MIMO WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

G BALABHASKARRAO

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KARNATAKA

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Contents

1. Introduction
2. Block diagram
3. Model for MIMO
4. Single user vs Multi user MIMO
5. Spatial diversity
6. Spatial Multiplexing
7. Advantages of MIMO
8. Disadvantages of MIMO
9. Conclusion

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Introduction

· Multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) technology has

been widely studied during the last two decades and applied
to many wireless standards since it can significantly improve
the capacity and reliability of wireless systems.
· MIMO has become an essential element of wireless
communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi),
IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX (4G), and
Long Term Evolution (4G LTE).

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Block Diagram

Fig 1. Simple block diagram of MIMO system.

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Model for MIMO

ȳ = H x̄ + n̄ (1)

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Special cases of MIMO

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Single-user MIMO (SU MIMO)

· IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi) supported single user MIMO.

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Multi-user MIMO (MU MIMO)

· IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi) will support Multi user MIMO.

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MIMO focuses on :

· Spatial diversity – combating fading effects by creating

spatial diversity through the use of baseband space-time
coding techniques.
· Spatial multiplexing – using spatial multiplexing techniques
to exploit multipath in order to achieve higher data rates than
are possible with conventional systems having the same
bandwidth.

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Effect of fading on wireless channel

Fig . Performance of binary signaling on a Rayleigh fading 10

Continued...

· Reducing the impact of fading through diversity, therefore,

involves two steps:
a) Creating independent replicas of the signal; and
b) Combining the replicas.
· There are various ways to generate replicas of a signal for
diversity purposes.One such type of diversity is called Spatial
diversity.
· There are various ways to combine the replicas at the
receiver.The most common type of combining scheme, is
called Maximal ratio combining (MRC).

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Spatial diversity

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Transmit diversity

Fig . Architecture of a communication system with transmit

diversity.

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Space-time Coding

· Space time codes may be split into two main types:

a) Space–time block codes (STBCs)
b) Space–time trellis codes (STTCs)
· Space–time block coding (STBC) is a technique used in
wireless communications to transmit multiple copies of a data
stream across a number of antennas and to exploit the various
received versions of the data to improve the reliability of data
transfer.
· Simplest STBC is Alamouti’s code.With which we can
achieve Transmit diversity.
· STBCs offer only diversity gain (compared to single-antenna
schemes) and not coding gain.
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Space-time Coding

· Space–time trellis codes (STTCs) distribute a trellis code

over multiple antennas and multiple time-slots and provide
both coding gain and diversity gain.
· Now at the receiver we combine the all replicas of the signal
by using Maximal ratio combining Technique.
· Using MRC technique we can maximize the SNR at the
receiver.

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Maximal Ratio Combining

Fig . Performance of binary signals in Rayleigh fading with

maximal ratio receive combining for three different diversity order 16
Spatial Multiplexing

Fig . Generic diagram of a MIMO communication system that

uses spatial multiplexing.

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Spatial Multiplexing

· Spatial multiplexing (SM) refers to transmitting multiple data

streams over a multipath channel by exploiting multipath.
· Purpose of precoder is to map the multiple input streams of
data that are to be transmitted onto the set of transmit
antennas.

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Spatial Multiplexing

· Spatial multiplexing is achieved using a concept called layered

space-time (LST) coding, of which there is a variety of
examples.Types of LST codes include the following specific
schemes:
· 1. Bell Laboratory layered space-time (BLAST) family of
techniques :
a.Vertical BLAST (V-BLAST);
b.Horizontal BLAST (H-BLAST);
c.Diagonal BLAST (D-BLAST);
· 2. Multi-group space-time coding (MGSTC);
· 3. Threaded space-time coding (TSTC).

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Spatial Multiplexing

· The type of decoding algorithm that is used is an important

consideration for LST coded SM systems. Four decoding
schemes have been analyzed extensively in MIMO literature:
· 1. Zero forcing (ZF);
· 2. Zero forcing with interference cancellation (ZF-IC);
· 3. Linear minimum mean square error estimation (LMMSE);
· 4. LMMSE with interference cancellation (LMMSE-IC).

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Advantages of MIMO

· There is lower susceptibility of tapping by unauthorized

persons due to multiple antennas and algorithms.
· The systems with MIMO offers high QoS (Quality of Service)
with increased spectral efficiency and data rates.
· The wide coverage supported by MIMO system helps in
supporting large number of subscribers per cell.

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Disadvantages of MIMO

· MIMO based systems cost higher compare to single antenna

based system due to increased hardware and advanced
software requirements.
· The hardware resources increase power requirements. Battery
gets drain faster due to processing of complex and
computationally intensive signal processing algorithms. This
reduces battery lifetime of MIMO based devices.

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Conclusion

· Multi-user massive-MIMO combined with OFDM gives

tremendous results regarding throughput.
· Other emerging technologies like, cognitive radio with
massiveMIMO system and millimeter wave communication
with massive-MIMO system can play a significant role in next
generation wireless communication.
· A lot of research work on a number of issues like, highly
correlated antenna systems, hardware impairments,
interference mitigation techniques, modulation and practical
implementation, is needed to ripe the benefits of the
massive-MIMO technology in future communication systems
of next generation.
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References

1. Lu Lu, Geoffrey Ye Li, A. Lee Swindlehurst, Alexei

Ashikhmin,Rui Zhang ”An Overview of Massive MIMO:
Benefits and Challenges” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in
Signal Processing (Volume: 8, Issue: 5 , Oct. 2014).
2. Introduction to MIMO Communications by Jerry R. Hampton.

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