Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

Brgy. Poblacion, Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter looks at a number of issues which are relevant to the

study undertaken. It endeavors to give literatures and studies from both

foreign and local bases that can provide the readers better insights into the

researchers’ objectives.

Related Studies

Foreign Literature

Jiaming Sun and Doimeng Cheng (2018) created a book about

China’s Generation Gap. His book uses an empirical approach to study the

generation gap in China. It covers various aspects of life from professional

and family life to political participation and belief systems, analysing and

comparing the values held by four different generations. Encompassing more

than 2000 case studies and drawing on a wealth of fieldwork interviews, in

particular it examines the experiences, thoughts and perceptions of

adolescents, young adults, the middle-aged, and the elderly. As the largest

sociological survey ever conducted regarding attitudes and value changes by

different age groups in Shanghai, it highlights how social change and

globalization have impacted on new generations, and the results indicate the

dramatic difference and supersession of social ideologies between the

generations. A unique piece of research, shedding light on a changing Chinese

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society, China’s Generation Gap will be of huge value to students and scholars

of Chinese culture and society, Chinese social policy, globalisation and

cultural studies.

Goran Bolin (2018) wrotes in his magazine article suggested a model

for analysing social change through an analysis of how generational identity

as “we-sense” is produced in narratives about media use. The empirical basis

for the discussion is picked from a recently finished project on media

generations in Sweden and Estonia, building on foremost qualitative material.

The article concludes with accounting for the merits of using a generational

perspective for analysing social change.

Harsh Taneja, Angela Xiao Wu (2018 create a journal in USA about

the Generational Gap in online news. Their study investigates the role of

infrastructures in shaping online news usage by contrasting use patterns of two

social groups—millennials and boomers—that are specifically located in news

infrastructures. Typically based on self-reported data, popular press and

academics tend to highlight the generational gap in news usage and link it to

divergence in values and preferences of the two age cohorts. In contrast, we

conduct relational analyses of shared usage obtained from passively metered

usage data across a vast range of online news outlets for millennials and

boomers. We compare each cohort’s usage networks comprising various types

of news websites. Our analyses reveal a smaller than commonly assumed

generational gap in online news usage, with characteristics that manifest the

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multifarious effects of the infrastructures of the media environment, alongside

those of preferences.

Rika Swanzen (2018) writes an article in a magazine of International

Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies entitled FACING THE

GENERATION CHASM: THE PARENTING AND TEACHING OF

GENERATIONS Y AND Z. He said that the Millennials, or Generation Y

have been receiving increasing attention as these young people have entered

tertiary institutions and the workplace over the past decade. Their behavior

towards authority is coming under sharper scrutiny as they prepare to move

into leadership positions. For example, their assertiveness received both

positive and negative attention in the South African media during the “fees

must fall” campaign. While parents, caregivers, teachers, and employers

wonder about the best approach to Millennials, Generation Z are also entering

post-secondary schools. Parenting approaches and the role of technology are

being reevaluated. Within this context the article provides strategies that might

be used to understand and guide these generations, thus helping avoid a

generation gap that would threaten healthy relationships with our youth. After

highlighting the differences between the attributes of these generations of

young people and the generations who raised them, concepts such as character

qualities, digital nativeness, and global civic engagement will receive

attention. The convergence of such concepts will be used to recommend

strategies for use in the parenting and teaching of Generations Y and Z.

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Jing Ma (2019) in his article on Atlantis Press Magazine entitled

The Innovation Management and Development of Young Teachers in

Higher Vocational Colleges under the Internet. He said that with the

vigorous development of higher vocational education cause in our country, the

recruiting scale of higher vocational colleges expands, and the teaching staff

become the imporment role in vocational colleges. This paper takes the young

teachers of authors' colleges in recent years as the research object, and

understands the appeals and career development of young teachers through

interviews and survey, which enables colleges and universities to value and

take effective measures to form a mechanism and atmosphere conducive to the

development of young teachers. The effective ways to solve the management

and development of young teachers in vocational colleage are establish on-

line and offline platforms, broaden the channels of democratic participation of

young teachers and reduce the pressure of life.

Foreign Study

Sarah Gardiner and Ana Kwek (2016) in their Research entitled A

Study of Generation Y International Students’ Perceptions. Their study

explores Chinese Generation Y’s perceptions of adventure tourism

experiences and their reasoning in deciding to participate. Focus group

interviews reveal that Chinese youths have a unique generational sociocultural

perception of participation in adventure activities. Much like their Western

counterparts, members of China’s Generation Y want to experience the

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freedom of international travel that enables self-development and maturity, but

they also have a strong sense of familial obligation and distinctive cultural

beliefs that underpin their consumer decision making. Safety concerns of both

the young people and their parents, along with self-efficacy beliefs regarding

their physical ability to participate in the experience, can also reduce their

likelihood of participation in adventure activities that they consider to be too

risky or physically challenging. The study emphasizes that the design and

marketing of adventure experiences must consider the unique Chinese

generational psychology of this cohort and has implications for practice and

future research.

Jiang, Lin (2016) in her thesis entitled Internal organizational

communication in a crisis context: The influence of generation gap. She

said that nowadays crisis management is a major topic for all organizations.

Both external and internal communication can play critical roles in coping

with organizational crisis. Compared to external communication, there is a

lack of consideration toward internal communication in both theoretical and

practical field.With the increasing number of Generation Y members within

organizations, the coexistence of many generations within companies can have

influences on internal crisis communication because of their different

characteristics, living backgrounds, and experiences.The purpose her thesis is

to explore what is the influence of the generation gap on the internal

organizational communication during a crisis context. The analytical approach

has been used to conduct our study. She used an online questionnaire to gather

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the opinions from 162 respondents from different generations and countries.

By exploring theoretical framework and by analysing the data, she found that

both "old" generations and Generation Y, agree that internal communication is

important for dealing with crises, because it can unite the members and

improve the trust. By building good relationships with employees and

managers, encouraging employees to take more initiatives, and by providing

enough information, the effectiveness and efficiency of internal crisis

communication can be promoted.Another result of her research is that the

generation gap exists within organizations, and both Generation Y and "old"

generations think that this gap can affect the internal crisis communication.

The influence of the generation gap on the internal crisis communication can

be reflected in some aspects including: the communication way,

communication tool preference, and values. However, the generation gap can

also bring opportunities concerning the internal crisis communication.

Mohamed Buheji (2019) He made a research about Alleviation of

Generation Gap Through Socio-Economic Issues Involvement. He found

out that generation gap has been an issue that is rising in many communities.

His research investigates the challenges of „generation gap‟ and propose a

model for closing it. The synthesis of the literature review defines the types of

generationgaps and the factors that increase this gap. The contemporary

practices and measures used to close this intergeneration gap are identified.

Two main approaches are retrieved as a reflection from the literature

reviewed: mindset approach and socio-economic engagement approach. it.

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The researcher presents a case study that proposes a theoretical framework

about connecting the different generations and engaging them through solving

socio-economic issues of common interest. The paper recommends further

studies in this line where different generations would be engaged more to

share knowledge and values and mitigate risks of further gap widening, while

solving their socio-economic problems.

Brock, Shaun (2018) conducted a research about Closing the

Generation Gap. The object of his study was to investigate the differences

between generations, specifically the differences that arose as a resolute of the

environment in which different generations were raised, both technologically

and culturally. His research found that each generation grew up under vastly

different circumstances and, as a result of this, their values, motivators and

influences are also vastly different. These differences begin as they progressed

through Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and as they move from one

psychosocial crisis to the next. Additionally, his study showed that each

generation was at a different developmental stage in their lives, and, as a

result, they placed value on different things. Each generation values what they

do, this is the commonality that they must focus on. This focus can result in

mentorship opportunities between all generations to further develop

themselves as a society.

Rebekka Anna Rohe (2017) conducted a research entitled

“Explaining the ‘Generation Gap’: The Influence of Core Political Values on

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Conflict Resolution Strategies between Adolescents and Their Parents. Her

thesis aims at connecting the core political values of adolescents and their

parents - their specific attitudes and evaluations regarding politics – to their

conflict resolution strategies. This is done to check for the existence of a

‘generation gap’ and to find possible reasons for intergenerational differences.

Hence, the thesis deals with the question: “Do core political values of

adolescents and their parents influence conflict resolution strategies of both

conflict parties and is there a ‘generation gap’”? Following the results, there is

a clear transmission of values and behavior within families. Nevertheless,

compared to adolescents, parents show tendencies of ‘conservation’ and

‘uncooperativeness’ underlining the hypothesis of a ‘generation gap’.

Moreover, ‘self–transcendence’ leads to higher levels of ‘cooperativeness’,

while ‘uncooperativeness’ is not influenced by any core political value. Hence,

this thesis contributes to knowledge regarding the influences on conflict

behavior and the ‘generation gap’.

Local Literature

Peggy S. Lisenbee (2016) in her journal entitled “Generation Gap

Between Students’ Needs and Teachers” Use of Technology in Classrooms

she said that In the 21st century, technology is a pervasive presence in the

classroom. Unintended consequences of a technologically rich classroom

learning environment emerge due to the dichotomy between 21st-century

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learners’ and teachers’ perceptions of the need to use technology. Several

factors affecting the generation gap between teachers and students in

classrooms are shared such as characteristics of 21st-century learners,

teacher's perceptions of technology, student's ability to use technology

independently, teacher training and the need to reshape pedagogy based on

national education standards focused on technology use. The EMSCI Model

provides teachers with a process to teach students how to use technology

independently and suggests a pedagogical paradigm shift towards

constructivist teaching to offset the generation gap.

Eugene S. Bacasmas (2018) on his Editorial column at Philstar Global

entitled “Teacher Gap” she found out Tuition in public learning institutions

is now free all the way to the tertiary level. While there are many other

expenses aside from tuition in seeing a child through college, the amount

shouldered by the government is still significant. Free, however, must not

mean substandard. National competitiveness hinges on the quality of

education imparted especially in public schools where the bulk of the student

population is enrolled. And she said that the quality of education depends on

the capabilities of the teachers. In the past decades, the country saw an exodus

of teachers for better paying jobs overseas. The loss was reflected in the

decline in the performance of Filipino students in international academic

competitions as well as in the deterioration in English proficiency of the

average Filipino, among other indicators.

Efforts have been made to correct these problems, in terms of additional

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funding and other resources as well as intensified training for educators. More

teachers have been hired and education officials stress that there is no more

teacher shortage.

Better compensation has made a career in education attractive again. Students

are looking up to their teachers as role models, and the country joins the

international community in celebrating World teacher’s day. “The right to

education means the right to a qualified teacher” is the theme of this year’s

celebration. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization estimates that the world still needs 69 million new teachers for

264 million children and youth who are out of school. And the children need

not just any teacher, but qualified teachers. Despite significant improvements,

the teacher gap remains and still waits to be filled.

Nikki Natividad (2016) she said on her blog that the The millennials –

also known as Generation Y, the YOLO generation, or those born between

1981 and 2000 – are taking over. By 2025, millennials are estimated to

account for 72% of the global workforce. This means that the attitudes and

traits of these self-involved, selfie-taking individuals are what will be shaping

various industries, both as workers and consumers. That’s why so much

extensive research is being done to get a better picture of them. So far, much

of the research that's been done have generalized this generation. Studies tend

to summarize insights from millennials in developing and developed

countries, where circumstances greatly vary. She also said that in order to

paint a clearer picture of Filipino millennials, McCann Truth Central, McCann

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Worldgroup’s global thought leadership unit, conducted an original study for

2016 dubbed The Truth About The Youth Philippines. This is part of a larger

study that consists of findings from 33,000 interviews across 18 countries

including the US, Germany, Japan, and the Philippines. As it turns out, there

are certain things the Filipino youth do or care about more than their

millennial counterparts in other countries. On adulthood, thanks to multi-

generational homes and a highly collectivist culture, Filipinos are more

closely knit to their family, 83% of Filipino youth are still heavily reliant on

their parents for advice, as compared to 73% globally. However, Filipino

youth believe that 30 is the age at which it stops being socially acceptable to

live with parents – 2 years younger than the global average of 32. Filipino

millennials are more active on social media, and are more easily influenced by

it compared to their peers. Filipino youth also feel strongly compelled to make

an impact on other people's lives, 96% feel that we all have a responsibility to

make a positive contribution to the community we live in – higher than the

global average (89%), 26% of Filipino youth want to be remembered as a

person who has changed the world. It’s interesting to see the little

discrepancies that set the Filipino millennial generation apart from their peers.

It begs to ask: how else are we different, and how are these differences

relevant for our country's future?

Jastine Valeriano (2016) writes a blog about Millenials in the

Philippines, Who they are and what they do. She said Millennials in the

Philippines are described as those who are social media-dependent and also,

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the “selfie” generation. Many things describe what a millennial is. According

to The Week, millennials are usually spendthrifts. Millennials in the

Philippines are known to usually spend for luxury goods which leave their

bank accounts shaken—the reason why they are also described as “broke.”

Millennials are also described as narcissist, making them known as the “Me,

Me, Me Generation.” However, there are also good attitudes which millennials

possess: being politically and socially-engaged. Compared to other

generations, millennials have their say about issues and are more involved

with politics. When it comes to entertainment, millennials in the Philippines

are usually seen spending time online, watching YouTube videos. Millennials

usually have the latest apps, watch the latest TV series, and are into the latest

hits. According to a Philippine Star article, millennials in the Philippines do

not usually read newspapers. Instead, they have Google for information or

Waze for road directions. Another set of description that best fits millennials

are: upbeat, lazy, narcissistic, materialistic, self-expressive, fun-loving and

liberal. They also have a short attention span. But if you talk to them about the

things that interest them (e.g. tattoos, trivia, gaming, movies and the likes),

they’re really one to talk. Aside from the age difference, millennials have their

own personalities. According to Time, millennials have a mantra of

“Challenge convention.” This means that millennials seek to find better ways

of doing things. When millennials were babies, technology was already

available. According to millennialmarketing.com, 56% of millennials are

usually the ones to try new technology, making them a target of many

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businesses for their products. A whopping 75% of them want to travel abroad

yet again making them a target for travel-related goods. They’re also known to

be career-shifters, jumping from one field to another, seeing making career as

“self-discovery.” According to Mr. Jos Ortega of Havas Media Ortega,

millennials are characterized in different identities. “Who they are on

Facebook may not necessarily be who they are in real life, on Instagram, or on

Twitter,” said Ortega. Diversity is what makes a millennial and they have

different versions of themselves depending on what they want to show the

world.

Evelyn B. Aguirre (2018) in her Journal Entitled Lived Stories of Mid-

Career Teachers: Their Struggles with Millennial Learners in the

Philippines she said that Mid-career teachers’ struggles in teaching the

millennials emanate from within themselves, from technology driven learning

styles and strategies of the millennials and from deficient technology systems

provided for as well as large millennial classes operated in the university.

Ways to cope by mid-career teachers in teaching millennial classes is foremost

effected by establishing friendlier relations with the learners; putting more

stringent evaluation criteria and systems on millennial class outputs into place

and storing class requirements submissions of the learners well for the future

use of mid-career teachers in the classroom. Finally, policy implications that

ought to be reckoned with to foster and promote effective millennial

classrooms shall for the most part point to a paradigm shift from teacher-

centeredness to leaner-centeredness with outcomes-based learning as ultimate

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goal in teaching inside the millennial classrooms. This in effect would entail

the mid-career teachers undergoing capacitybuilding programs along

technology based computer assisted instruction to suit the technology savvy

learning styles and strategies of millennial learners. Foremost, the building

and establishment of efficient and effective technology system and technology

infrastructure should be at the forefront relative to priorities of colleges and

universities in this day and age of the millennial learners inside millennial

classrooms in the Philippines and some parts of Asia.

Local study

John Paul O. Dela Rosa (2018) Guided or misguided?: Teachers’

evaluation of an English curriculum guide in the Philippines .the evaluation of his

research is about the curriculum and all other aspects related to it, including

the use of materials for both teachers and learners, is meant to refine

educational programs and later use the results as inputs toward improved

teaching and learning. His research reports on a textual evaluation of the

existing curriculum guide in 10th grade English under the newly implemented

K to 12 Basic Education Program in the Philippines.A total of 30 Grade 10

English teachers from selected public secondary schools inTarlac Province,

the Philippines evaluated the content of the curriculum materialusing the

criteria set by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE)

intendedfor English Language Arts (ELA) curriculum guides. The evaluation

revealed thatthe material generally suffices the criteria needed for a language

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curriculum guide.However, it was found that the reading content of the

curriculum guide hardlymeets the criteria for the ELA reading component and

that the design of the materialneeds more clarity in relation to the language

used and to its overall presentationor format. Other problems identified

include overlapping, repetitive, and too many objectives for each language

strand that do not match the time allotted in teachingEnglish 10 in the

Philippines. Inadequacy on the content in terms of developinglearners’

multilingual, multiliteracies (specifically media literacy), multi cultural,and

grammar skills were also perceived as problems by the teachers. The

studyfinally underscores the importance of involving classroom teachers in the

processesof creating, selecting, and evaluating curriculum materials, which are

considered asintegral phases in the language-curriculum-development .

Brian Saludes Bantugan (2018) His research is is built upon an

attempt to answer the question: “What can be done to facilitate social

integration between the elderly of Bagac, Bataan and the communication

students of St. Paul University Manila?” The research was designed as a

qualitative inquiry that involved an outreach activity by 24 dominantly female

students of Development Communication to the senior citizens of Bagac,

Bataan (Philippines) and a reflection period involving the students. The

students were tasked to pay special attention to the digital engagements and/or

disengagements of the elderly to allow them to learn more about the

difficulties and potential of using social media in development-related projects

involving senior citizens. The actual two-hour encounter involved

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socialization between the elderly and the students. The students, prior to the

encounter, were tasked to generate the funds, use them to acquire and prepare

the gifts, develop the program during the actual encounter based on research-

based guidelines, and photo document the entire activity. They were given

guide questions for reflections a week after. The reflections were thematically

analyzed and revealed that in order to facilitate greater social integration

between the elderly and the communication students. The university should

address the health and digital aversion issues that intensify the sense of

isolation of the elderly experience daily.

Pammi Gauba (2018) her research entitled Generation Gap: An

Emerging Issue of Society. She said that Generation gap is a serious problem

observed in youth and their elder generations due to various factors. It is

observed that it is more between children and parents, the gap however is

expected to be wider in case of grandparents and grandchildren. This conflict

when gets severe, associates with serious adolescent problematic behavior. In

this paper we collected information from the survey of approximately 200

people and came across with the well summarized statistical analysis which

clearly showed that there were some issues between different generations due

to many reasons like lack of communication, different perspectives, cultural

variables and effect of technology. By the analysis of the data we came to the

conclusion that both the generations agreed that they were both facing some

difficulty in understanding each other. It could be stated by the outcomes of

the survey that this bridge can easily be built upon by discussion, spending

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time with each other, understanding each other and through proper

communication. She also generated a Facebook page “Genchat” to help the

people facing problems related with generation gap, by building a common

platform for every generation to come forward and express their views on

various aspects.

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May Anne Joy Romanes (2018) Differences among Generational

Groups of explores the differences in the 21st century teaching and

learning skills practices among generational groups of teachers in a

public school district in the Philippines. She conducted a research to find if

there is any significant difference in the perceptions between and among

generational groups of teachers in terms of their overall application of 21st

century teaching and learning skills. Included in this study are eight key

components commonly referred to by experts and Teachers in a Public School

District in Their Practice of 21st Century Teaching-Learning Skills. Her thesis

practitioners in the field, namely: critical thinking, collaboration,

communication, creativity and innovation, self-direction, global connections,

local connections, and the use of technology.

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Erka Inciong (2019) On Gen Zers and bridging generation gap in

the workplace as Teachers. According to her study A shift in workplace

dynamics is underway as more and more members of Generation Z enter the

workforce. These youngsters, born roughly between the late 1990s and the

early 2010s, have values and attitudes that can be vastly different from and

surprisingly similar to those of the cohorts that came before them — the

millennials, Gen Xers, and baby boomers. Htudy also discovered their

emerging mindset. Gen Zers have a mature, hyper-empowered mindset,

enjoying life responsibly and preferring experience to material possessions.

They’re champions of change, who believe they have the power to shape the

future. They filter what they see and believe. They pursue purpose and

meaning, and value authenticity.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

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This chapter contains the methodology used in conducting this study,

including research design, a description of the sample, the instrument used,

data collection, methods and strategies, and finally techniques for the

quantitative analysis of the collected data.

Research Design

This study determined the teacher's generations in relation to student

engagement towards propose enhance teaching learning aids for teachers

officially employed at Bayanan Elementary School Unit-1, Academic Year

2019-2020. The descriptive correlation method used in this study. The

descriptive correlation method defined as involving the collection of data to

test hypothesis to answer question according to current state of the study.

Since the study is concerned with the teacher's generations in relation to

student engagement at Bayanan Elementary School Unit-1, Academic Year

2019-2020, the descriptive method is the most appropriate to use in gathering

data. The researchers made the survey questionnaire consisting of three Parts:

The Personal Information, including the, age, gender, and grade level in

Bayanan Elementary School Unit-1.

Respondents of the study

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The respondents of the study were the teachers of Bayanan Elementary

School Unit-1 officilally employed at the Academic Year 2019-2020. The

researchers chose the teachers as the respondents because of their major

concerns.

Sampling Technique

The Purposive Sampling technique was used to determine who among

the respondents qualifies as subject of the study. The Purposive Sampling, also

referred to as judgement, selective or subjective sampling is a non-propability.

Sampling Method that is characterized by a deliberate effort to gain

representative samples by including groups or typical areas in a sample.

The researchers gave questionnaire to the respondents for

participation. The researchers choose both teachers and pupils as respondents

of their study. The process continued until the research was completed by the

respondents. A letter was sent to each respondent stating the purpose of the

research and completed the survey within the timeframe.

The Research Instrument

In conducting the study, the researchers utilized a self-made

questionnaire, with survey questions as the major source in gathering primary

data in answering the entire question stated one the statement of the problem.

To assess the response of the respondents, the researchers utilized a four-point

rating scale with 4 as the highest and one of the lowest. A four point like scale

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was used to determine the response for each performance indicator to be

measured.

4 - Strongly Agree

3 – Agree

2 – Disagree

1 – Strongly disagree

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers began by seeking the permission of the Administrators

of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (Dean) to undertake a study

regarding the Teacher's Generations in Relation to Student Engagement

towards Propose Enhance Teaching Learning Aids for Teachers in Bayanan

Elementary School Unit-1 at the College of Teacher Education, Academic

Year 2019-2020. The letter also indicated the needed documents for the study

as well as the details in administering the questionnaires to the target

respondents. Once the letter was signed, the researchers prepared copies of the

survey questionnaire. After the preparation, the researchers personally

requested the participants to accomplish the approved questionnaire. The

researchers explained the purpose of the study and it’s implication to College

of Teacher Education especially to the students. The target respondents were

given at least 30 minutes to 1 hour to answer the survey questionnaire. The

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researcher collected the accomplished questionnaire from the participating

respondents.

Gathering and tabulating of data were made after the entire

questionnaire was collected. To further correct the tabulation, the researchers

sought the statistician to interpret and analyze the result that was collected

result, and was used as basis in making conclusions and recommendations of

the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following descriptive statistics were used:

1. Percentage- was used to describe how part relates to its whole in

frequency and percentages distribution in discussing of respondents.

It is determined by the formula:

Where:

P = percentage

f = frequency of the sample data

n = total number of samples

2. Weighted Mean- was used to identify the trend of the responses of the

respondents.

Weighted Mean Formula:

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Where:

= weighted mean (WM)

x = weighted mean of each section

N = total number of the respondents

f = frequency of each section

3. Ranking- was used to present the order of importance of the data

gathered.

4. T-test – was used to compare to different set of values. It is generally

performed on a small set of data. T-test is generally applied to normal

distribution which has a small set of values. This test compares the mean of

two samples. T-test uses means and standard deviations of two samples to

make a comparison.

T-test formula:

Where:

N= is the number of respondents

t = t value

r = value of r using Pearson r

n – 2 = degree of freedom

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 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
Brgy. Poblacion, Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

5. Standard Deviation- was used to measure of how spreads out

numbers are.

Standard deviation formula:

Where:

= sigma

= is the mean value of the population

= is the summation (or total)

6. Frequency- was used to identify the number of wave cycles or

revolutions per second.

Frequency formula:

Where:

f = is the frequency of the wave

v = is the velocity or wave speed

2 = is the wavelength of the wave

7. Product Momentum Correlation Coefficient or Simply Pearson r -

one of the statistical treatments was used in comparing to the independents

samples.

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 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
Brgy. Poblacion, Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

The formula for finding the Pearson r is:

Where:

n = number of the teachers

= correlation between x and y

= summation of x

= summation of y

= summation of product of x and y

= summation of

= summation of

8. Likert’s Scale

This is a non-comparative scaling technique and is unidimensional (only

measure a single trait) in nature. Respondents were asked to indicate their

level of agreement with a given statement by the way of an ordinal scale.

Scale Numerical Rating Descriptive

Rating

4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree

2 1.76 - 2.5 Disagree

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 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
Brgy. Poblacion, Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree

9. Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation or Pearson’s r.

It is an interval/ratio measure of association indicating the existence, degree

and/or direction of relationship between variables. It symbolized as r.

Practically, r is used when data and samples treated are generally in the normal

curve.

Formula:

r= n(xy) - (x)(y)

√(n∑x - (∑x )(n∑y -∑y)

Where: r = Pearson r

∑𝑥� = Sum of the products of the paired scores

∑𝑥 = Sum of x scores

∑� = Sum of y scores

N = Number of pairs of scores

Interpretation:

0.90 – 1.0 = Perfect Positive Correlation / Perfect Negative Correlation

0.80 – 0.89 = Very High Positive Correlation / Very High Negative Correlation

0.60 – 0.79 = High Positive Correlation / High Negative Correlation

0.40 – 0.59 = Moderate Correlation / Marked Correlation

0.20 – 0.39 = Low Correlation / Substantial Correlation

0.0 – 0.19 = Slight Correlation / Negligible Correlation

E. T-Test

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 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa
Brgy. Poblacion, Lungsod ng Muntinlupa

Formula:

t= r√N-2 √ 1- r

Where: t –test for Pearson r ranking

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