical constituents of fresh water fish, Tilapia
Mossambica. India Streams Res. J. V, 1e11.
Pandey, S., Pate, H.L., Johri, R., 2011. Global Risk-based Management of Chemical
Additives I: Production, Usage and Environmental Occurrence, in: the Hand-
book of Environmental Chemistry. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, Germany,
pp. 183e206.
Paul, S.A., Chavan, S.K., Khambe, S., 2012. Studies on characterization of textile in-
dustrial waste water in Solapur City. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2, 635e642.
Raghunathan, T., Gopalsamy, P., Elangovan, R., 2010. Study on strength of concrete
with ETP sludge from dyeing industry. Int. J. Civ. Struct. Eng. 3, 379e389.
Rala, A., Kalla, P., Csetenyi, L.J., 2015. Sustainable use of marble slurry in concrete.
J. Clean. Prod. 94, 304e311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.053.
Tay, J.H., 1987. Bricks manufactured from sludge. J. Environ. Eng. 2, 278e284.
U.S. EPA, 1990. Test Method 1311: Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure.
Xu, W., Xu, J., Liu, J., Li, H., Cao, B., Huang, X., Li, G., 2015. The utilization of lime-dried
sludge as resource for producing cement. J. Clean. Prod. 83, 286e293.