Verb

English Grammar and Learning Skills
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Chapter 5
The Verb
A Verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing.
Verb comes from the Latin verbum which means a word.
e.g.
The girls were singing.

I have learnt my lesson.
The watch has been found.
Verbs are divided into three different kinds.

1. Transitive verbs
2. Intransitive verbs
3. Auxiliary verbs
Transitive verbs:
Transitive verbs is a verb that denotes an action which passes
over from the doer or subject to an object.
e.g.
The boy learnt his lesson.
Subject (S) Verb (V) Object (O)
He ate an apple.
Double Transitive:
Some verbs (e.g. give, promise, bring, buy, send, show, offer, tell,
etc) take two objects, one as a direct object and other as indirect object.
Such verbs are called Double Transitive Verbs.
e.g.
I gave him a pen.
Indirect object (IO) direct object (DO)
I bought some sweets for the child.
BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

English Composition and Comprehension rizwanrajpootpk@yahoo.com
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He bought a new car for her
(D O) (I O)
Object is the noun or pronoun that receives an action of the verb.
Intransitive verbs
An Intransitive Verb is a Verb that denotes an action
which does not pass over to an object, or which expresses a state or being.
Or
The verb that does not take an object is called Intransitive Verb.
Note: we cannot form a passive sentence from an Intransitive Verb.
e.g.
He ran a long distance. (Action)

The baby sleeps. (State)
There is a flaw in this diamond. (Being)
Most verbs can be used both as Transitive and as Intransitive verbs. It is, therefore,
better to say that a verb is used Transitively or Intransitively rather than that it is
Transitive or Intransitive.
Used Transitively Used Intransitively

1. The ants fought the wasps. 1. Some ants fight very fiercely.
2. The shot sank the ship. 2. The ship sank rapidly.
3. Ring the bell, Rama. 3. The bell rang loudly.
4. The driver stopped the train. 4. The train stopped suddenly
5. He spoke the truth. 5. He spoke haughtily.
6. The horse kicked the man. 6. This horse never kicks.
7. I feel a severe pain in my head. 7. How do you feel?
Note: Some Verbs (e.g. come, go, fall, die, sleep, lie, denote actions which
cannot be done to anything. They can, therefore, never be used Transitively.
Exercise 5.1
Name the Verbs in the following sentences, and tell in each case whether the Verb is
Transitive or Intransitive. Where the Verb is Transitive name the Object.
1. The sun shines brightly.

2. The boy cut his hand with a knife.
3. The clock stopped this morning.
4. The policeman blew his whistle.
5. The sun rises in the east.
6. An old beggar stood by the gate.
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7. The clock ticks all day long.
8. I looked down from my window.
9. Put away your books.
10. The moon rose early.
11. The cat sleeps on the rug.
12. Cocks crow in the morning.
13. Your book lies on the table.
14. The fire burns dimly.
15. Time changes all things.
16. We eat three times a day.
17. Tell the truth.
18. The birds sing in the green trees.
19. The little bird hopped about and sang.
20. My new watch does not keep good lime.
21. The beggar sat down by the side of the road.
22. I could not spare the time.
23. He took shelter under a tree.
24. The boy easily lifted the heavy weight.
25. Akram wrote a letter to his uncle.
26. A tiny bird lived under the caves.
27. I know a funny little man.
28. Birds fly in the air.
29. A light rain fell last night.
30. I shall bring my camera with me.
31. You speak too loudly.
32. The dog ran after me.
Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Stative Verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is quite static or
unchanging.
They can b divided into verbs of perception or cognition (which refer to things in the
mind), or verbs of relation ( which describe the relationships between things).
Stative Verb Type Examples

Love Perception I love Pakistan.
Hate Perception I hate Strawberry.
Contain Relation This book contains of 20 chapters.
Own Relation George owns three motor cars.
Note: we cannot use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms.

We cannot say: “I am hating Strawberry” or “George is owing three motor cars”
Dynamic Verbs:
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Dynamic Verbs use to describe activities or events which can begin and finish.
They are also called action verbs.
Dynamic Verb Type Examples

Mr. Smith plays hockey every Sunday.
Play Activity
Mr. Smith is playing hockey.
The snow melts every spring.
Melt Process
The snow is melting right now.
Some common Stative and Dynamic Verbs are given below to understand their
concept.
Stative Verbs Dynamic Verbs

Love Eat
Hate Drink
Like Go
See Type
Hear Read
Sound Speak
thing Grow
Seem Work
Prefer Sleep
Doubt cook
An Auxiliary / Helping Verb
An Auxiliary / Helping Verb is used to help another verb (Principal / Main / Lexical
Verb).
e.g.
I shall go.
Auxiliary Verb Principal / Main / Lexical Verb
We have come
Note: A verb that is used to help an Auxiliary Verb is called a Principal / Main /
Lexical Verb, unlike auxiliary verb, have their own meaning.

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Different forms of Verbs
Type (1) - All three forms are the same.
Base Form (Infinitive) -- Past Tense -- Past Participle
 Bet -- bet -- bet

Type(2) - Two of the forms are the
 Burst -- burst – burst
same.
 Cost -- cost -- cost Base Form -- Past Tense -- Past Participle
 Cut -- cut -- cut  Learn -- learnt/learned --
 Hit -- hit -- hit learnt/learned
 Hurt -- hurt -- hurt  Leap -- leapt/leaped -- leapt/leaped
 Let -- let – let  Leave -- left -- left
 put -- put – put  Lend -- lent -- lent
 Read -- read -- read  Light -- lit -- lit
 Set -- set -- set  Lose -- lost -- lost
 Shut -- shut -- shut  Make -- made -- made
 Split -- split -- split  Mean -- meant -- meant
 Spread -- spread – spread  Meet -- met -- met
 Pay -- paid -- paid
Type(2) - Two of the forms are the same.  Run -- ran -- run
Base Form -- Past Tense -- Past Participle
 Say -- said -- said
 Beat -- beat -- beaten
 Sell -- sold -- sold
 Become -- became -- become
 Send -- sent -- sent
 Bend -- bent -- bent
 Shine -- shone -- shone
 Bleed -- bled -- bled
 Shoot -- shot -- shot
 Breed -- bred -- bred
 Sit -- sat -- sat
 Bring -- brought -- brought
 Sleep -- slept -- slept
 Build -- built -- built
 Smell -- smelr/smelled --
 Burn -- burnt/burned -- burnt/burned
smeit/smelled
 Buy -- bought -- bought
 Speed -- sped -- sped
 Catch --caught -- caught
 Spell -- spelt -- spelt
 Come -- came -- come
 Spend -- spent -- spent
 Creep -- crept -- crept
 Spill -- spilt/spilled -- spilt/spilled
 Deal -- dealt -- dealt
 Speed -- sped -- sped
 Dig -- dug -- dug
 Spell -- spelt/spelled -- spelt/spelled
 Dream -- dreamt/dreamed -- dreamt/dreamed
 Spit -- spat -- spat
 Feed -- fed -- fed
 Spoil -- spoilt/spoiled -- spoilt/spoiled
 Feel -- felt -- felt
 Stand -- stood -- stood
 Fight -- fought -- fought
 Stick -- stuck -- stuck
 Find -- found -- found
 Sting -- stung -- stung
 Get -- got -- got
 Strike -- struck -- struck
 Hand -- hung -- hung
 Sweep -- swept -- swept
 Have -- had -- had
 Swing -- swung -- swung
 Hear -- heard -- heard
 Teach -- taught -- taught
 Hold -- held -- held
 Tell -- told -- told
 Page 104
 Think -- thought -- thought
 Lay -- laid -- laid
 Understand -- understood --
 Lead -- led -- led
understood
 Lean -- tent/leaned -- lent/leaned
 Win -- won -- won
 Wind -- wound -- wound
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Type (3) - All three forms are different
Base Form -- Past Tense -- Past Participle
 Be -- was/were -- been
 Begin -- began -- begun
 Bite -- bit -- bitten
 Blow -- blew -- blown
 Break -- broke -- broken The following verbs have an alternative past
 Choose -- chose -- chosen participle form (ending in en), which
 Do -- did -- done can only be used adjectivally.
 Draw -- drew -- drawn Verb -- Usual Past Participle -- Adjectival
 Drink -- drank -- drunk Past Participle
 Drive -- drove -- driven  Drink -- drunk -- drunken
 Eat -- ate -- eaten  Melt -- melted -- molten
 Fall -- fell -- fallen  Prove -- proved -- proven
 Fly -- flew -- flown  Shave -- shaved -- shaven
 Forbid -- forbade -- forbidden  Shear -- sheared -- shorn
 Page 105  Shrink -- shrunk -- shrunken
 Forget -- forgot -- forgotten  Sink -- sunk -- sunken
 forgive -- forgave -- forgiven  Strike -- struck -- stricken
 freeze -- froze -- frozen
 give -- gave -- given
 go -- went -- gone
 grow -- grew -- grown
 hide -- hid -- hidden
 know -- knew -- known
 lie -- lay -- lain
 mistake -- mistook -- mistaken
 ride -- rode -- ridden
 ring -- rang -- rung
 rise -- rose -- risen
 see -- saw -- seen
 sew -- sewed -- sewn/sewed
 shake -- shook -- shaken
 show -- showed -- shown
 shrink -- shrank -- shrunk
 sing -- sang -- sung
 sink -- sank -- sunk
 speak -- spoke -- spoken
 spring -- sprang -- sprung
 steal -- stole -- stolen
 stink -- stank -- stunk
 swear -- swore -- sworn
 swim -- swam -- swum
 take -- took -- taken
 tear -- tore -- torn
 throw -- threw -- thrown
 wake -- woke -- woken
 wear -- wore -- worn
 write -- wrote -- written
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Helping Verbs can be divided into two parts

1. Primary helping verbs.
2. Modal helping verbs.
Primary helping verbs.
These are the verbs ‘be’, ‘do’ and ‘have’. We can use these three verbs as helping
verbs or as main verbs.
(Note: these are also primary helping verbs : am ,be, been, being, did, do, does,
had, has, have, is, are, was, were)
We can use them in the following cases.

be :
1. To make continuous (progressive) tenses.
He is watching TV.
2. To make a passive.
Small fish are eaten by big fish.
Have:
To make perfect tenses
I have finished my homework.
Do:
To make negatives
I do not like you.
To ask question.
Do you want some tea.
To show emphasis
I do want you to pass your exam.
To stand for a main verb in some constructions
He speaks faster than she does.
Modal Helping Verbs

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We use modal helping verbs to "modify" the meaning of the main verb in some way.
A modal helping verb expresses necessity or possibility, and changes the main verb
in that sense. These are the modal verbs:
can, could may, might will, would
shall, should must ought to
 Can refers to the present. I can walk fast.

Can  It is used to describe physical ability. I can not see you tomorrow.
 We use ‘can’ for permission or request. Can I borrow your book?
 Could refers to the past of can. He could ride a horse when he
Could  Could is more polite to suggest, offer or to was a boy.
take permission. Could I borrow your book?
May is used for permission in present or May I go now?
future. I may go to Karachi next week.
May is used to show possibility. May you live long!
May
May is used for wishes (for people’s success) May all your dreams come true!
health, happiness, etc.
May is not used in negative in these cases.
Might is used for permission in present or Might I use your car?
future. I might go to Karachi next
Might Might is used to show possibility. week. It might rain today.
Might can be used as a past of may in indirect He said that he might come.
speech.
Must is used for serious obligations. I must leave now.
Must is used to show obligation or necessity. A lorry driver must have HTV
This meaning can be used only for present license.
and future. Visitors must not come here.
Must
With 3rd person subject must / must not is used
in public notices and official regulations. He said, he must go there.
Must can be used in reported speech to refer
to past.
Had to is used instead of must to refer to past I had to go there because she
obligation. Shall / will have to is used to asked me.
Had to express future obligation.
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they had
Had to is used for (Simple Past) to get up early.
Have to is used for obligation or necessity. He must / have to go.
(in this case it is similar in its meaning to must) I/we/you/they have to get up
It is used for Plural subjects. early.
I/we/you/they do not have to get
have to in negative sentences (Simple up early.
Have to
Present) He/she/it does not have to get
up early.
have to in negative sentences (Simple Past) I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they did
not have to get up early
Has to is used for obligation or necessity.

Has to It is used for Singular subjects and simple He/she/it has to get up early.
tenses.
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Should is used to express moral obligation, One should not tell a lie.
duty, recommendation, supposition, a polite You should see a specialist.
Should
question or criticism. I should like to ask a question.
You should have stay at home.
Would is used to express a polite offer, Would you tell me what
request, question, supposition, refusal or happened?
Would willingness Ali would come.
He would go to park everyday.
Ahmad would not do this.
Ought expresses duty or moral obligation to do You ought to work hard.
Ought
something. You ought to read Kinglear.
Exercise 5.2
Choose the correct alternative :
1. I don't think I (shall, should, can) be able to go.

2. You (should, would, ought) be punctual.
3. I wish you (should, would, must) tell me earlier.
4. (Shall, Will, Would) I assist you?
5. (Shall, should, would) you please help me with this?
6. You (ought, should, must) to pay your debts.
7. He said we (can, might, should) use his telephone at any time.
8. If you (shall, should, would) see him, give him my regards.
9. (Shall, Might, Could) you show me the way to the station?
10. To save my life, I ran fast, and (would, could, was able to) reach safely.
11. I (would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now I believe in God.
12. found the way all right.
13. I was afraid that if I asked him again he (can, may, might) refuse.
14. She (shall, will, dare) sit outside her garden gate for hours at a time, looking at
the passing traffic.
15. (Should, Would, Shall) you like another cup of coffee?
16. I wish he (should, will, would) not play his wireless so loudly.
17. I (am to leave, would leave, was to have left) on Thursday. But on Thursday I had
a terrible cold, so I decided to wait till Saturday.
18. (Shall, Will, Would) I carry the box into the house for you?
19. He (will, can, might) come, but I should be surprised.

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Present Indefinite tense
Signal Examples Examples Examples

Tense Form
words affirmative negative interrogative
every day
Do
sometimes I/We/You/They I/We/You/They
Simple I/We/You/They
always work. don't work.
Present S+ work?
often
or Infinitive+
usually
Present -s/es
seldom He / She Does he / she
Simple He / She works.
never doesn't work. work?
first ... then
I'm working. I'm not working. Am I working?

Present now S+
Progressive at the to be
He isn't
or moment (am/are/is) He's working. Is he working?
working.
Present Look! + infinitive +
Continuous Listen -ing You/We/They You/We/They Are you/we/they
are working. are not working. working?
just
yet Have
Simple never I/We/You/They
I/We/You/They I/we/you/they
Present ever S+ have worked.
haven't worked. worked?
Perfect already have/has +
or so far, past
Present up to now, participle
Perfect since He / She has He / She hasn't Has he/she
for worked worked. worked?
recently
Present I/We/You/They I/We/You/They Have
all day
Perfect S+ have been haven't been I/we/you/they
the whole
Progressive Has/Have + working. working. been working?
day
or been +
how long
Present infinitive +
since He / She has He / She hasn't Has he /she been
Perfect -ing
for been going. been going. going?
Continuous

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Past Indefinite tense

Tense Form
Simple last ...

S+
Past ... ago I / We / You / I / We / You / They Did I / we / you /
infinitive
or in 1990 They / He / She / He / She didn't they / he / she
+
Past yesterda worked. work. work?
-ed
Simple y
S+
We/You/They Were we/you/they
Past was/were We/You/They
were working. working?
Progressive + were not working.
or while infinitive
I/He/She was I/He/She wasn't Was I/he/she
Past +
working. working. working?
Continuous -ing
Simple
S+
Past
had +
Perfect already I/We/You/They/H I/We/You/They/He/ Had
past
or just e/She had She hadn't I/we/you/they/he/sh
participle
Past never worked. worked. e worked?
Perfect
(Simple)
Past Perfect S+
how
Progressive had + I/We/You/They/H I/We/You/They/He/ Had
long
or been + e/She had been She hadn't been I/we/you/they/he/sh
since
Past Perfect infinitive working. working. e been working?
for
Continuous + ing
Exercise in Composition 5.3

In the following sentences change the verbs to the Past Tense:
1.Rama writes to his mother every week.

2. The wind blows furiously.
3. The boy stands on the burning deck.
4. The door flies open.
5. She sings sweetly.
6. The old woman sits in the sun.
7. Abdul swims very well indeed.
8. His voice shakes with emotion.
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9. He drives a roaring trade.
10. He bears a grudge against his old uncle. .
11. He spends his time in idleness.
12. He feels sorry for his faults.
13. A portrait of Mahatma Gandhi hangs on the wall.
14. The kite flies gaily into the air.
15. He wears away his youth in trifles.
16. What strikes me is the generosity of the offer.
17. He sows the seeds of dissension.
18. They all tell the same story.
19. He lies in order to escape punishment.
20. He comes of a good line.
21. The boy runs down the road at top speed.
22. I do it of my own free will.
23. His parents withhold their consent to the marriage.
24. I forget his name.
25. He gets along fairly well.
26. They choose Mr. Malik to be their chairman.
27. He throws cold water on my plan.
28. The child clings to her mother.
29. Judas, overwhelmed with remorse, goes and hangs himself.
30. I know him for an American.
31. He swears a solemn oath that he is innocent.
32. In a fit of rage she tears up the letter.
33. Her head sinks on her shoulder.
34. She hides her face for shame.
35. My master bids me work hard.
36. The books lie in a heap on the floor.
37. She lays her handbag on the table.
Exercise 5.4
Fill in the Past Tense or Past Participle of verb given:
1. See -- It is years since I ----saw--- him. He has -seen-- his best days.
2. Fall -- Of late the custom has --- into disuse. The lot --- upon him.
3. Drink -- The toast was --- with great enthusiasm.
4. Speak -- He --- freely when he had drunk alcohol. Marathi is --- in Maharashtra.
5. Wear -- My patience --- out at last. The inscription has --- away in several places.
6. Tear -- In a fit of rage she --- up the letter. The country is --- by factions.
7. Sting -- He has been --- by a scorpion. The remark --- him.
8. Run -- You look as if you had --- all the way home. He --- for his life.
9. Forget -- Once Sydney Smith, being asked his name by the servant, found to his
dismay that he had --- his own name.
10. Choose -- A better day for a drive could not have been ---.
11. Come -- Computer technology has --- a long way since the 1970s.
12. Bite -- The old beggar was --- by a mad dog. A mad dog --- him.
13. Swim -- The boy has --- across the Indus.
14. Write -- I think he should have --- and told us. Honesty is --- on his face.
15. Lay -- He -- the book on the table. He had not --- a finger on him. They --- their
heads together.
16. Lie -- We --- beneath a spreading oak. He has long --- under suspicion.
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17. Take -- A beautiful short from cover point --- of the ball. He has --- a fancy to the
boy.
18. Go -- Recently the price of sugar has --- up. The argument --- home. The verdict -
-- against him.
19. Begin -- He had --- his speech before we arrived. He --- to talk non sense.
20. Bid -- Do as you are ---. He --- us good-bye. He --- two thousand rupees for the
pony.
21. Ring -- Has the warning-bell ? I --- him up on the telephone.
22. Steal -- Someone has --- my purse. She --- his heart.
23. So -- You must reap what you have ---.
24. Drive -- Poor fellow ! he was --- very hard. They say he --- a hard bar gain.
25. Sing -- It seemed to me that she had never --- so well. Our bugles --- truce.
26. Shake -- He was much --- by the news. His voice --- as he spoke.
27. Eat -- He is --- up with pride. In the end he --- his words.
28. Do -- Let us have --- with it. I --- my duty.
29. Spring -- Homer describes a race of men who --- from the gods. The ship --- a
leak.
30. Show -- Has Rustum --- you his camera? He --- a clean pair of heels.
31. Freeze -- The explorers were --- to death. The blood --- in their veins.
32. Strike -- I was --- by a stone. It never --- me before that he was old.
33. Mistake -- I found upon inquiry that I had --- the house. He --- me for my brother.
34. Shoe -- Go, ask the terrier whether he has --- the horses yet.
35. Strew -- His path was --- with flowers.
36. Sink -- His voice gradually --- to a whisper. --- And thousands had --- to the
ground overpowered.
37. Tread -- Walking through the jungle, he --- on a snake.
38. Rise -- He has --- from the ranks. As his friends expected he --- to the occasion.
39. Beat -- On the arrival of a policeman, he --- a hasty retreat. He --- the Afghans in
a bloody battle. It was not the only battle in which they were ---.
40. Blow -- The tempest --- the ship ashore.
41. Catch -- Walking on the beach, we --- sight of a strange bird. He has --- a Tartar.
42. Have -- After the storm we --- a spell of fine weather.
43. Meet -- I --- a little cottage girl. The poor fellow has --- with many reverses.
44. Sleep -- We thought her dying when she ---.
45. Get -- He has --- hold of the wrong end of the stick.
46. Lead -- The faithful dog --- his blind master.
47. Awake -- And his disciples came to him, and --- him. I was soon --- from this
disagreeable reverie.
48. Bear -- I was --- away by an impulse.
49. Stand -- It has --- the test of time.
50. Sit -- He has, --- for the examination.
51. Know -- He says he has never --- sickness. I --- his antecedents.
52. Bind -- The prisoner was --- hand and foot.
53. Break -- He has --- his collar-bone.
54. Breed -- What is --- in the bone will not wear out of the flesh.
55. Strive -- I --- with none, for none was worth my strife.

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Exercise 5.5
Fill in the Past Tense or Past Participle of verb given:
1. Spin -- The story is tediously -spun-- out.

2. Mean -- I --- it for a joke. He was --- for a lawyer.
3. Arise -- Suddenly the wind ---. There never has --- a great man who has not been
misunderstood.
4. Draw -- Who --- the first prize? He has --- a wrong inference. The train --- up to
the station.
5. Understand -- I certainly --- you to make that promise. I am afraid I did not make
myself---.
6. Shoot -- He was accidentally --- in the arm.
7. Shrink -- He is not known ever to have --- from an encounter. There was no
cruelty from which the robber chief ---.
8. Smell -- I noticed that he --- of brandy.
9. Stick -- The cart --- in the mud.
10. Swear -- The soldiers --- allegiance to the Constitution of India. He was yesterday
--- in as a member of the Legislative Assembly.
11. Sweep -- The waves --- the pier. The pier was --- away. Plague --- off millions.
12. Cost -- Often a lie has --- a life. His folly --- him years of poverty.
13. Buy -- A rupee --- twice as much fifteen years ago.
14. Crow -- His enemies --- over his fall.
15. Deal -- He ---unfairly with his partner. The robber -- him a blow on the head.
16. Find -- Sir, I have --- you an argument; but I am not obliged to find you an
understanding. The picture --- its way to the auction-room.
17. Forgive -- Christ --- his crucifiers.
18. Sleep -- It is said of Akbar that he rarely --- more than three hours at a time.
19. Seek -- His company is greatly --- after. It might be truly said of him that he never
---honour.
20. Hide -- Adam and his wife --- themselves from the presence of the Lord God.
21. Set -- He has --- his heart on success. The teacher --- them an --- example.
22. Die -- He --- at a ripe old age.
23. See -- I --- her singing at her work. He has --- the ups and downs of life.
24. Spoil -- The news --- my dinner.
25. Leave -- He has --- a large family. The Police --- no stone unturned to trace the
culprits.
26. Grow -- Three years she --- in sun and shower. Some of these wars have --- out
of commercial considerations.
27. Think -- I have --- of a plan. I --- of Chatterton, the marvellous boy.
28. Become -- He --- the slave of low desires.
29. Hear -- Not a drum was ---, not a funeral note. He hopes his prayer --- will be ---.
30. Fight -- He --- for the crown. He has a good fight.
31. Forsake -- His courage --- him. He has --- his old friends.
32. Teach -- The village master --- his little school. They have --- their tongue to
speak lies.
33. Wring -- She --- her hands in agony. Any appeal for help --- her heart.
34. Wind -- He --- up by appealing to the audience to contribute to the fund.
35. Thrust -- He was --- through with a javelin.
36. Say -- He has --- the last word on the matter.
37. Fly -- The bird has --- away. The bird --- over the tree.

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38. Flee -- The murderer has --- to Australia. The terrified people --- to the mountains.
39. Overflow -- During the night the river had --- its banks.
Future Indefinite tense

Tense Form
I/We shall not

I/We shall work. Shall I / we
work.
work?
S+
Simple
will/shall +
Future
infinitive Will
You/They/He/She You/They/He/She
you/they/he/she
will work. will not work.
work?
Future S+ I/We shall be I/We shall not be Shall I / we be

Progressive will/shall + working. working. working?
or be +
Future infinitive + You/They/He/She Will
You/They/He/She
Continuous ing will not be you/they/he/she
will be working.
working. be working?
Simple
S+
Future I/We shall have I/We shall not Shall I / we have
will/shall +
Perfect worked. have worked. worked?
have + past
or
participle
Future You/They/He/She Will
You/They/He/She
Perfect will not have you/they/he/she
will have worked.
Simple worked. have worked?
Future I/We shall not

I/We shall have Shall I / we have
Perfect S+ have been
been working. been working?
Progressive will/shall + working.
or have + been
Future + infinitive + You/They/He/She You/They/He/She Will
Perfect ing you/they/he/she
will have been will not have
Continuous have been
working. been working.
working?

Page 16 of 25
Conditional tense

Tense Form
I/We.You/
S+ I/We.You/ Would I/we.you/
Conditional They/He/She
would + They/He/She would they/he/she
Simple would
infinitive work. work?
notwork.
Conditional
would + I/We.You/
Progressive I/We.You/ Would I/we.you/
be + They/He/She
or They/He/She would they/he/she be
infinitive wouldn't be
Conditional be working. working?
+ ing working.
Continuous
I/We.You/
would +
I/We.You/ They/He/She Would I/we.you/
Conditional have +
They/He/She would wouldn't they/he/she have
Perfect past
have worked. have worked?
participle*
worked.
Conditional
Perfect would + I/We.You/
Progressive have + I/We.You/ They/He/She Would I/we.you/
or been + They/He/She would wouldn't they/he/she have
Conditional infinitive have been working. have been been working?
Perfect + ing working.
Continuous
Exercise 5.6
Use ‘Can’ or ‘Could’.
1. __________he understand what you were talking about?
2. I ________drive a bus.
3. My brother________ play tennis now.
4. I ________walk when I was less than a year old.
5. ________you tell me what time it is, please?
6. My grandmother ________walk without any hello last night.
7. How long have you ________drive?
8. I________ help you later.
9. Can you help me? I ________never understand this.
10. I __________could drive the car when I was young.

Page 17 of 25
Simple Present Tense:
 action in the present taking place once, never or several times

 facts
 actions taking place one after another
 action set by a timetable or schedule
Exercise5.7
Fill in the blanks with ‘does’ or ‘do’.
1. The poor _______not run after money.
2. _____you know him?
3. That _________not mean, I ________ not like her.
4. Please _________not smoke here.
5. _______anybody know the answer?
6. They _______not want to play.
7. It ________not matter where you put it.
8. Those sheep _________ not belong to that former.
9. My feet ______ not get tired easily.
10. Everyone here __________not know about it.
Exercise5.8
Fill in the blanks with ‘has’ or ‘have’.
1. He _________a law degree.
2. They_________ gone to cinema.
3. Only one of the students _______failed the test.
4. I _______come here to borrow your book.
5. ________you ever done online banking?
6. We ________not done our homework yet.
7. Each of you______ to pay a dollar.
8. Does he _______a bicycle?
9. What ________she got to say about this?
Exercise:5.9
Choose the correct word from (go, goes) for each sentence.
1. The earth ________round the sun.
2. He ________school by bus.
3. I often ______to the library.
4. She wants to ________the library.
5. She does not ________to the library.
6. Every one of us must_______ to university.
7. Every one of us usually ________to college early.
8. He too has to _______to school.

Page 18 of 25
Exercise:5.10
Choose the correct word for each sentence.
1. She _______(read, reads) every day.
2. I _________ (drink, drinks) milk every day.
3. We_________(like, likes) to swim.
4. My neighbour ________(talk, talks) to us every day.
5. He ________(speak, speaks) good English.
6. They ________(work, works) in that factory.
7. One of us______(live, lives) near the hospital.
8. Those deer in the zoo_____(look, looks) hungry.
9. Everyone of the postmen _________(ride, rides) a bicycle.
10. The black dog can___________(bark, barks) very loudly.
Exercise.5.11
Use the simple present tense of the words in brackets.
1. It _______(hurt)to know what he said.

2. I sometimes _______(play) football with my friends.
3. My sister_______(want) to be a teacher.
4. We _______(like) to do our homework together.
5. His father ________(smoke) a pipe.
6. Does your mother _______(cook) every day?
7. The train ________(leave) in an hour.
8. He ________wash his car on Sundays.
9. My friend________(ride) a bike to work.
10. They often _________( swim) in the river.
Present Continuous Tense :
 action taking place in the moment of speaking

 action taking place only for a limited period of time
 action arranged for the future
Exercise:5.12
Use the present continuous tense (is/are + present participle) of the words in
brackets.
1. We are too late. The train ________ (leave).
2. Look at what he _______ (do).
3. My father _________ (go) to Paris next month.
4. She says, she________ (cook) for dinner this evening.
5. I think she ________ (write) a letter at the moment.
6. Why _______he _______ (break) up those boxes.
7. He ________ (come) on the one O’ clock train tomorrow.

Page 19 of 25
8. They _________ (widen) the road.
9. One of you _________always_________ (complain) about something.
10. Do you not understand what I ______ (say)?
Present Perfect Tense:
 putting emphasis on the result

 action that is still going on
 action that stopped recently
 finished action that has an influence on the present
 action that has taken place once, never or several times before the moment of
speaking
Exercise 5.13
Use the present perfect tense (has/have + past participle) of the words in brackets.
1. We _______not _________ (see) her since we last met her.
2. He _____________ (teach) us for two years and is still teaching.
3. She_________ already________ (throw) away her old dresses.
4. I _________already_________ (tell) them to hurry up.
5. __________you_______ (be) to see your old uncle recently?
6. My parents _________never________ (go) to London.
7. They _____________ (just meet) your brother.
8. Our baby _________ (sleep) for more than eight hours.
9. I ________not_________ (choose) the one I want yet.
10. You______________(not eat) you dinner yet.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense:
 putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)

 action that recently stopped or is still going on
 finished action that influenced the present
Exercise 5.14
Use the present perfect continuous tense (has/have + been+ present participle) of
the words in brackets.
1. They ____________ (visit) their parents since they shifted out.
2. She ____________ (talk) for an hour and when is she going to stop?
3. His friends______________ (wait) for him since 7 O’ clock.
4. What _________you__________ (do) since this morning.
5. I have fond it. I ______________ (search) for it for two days.
6. He ______________ (eat) here for whole week and he is not coming back.
7. We _____________ (see) each other regularly since we became friends.
8. Why _____________you__________ (keep) this matter a secret?
Page 20 of 25
9. Her mother______________ (pray) for good luck at that temple.
10. My sister ________________ (try) to write a book since last year.
Simple Past Tense:
 action in the past taking place once, never or several times

 actions taking place one after another
 action taking place in the middle of another action
Exercise 5.15
Use the simple past tense of the words in brackets.
1. She _____ (cut) her finger last night.

2. We _______ (go) for a ride and _______ (come) home late.
3. Her former husband always _________ (drink) heavily.
4. He ________ (lend) me some money last week.
5. There ________ (come) lots of people at the party.
6. My father _________ (lose) his car keys this morning.
7. She often _________ (quarrel) with her neighbour.
8. The vagrant __________ (lay) a mat on the pavement and _______ (sleep) on it.
9. I __________ (meet) my uncle on Sunday afternoon.
10. _________ (can) you please help me carry this?
Past Continuous Tense:
 action going on at a certain time in the past

 actions taking place at the same time
 action in the past that is interrupted by another action
Exercise 5.16
Use the past continuous tense (was/were + present participle) of the words in
brackets.
1. While I ________ (wait) for you, I fell asleep.
2. He ______ (swim) at 4 O’ clock yesterday.
3. Some students __________ (not listen) while the teacher_______ (speak).
4. We ______ (play) football when it started to rain.
5. When I ________ (walk) home, I saw a dog barking at the postman.
6. She and her friend ______ (shop) yesterday evening.
7. When they arrived, I ________ (bathe).
8. While one worker________ (paint), another_______ (mix) some paint.
9. What ________you__________ (do) when I was not at home?
10. They ________ (jog) early this morning.

Page 21 of 25
Past Perfect Tense
 action taking place before a certain time in the past

 sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive
 putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration)
Exercise 5.17
Use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) of the words in brackets.
1. After we ____________ (see) the movie, we went for a ride.
2. He __________________already _______________ (leave) when we arrived.
3. I _____________just ____________ (shut) the door when the telephone rang.
4. They ate the food that I ____________ (buy).
5. She ____________ (ate) her lunch when I reached home.
6. My father ____________ (drink) a glass of milk before he slept.
7. “I fell down”. He said that he ____________ of the verbs given in the brackets
down.
8. “I cut my finger”. She said that she ____________ (cut) her finger.
9. I arrived at the cinema after the film _____________ (start)
10. The train ____________already ____________ (go) when we reached the
station.
Past Perfect Continuous:
 action taking place before a certain time in the past

 sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
 putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action
Exercise 5.18
Use the past perfect continuous (had + been+ present participle) tense of the
words in brackets.
1. She ________________ (sleep) before she was woken by the loud thunder.
2. The patient ____________ (groan) when the doctor arrived.
3. The little boy______________ (play) with fire before he was burnt.
4. _______________you_______________ (try) to get me before I called?
5. What _________________the child______________ (do) before she was
scolded by her other?
6. They __________ (talk) for over an hour before Tony arrived.
7. She ____________ (work) at that company for three years when it went out of
business.
8. How long _______ you________ (wait) to get on the bus?
9. Mike wanted to sit down because he ______________ (stand) all day at work.
10. James _______________ (teach) at the university for more than a year before
he left for Asia.

Page 22 of 25
Exercise 5.19
Fill in the blanks with ‘was’ or ‘were’.
1. He ________here five minutes ago.
2. This _________the dress she wore last week.
3. They ___________still young when their parents died.
4. One of the eggs ____________broken.
5. There ____________some oranges on the table.
6. ____________you tired after the game?
7. She____________ not at home when I called.
8. Yesterday I saw a rainbow as I ____________driving car.
9. We ___________supposed to arrive early but the train was late.
10. Those _______________people who helped the victims.
Future Indefinite Tense:
 action in the future that cannot be influenced

 spontaneous decision
 assumption with regard to the future
 decision made for the future
 conclusion with regard to the future
Note: "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action
is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to
someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request
that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not"
or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
 I will send you the information when I get it.

 I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
 Will you help me move this heavy table?
 Will you make dinner?
 I will not do your homework for you.
 I won't do all the housework myself!
Note: "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
 I will call you when I arrive.

Page 23 of 25
 If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has
access to inexpensive health insurance.
 I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
 Don't worry, I'll be careful.
 I won't tell anyone your secret.
Exercise 5.20
Use simple future tense ( will/shall + ) of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. I _______ meet him later.

2. You_______ come.
3. _______ Rupert make breakfast?
4. It _______rain tomorrow.
5. She _______be late.
6. He _______ help us later.
7. We_______ get married in September.
8. They _______ cook dinner.
9. You _______ help him later.
10. _______ you help him later?
11. You _______ not help him later.
12. _______ our team win the match?
13. When _______l you arrive in Scotland?
14. _______ it rain tomorrow?
15. _______ you come in for a moment?
16. Where _______ she live in 2030?
17. How old _______ your mother be in July?
18. _______ you pass me the salt, please?
19. _______ the teacher phone her parents?
20. _______ Frank turn 16 this year?
Future Continuous Tense
 action that is going on at a certain time in the future

 action that is sure to happen in the near future
Exercise 5.21
Use simple future continuous tense (will/shall be + present participle) of the verbs
given in the brackets.
1. This time tomorrow Tom ________________ (fly) over the Atlantic on his way to
Boston.
2. They are getting married on Saturday. All the guests_________________ (wear)
white.
3. The following week they ______________________ (enjoy) the sun in the West
Indies.
4. You should have no problem finding him. He ___________________ (carry) a
guitar.
5. You ________________ (wait) for her when her plane arrives tonight.
Page 24 of 25
6. You _____not ________ (wait) for her when her plane arrives tonight.
7. I ________________ (watch) TV when she arrives tonight.
8. He ________________ (study) at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer
when she arrives.
9. At midnight tonight, we _______ still __________ (drive) through the desert.
10. Tonight, they ______________ (eat) dinner, __________ (discuss) their plans,
and having a good time.
11. While Ellen is reading, Tim ________________ (watch) television.
12. I ________________ (sleep).
13. I _______ not _____________ (work).
14. you __________ not ___________ (read).
15. they ___________ not ______________ (sleep).
16. what ___________ I ______________ (do)?
17. where ___________ you _____________ (work)?
Exercise 5.22
Use future perfect (will/shall have + past participle) of the verbs given in the brackets.
1. I __________________ (live) in London for six months.

2. They __________________ (complete) the project before the deadline.
3. You __________________ (perfect) your English by the time you come back
from the U.S.
4. __________________ you __________________ (perfect) your English by the
time you come back from the U.S.?
5. You __________________ not __________________ (perfect) your English by
the time you come back from the U.S.
6. By next November, I __________________ (receive) my promotion.
7. __________________ she __________________ (learn) enough Chinese to

communicate before she moves to Beijing?
8. By the time I finish this course, I __________________ (take) ten tests.
9. I __________________ (finish) this book
10. You __________________ (study) the English tenses
11. We __________________ (met) Julie
12. It __________________(stop) raining
13. I __________________ not __________________ (finish) this book
14. It __________________ not __________________ (stop) raining
15. __________________ she __________________(graduate)?
16. __________________ they __________________ (leave) their jobs?
17. Why __________________ you __________________ (study) all the English
verb tenses by tomorrow?
18. How __________________ we __________________ (met) your boyfriend by
tonight?
19. When __________________ they __________________ (leave) their jobs?
Exercise 5.23

Page 25 of 25
Use future perfect continuous tense ( will/shall + have + been + Present participle)
for the verbs given in the brackets.
1. You ______________________ (wait) for more than two hours when her plane
finally arrives.
2. ________ you ________________ (wait) for more than two hours when her
plane finally arrives?
3. You __________ not ________________ (wait) for more than two hours when
her plane finally arrives.
4. They ______________________ (talk) for over an hour by the time Thomas
arrives.
5. James ____________________ (teach) at the university for more than a year by
the time he leaves for Asia.
6. How long ___________you _______________ (study) when you graduate?
7. When you finish your English course, ________ you _______________ (live) in
New Zealand for over a year?
8. ___________ you only _________________ (wait) for a few minutes when her
plane arrives?
9. The famous artist ______________________ (paint) the mural for over six
months by the time it is finished
10. He ______________ not ______________ (cook).
11. It ______________ not ______________ (rain).
12. We ______________ not ______________ (exercise).
13. ______________ you ______________ (sleep)?
14. ______________ we ______________ (exercise)?
15. I _________ not ______________ (work).
16. You ______________ not ______________ (sleep).
17. She ______________ not ______________ (study).
18. Where ______________ I ______________ (work)?
19. Where ______________ she ______________ (study)?
20. What ______________ he ______________ (cook)?
21. How long ______________ it ______________ (rain)?
22. Where ______________ we ______________ (exercise)?
23. How long ______________ they ______________ (travel)?


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English Grammar and Learning Skills

The girls were singing.

Verbs are divided into three different kinds.

Subject (S) Verb (V) Object (O)

Indirect object (IO) direct object (DO)

I bought some sweets for the child.

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Object is the noun or pronoun that receives an action of the verb.

Note: we cannot form a passive sentence from an Intransitive Verb.

He ran a long distance. (Action)

Used Transitively Used Intransitively

1. The sun shines brightly.

Stative and Dynamic Verbs

Stative Verb Type Examples

Own Relation George owns three motor cars.

Note: we cannot use these verbs in the continuous (progressive) forms.

Dynamic Verb Type Examples

Stative Verbs Dynamic Verbs

An Auxiliary / Helping Verb

Auxiliary Verb Principal / Main / Lexical Verb

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

 Bet -- bet -- bet

Helping Verbs can be divided into two parts

Primary helping verbs.

We can use them in the following cases.

Modal Helping Verbs

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

can, could may, might will, would

shall, should must ought to

 Can refers to the present. I can walk fast.

Has to is used for obligation or necessity.

1. I don't think I (shall, should, can) be able to go.

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Signal Examples Examples Examples

I'm working. I'm not working. Am I working?

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Signal Examples Examples Examples

Simple last ...

Exercise in Composition 5.3

1.Rama writes to his mother every week.

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

1. Spin -- The story is tediously -spun-- out.

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Future Indefinite tense

Signal Examples Examples Examples

I/We shall not

Future S+ I/We shall be I/We shall not be Shall I / we be

Future I/We shall not

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Signal Examples Examples Examples

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Simple Present Tense:

 action in the present taking place once, never or several times

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Use the simple present tense of the words in brackets.

1. It _______(hurt)to know what he said.

Present Continuous Tense :

 action taking place in the moment of speaking

BSIT-Second Semester Rizwan Rajpoot

Present Perfect Tense:

 putting emphasis on the result

Present Perfect Continuous Tense:

 putting emphasis on the course or duration (not the result)

7. she (learn) enough Chinese to