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1, February, 2015
Abstract—This paper discusses the design of an Integrated drawing, textual hardware description language, and
Circuit (IC) layout for a decoder. The layout was designed other features [1]. By using this software, a micrometer
by using an open source software namely Electric VLSI sized IC can be easily designed due to the availability of
Design System as the Electronic Design Automation (EDA) various features that can be used to design and check the
tool. In order to produce the layout, the basic knowledge of
IC layout. Moreover, Electric VLSI Design System also
fabrication process and IC design rules are expounded. The
complete layout of the decoder was designed based on its allows the schematic and layout design to be done in a
schematic circuit, which consists of NOT gates, 2-input systematic and efficient manner, thus saving time and
NAND gates, 3-input NAND gates, 4-input NAND gates, 2- reducing the production cost of the IC chip.
input AND gates and 3-input AND gates. The layout had There are different technologies to construct integrated
undergone Design Rule Check (DRC) set by the Electric circuits such as bipolar integrated technology, NMOS
VLSI Design System to check for any design rule error. technology and CMOS technology. In this project,
Both layout and schematic circuit of the decoder were then
CMOS technology is used. The main reason in using
simulated through Layout versus Schematic (LVS) to ensure
they were identical. LTspice is used as simulator to carry CMOS technology is due to its scalable high noise
out the simulation work and verify the validity of the immunity and low power consumption. Basically, CMOS
function. The simulation output indicated that results of the technology uses both NMOS and PMOS, which means
layout and schematic circuit for decoder were essentially only either one of both types of transistors will be ON at
identical and matches the theoretical results. a time during the operation. Thus, CMOS IC consumes
less power as power is used only when the NMOS and
Index Terms—decoder, schematic circuit, IC layout, electric
VLSI Design System, NAND gates, AND gates and
PMOS transistors are switching between on and off states
simulation output [2].
waveform viewer. It is used to simulate the outputs of components can be placed side by side without any space
both schematic circuit and layout during DRC and LVS. in between. There is also no minimum distance between
There are basic design rules to be followed in order to vias or with other components listed in the table. This is
design an IC layout successfully. These rules uses a because the vias available in Electric VLSI Design
universal parameter, λ. Fig. 3 shows the basic design System are combined with 2 metals, covering every side
rules commonly used in Electric VLSI Design System. of the vias. Therefore, before the vias can be placed
nearer to each other, the metal surrounding it will connect
TABLE I. LIST OF FUNDAMENTAL RULE OF DESIGNING AN IC each other first. The distance between the metal of vias
LAYOUT [5]
has to obey the rules before the vias have the chance of
Well contact. In other words, it also indicates that the
Minimum well size 12 minimum distance between vias or with other
Between wells 6 components can be determined through the metal’s rule.
Between N-well and P-well 0
Minimum well area 1442
Polysilicon1
Polysilicon1 width 2
Between polysilicon1s 3
Between polysilicon1 and metal N/A
Minimum polysilicon1 area 42
Polysilicon2
Polysilicon2 width 7
Between polysilicon2s 3
Between polysilicon2 and metal N/A
Minimum polysilicon2 area 492
Via5
Via5 width 3
Minimum via5 area 92
D. 7-Segment Decoder
All the schematic diagrams and layouts of the basic
gates drawn have to go through the physical verification
process before simulation. These are the essential
procedures to ensure the validity outputs results of the
system.
Based on the logic diagram of 7-segment decoder, the
schematic circuit and its IC layout was designed using
Electric VLSI Design System tool, as shown in Fig. 12
Figure 11. Simulation result of the 4-input NAND gate
and Fig. 13, respectively.
However, Fig. 14 shows the icon view of the decoder ‘out_g’. Notice that there is a ‘sw’ input which represents
with spice code, which is ready for simulation. It shows the switch. When the switch is to ‘0’, no matter what
the inputs and outputs port and also the spice code that other inputs are, the outputs will always be ‘0’. When the
specifies the input pulses of the decoder for simulation. switch is to ‘1’, the outputs will be varied according to
There are five inputs: ‘in_0’, ‘in_1’, ‘in_2’, ‘in_3’ and the binary combination of the inputs.
‘sw’, where ‘in_0’ is the least significant bit and ‘in_3’ is Fig. 15 is the simulation waveform generated with
the most significant bit. Since it is a 7-segment decoder, different inputs. It is known that as long as the ‘sw’ is off,
seven outputs will be needed. These outputs are labelled the outputs will be ‘0’. This figure shows simulation
as ‘out_a’, ‘out_b’, ‘out_c’, ‘out_d’, ‘out_e’, ‘out_f’ and waveform for when the ‘sw’ is off. In reference to the
truth table of the binary-convert-decimal, as shown in simulator of LTSpice, setting of spice engine and its path,
Table II, the designed decoder is match with the technology and scale used.
theoretical work and said to function as expected.
B. Verification Process
As mentioned earlier, physical verification process is
an essential procedure. The schematic diagram and layout
design can be checked through DRC. It is recommended
that the schematic diagram is free of warning and error
before designing its layout.
LVS is used to ensure that the schematic diagram and
its layout are identical. This process will check the
number of exports, ports, transistor size between
schematic and the layout. Error may occur if they are not
consistent.
While running the LVS, the library names for both
schematic and layout have to be same and place under the
same group. This is to ensure that the software compares
the correct library.
Figure 14. Icon of decoder and spice code C. Spice Code
In Electric VLSI Design System, spice code is used as
function to be read by LTspice in order to simulate the
waveform. A proper and correct spice code will generate
correct waveform through this simulator. Spice code is
written and inserted in the icon view of the decoder
before running simulation. It specifies the input pulses
and all the ports of decoder. The code written must be
consistent with the icon drawn.
VI. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, 7-segments decoder IC is to display the
numbers in 7 segments. It converts the binary input to 7
bits according to the input. The IC layout of the decoder
is designed and successfully proves that the output
Figure 15. Simulation result of the 7-segments decoder waveforms generated matches the theoretical decoder.
In addition, the open source Electric VLSI Design
TABLE II. TRUTH TABLE OF BINARY-CONVERT-DECIMAL (BCD)
System is a user friendly software to be used in designing
INPUT OUTPUT a layout of 7-segments decoder. It is expected that the
No in_3 in_2 in_1 in_0 a b c d e f g software is able to cope with more complex digital IC
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
design with its suite of verification and design tools.
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
REFERENCES
2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
[1] About Electric. (May 2013). [Online]. Available:
3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
www.staticfreesoft.com/electric.html
4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 [2] R. J. Baker, CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, John
5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 Wiley & Sons, 2010, pp. 6-12.
[3] M. M. Forrest, Understanding Digital Computers, Radio Shack,
6 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1987.
7 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 [4] S. H. Teen and S. Y. Lee, “CMOS IC layout design: 7-segments
counter,” Lecture Notes on Photonics and Optoelectronics, vol. 1,
8 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 no. 2, pp. 52-55, December 2013.
9 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 [5] A. P. Douglas and E. Kamran, Basic VLSI Design, 3rd ed.,
Prentice Hall, 1994, pp. 72-76.
V. TROUBLESHOOTING
In order to avoid inability to run the simulation, the Soh Hong Teen graduated with a bachelor degree
following steps have to be taken: in Computational Physics and Electronics from
University of Malaya, Malaysia in year 2000. She
A. Setting and Installation joined Tunku Abdul Rahman College as a lecturer
in year 2001. She continued her studies in year
Before start drawing the schematic circuit, all the 2003 and was awarded Master of Science degree
setting of the Electric VLSI Design System must be done from University of Malaya in year 2006.
properly. These include the installation of external Currently, she is a full time academic staff in
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College and has
been assigned to teach subjects related to Solid State Electronics and Li Li Lim graduated with an Advanced Diploma
Electromagnetic Fields. in Technology (Electronic Engineering) from
Tunku Abdul Rahman College in 2004 and was
Jia Hui Lim graduated with Advanced Diploma subsequently awarded a MSc. in Electronics from
in Technology (Electronic Engineering) from Queen’s University Belfast in 2005. She is now a
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College in full time academic staff at the Faculty of
2013. She continued her degree in Sheffield Engineering and Built Environment at Tunku
Hallam University, United Kingdom and will be Abdul Rahman (TAR) University College and a
graduating in year 2014. member of the Centre for Multimodal Signal
Processing under the Advanced Engineering Research Centre at TAR.
Her current research interest includes channel coding, MIMO symbol
detection and statistical signal processing for a wide application area.