Catalytic converter

NITHINSTEEPHEN
TJE16ME065

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 CATALYTIC CONVERTER

ABSTRACT

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and
pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by
catalyzing a redox reaction. Catalytic converters are usually used with internal combustion
engines fuelled by either gasoline or diesel, including lean burn engines as well as kerosene
heaters and stoves. The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United
States automobile market. There are two types of catalytic converters are available in market
that are "two way'' and 'three way'' catalytic converters. The "two-way" converters combine
oxygen with carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) to produce carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). In 1981, two-way catalytic converters were rendered
obsolete by "three-way" converters that also reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx); however, two-
way converters are still used for lean-burn engines. The catalytic converter is made up of
several materials. The core is usually made up of ceramic monolith with a honeycomb
structure. Catalytic converts contain several other metals, including copper, nickel, cerium,
iron and manganese. Small amounts of rhodium are also found within a catalytic converter.
Although catalytic converters are most commonly applied to exhaust systems in automobiles,
they are also used on electrical generators, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses,
locomotives, and motorcycles. They are also used on some wood stoves to control emissions.
This is usually in response to government regulation, either through direct environmental
regulation or through health and safety regulations.

NAME: NITHIN STEEPHEN

ROLL NO: TJE16ME065

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 ABSTRACT 2

2 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 4
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 History 4
1.3 Position of catalytic converter 5

3 CHATER 2 : CONSTRUCTION 7
2.1 Basic Components 7
2.2 Coating Process 7
2.3 Detailed Coating Process 8
2.4 Catalytic Materials 9
2.5 Types Of Catalytic Converter 11

4 CHAPTER 3: WORKING 17
3.1 Conversion Process 17
3.2 Ways Of Conversion 19
3.3 Fuel Affected In Performance Of Catalytic Converter 19
3.4 Precautions 20
3.5 Advantages & Disadvantages 21

5 CHAPTER 4: CATALYTIC CONVERTERS 22

4.1 Direct Fit Catalytic Converters 22
4.2 Catalytic Converter Laws 24

6 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION 25

7 REFERENCE 26

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases
and pollutants in exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants
by catalyzing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction). Catalytic converters
are usually used with internal combustion engines fuelled by either gasoline or diesel—
including lean-burn engines as well as kerosene heaters and stoves.

The first widespread introduction of catalytic converters was in the United

States automobile market. To comply with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's
stricter regulation of exhaust emissions, most gasoline-powered vehicles starting with the
1975 model year must be equipped with catalytic converters. These "two-way" converters
combine oxygen with carbon monoxide (CO) and unburned hydrocarbons (HC) to
produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). In 1981, two-way catalytic converters were
rendered obsolete by "three-way" converters that also reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx);
however, two-way converters are still used for lean-burn engines. This is because three-way-
converters require either rich or stoichiometric combustion to successfully reduce NOx.

Although catalytic converters are most commonly applied to exhaust systems in automobiles,
they are also used on electrical generators, forklifts, mining
equipment, trucks, buses, locomotives, and motorcycles.

1.2HISTORY
Catalytic converter prototypes were first designed in France at the end of the 19th century,
when only a few thousand "oil cars" were on the roads; it was constituted of an inert material
coated with platinum, iridium, and palladium, sealed into a double metallic cylinder.[6]

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A few decades later, a catalytic converter was patented by Eugene Houdry, a French
mechanical engineer and expert in catalytic oil refining, who moved to the United States in
1930. When the results of early studies of smog in Los Angeles were published, Houdry
became concerned about the role of smokestack exhaust and automobile exhaust in air
pollution and founded a company called Oxy-Catalyst. Houdry first developed catalytic
converters for smokestacks called "cats" for short and later developed catalytic converters for
warehouse forklifts that used low grade, unleaded gasoline. In the mid-1950s, he began
research to develop catalytic converters for gasoline engines used on cars. He was awarded
United States Patent for his work.

Widespread adoption of catalytic converters did not occur until more stringent emission
control regulations forced the removal of the antiknock agent tetraethyl lead from most types
of gasoline. Lead is a "catalyst poison" and would effectively disable a catalytic converter by
forming a coating on the catalyst's surface.

Catalytic converters were further developed by a series of engineers including Carl D.

Keith, John J. Mooney, Antonio Eleazar, and Phillip Messina at Engelhard Corporation,
creating the first production catalytic converter in 1973.

William C. Pfefferle developed a catalytic combustor for gas turbines in the early 1970s,
allowing combustion without significant formation of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.

Many vehicles have a close-coupled catalytic converter located near the engine's exhaust
manifold. The converter heats up quickly, due to its exposure to the very hot exhaust gases,
enabling it to reduce undesirable emissions during the engine warm-up period

1.3 POSITION OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER:

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Many vehicles have a close-coupled catalytic converter located near the engine's exhaust
manifold. The converter heats up quickly, due to its exposure to the very hot exhaust gases,
enabling it to reduce undesirable emissions during the engine warm-up period

The catalytic converter usually looks like a muffler and is located underneath the vehicle in
the proximity of the passenger seat in most cars although some cars have multiple converters.
The purpose of a catalytic converter is to convert harmful hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide,
and nitrogen oxides into harmless compounds. The catalysts inside the catalytic converter
convert carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen
oxides back into nitrogen and oxygen.

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 CHAPTER-2
CONSTRUCTION

2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS:

A. Substrate: is ceramic honeycomb like structure with thousands of parallel channels

that provide a large surface area for the engine exhaust.
B. Wash Coat: A coating that increases the effective surface area of the
substrates & facilitates the application of precious metal catalyst onto the surface of
the ceramic surface of the ceramic substrate.
C. Catalyst: Precious metal catalyst-the heart of catalytic converter, applied to wash
coated ceramic substrate.
D. Mat: It provides thermal insulation & protects against mechanical shock & chassis
vibration.
E. Can: A metal package that encases all the above components
F. Heat shields: They are used to protect various parts surrounding the catalytic They are
used to protect various parts surrounding the catalytic

2.2 COATING PROCESS:

Catalytic converters are used in automobile and industries for pollution abatement. They
usually consist of cordierite ceramic extruded to form a structure of honeycomb-like cells that
extend as channels along the catalytic converter length. A paint-like liquid containing the
precious metal catalyst is coated on the channel walls. During operation, exhaust gases are
conveyed with low pressure drop through the catalytic converter. The pollutant gases are
removed by catalytic activity in the catalyst coating. Monolithic catalytic converter substrates
are shown in the picture above.

Coating processes for catalytic converters present several challenges that have been tackled in
the visual analysis lab. Catalytic converter manufacturers complained that quality control of
catalyst coat thicknesses is difficult. In addition the coating liquid often clogs several of the
catalytic converter channels.

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Usually, the monoliths are sprayed with a non-viscous solution containing dissolved catalyst.
Sometimes the monoliths are coated by dipping into catalyst enriched slurry and then
blowing out the slurry with air. The air clears the channels leaving a layer of deposited slurry
solids on the channel walls. A solid coat of catalyst, called the wash coat, is left after the
liquid components dries out. A third method is to suck the slurry through the monoliths by
lowering one end of the monolith into catalyst slurry and applying a vacuum at the other end
of the monolith. This vacuum coating method has been the focus of our research and is
illustrated below.

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 2.3 DETAILED COATING PROCESS:

A. Magnaflow engineers its converters with maximum airflow in mind. The large surface area of
the honeycomb ceramic catalyst combines with a detailed coating process to allow the most
exhaust to flow through the converter. Innovative technology allows each catalyst to both
oxidize and reduce harmful emissions.

B. A ribbed body encases the ceramic to reduce expansion and distortion when the converter
reaches its high operating temperature. The ribs form channels that hold the ceramic in proper
alignment and protect the cushioning mat from direct exposure to exhaust gases.

C. Magnaflow converters have a smooth-flowing, 1/2" lap joint where the neck and body
connect. This joint prevents the neck from extending into the body, where it could impede
exhaust flow.

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D. MagnaFlow maintains separate dies for several converter body sizes and corresponding neck
sizes. This process eliminates the need to adapt neck sizes to make them fit on a single
converter body size, which would increase back pressure and decrease airflow and
horsepower.

E. The ceramic catalysts are seam welded to a heavy-gauge, stainless steel converter body.
Furthermore, a stainless steel heat shield is seam welded to the inner converter body. This
style of welding forms a strong bond between the converter's components and prevents the
ceramics from shifting.

F. Ribbing on the shield offers a final layer of protection against heat damage while reinforcing
the structural stability of the entire converter.

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2.4 CATALYST MATERIALS:

A catalytic is a substance that causes chemical reaction without being changed by the
reaction. Noble metals are used as catalysts.

▪ Oxidation converters: - 70% platinum & 30% palladium is not as efficient as platinum but it
is used to reduce overall cost of the unit.

▪ Reduction converters: - it consists of platinum & rhodium.

2.5 TYPES OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER:

There are main types of structures used in catalytic converters. Honeycomb and
Ceramic beads. Most cars today use a honeycomb structure.

 Three-way catalytic
converter

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In a three-way catalytic converter, the converter is positioned in front of the oxidation
catalyst. A three-way catalytic converter reduces NOx emissions as well as CO and HC. The
three-way catalyst reduces NOx into nitrogen and oxygen

♦ Ceramic honeycomb structure:

Ceramic Honeycomb
A ceramic honeycomb structure is provided with a plurality of open passages extending there
through in an axial direction thereof. The wall thickness of at least one part of the open
passages formed in an annular portion along an outer peripheral surface of the structure is
made larger than that of the other open passages formed in the other portion than the annular
portion, and the structure has excellent mechanical strength and thermal shock strength.

A method for producing a ceramic honeycomb structure comprising applying a coating

material to an outer peripheral surface of the ceramic honeycomb body to form an outer
peripheral wall, the thickness of the coating material applied being determined from the outer
diameter of the ceramic honeycomb body and the drying shrinkage ratio of the coating

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material, such that the outer diameter of the dried ceramic honeycomb structure is within a
target outer size ±1.4 mm.

♦ Reduction Catalyst

The section of a three-way catalytic converter that breaks NOx down into harmless nitrogen
and oxygen through a reduction reaction.

The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter. It uses platinum and
rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an No or NO2 molecule contacts the
catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and hold on to it, freeing the
oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen atoms that are stuck
to the catalyst, forming N2. For example:

2NO => N2 + O2 or 2NO2 => N2 + 2O2

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♦ Oxidation Catalyst

An oxidation catalyst is a flow through exhaust device that contains a honeycomb structure
covered with a layer of chemical catalyst. This layer contains small amounts of precious
metal-usually platinum or palladium-that interact with and oxidize pollutants in the exhaust
stream (CO and unburned HCs), thereby reducing poisonous emissions. Sometimes called an
oxycat when used on a diesel engine, it works together with the DPF and EGR valve to
remove the bulk of unburned hydrocarbons, soot and NOx from diesel exhaust.

The oxidation catalyst is the second stage of the catalytic converter. It reduces the unburned
hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidizing) them over a platinum and
palladium catalyst. This catalyst aids the reaction of the CO and hydrocarbons with the
remaining oxygen in the exhaust gas.

For example:

2CO + O2 => 2CO2

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(1) Monolith:

# Shell: Manufactures make converter housing of sell of two stamped metal pieces welded to
gather to form a round or oval assembly.

# Monolith: It is made from ceramic matter. Honeycomb design has hundred of cellular
passages for the exhaust gases to floe through.

# Flow diffuser: It is situated between converter inlet & catalytic element. It is used to obtain
uniform flow of exhaust gases over the entire area. If it is not present they pellet type gases
will pass through the centre of the element only.

(2) Pellet Type:

# Pellet: It consists of a small aluminium oxide pellet of 1/8 to 1/10 of an inch in diameter.
They are coated with thin layers of platinum or palladium.

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# Baffles: They direct the flow. First of all gases pass through the upper baffles. They have to
pass through the pellets & get out through lower baffles. Baffles support & contains the bed.

# Insulation: Situated between inner 7 outer shells. It retarded the transfer of heat so no heat
shield is required here.

# Drain plug: It permits removal of catalysts pellets with special requirement.

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 CHAPTER-3
WORKING

3.1 CONVERSION PROCESS:

Most modern cars are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. “Three-way” refers to
the three regulated emission it helps to reduce carbon monoxide, VOCs and NOx molecules.
The converter uses two different types of catalyst, a reduction catalyst and an oxidization
catalyst. Both types consist of a ceramic structure coated with a metal catalyst, usually
platinum, rhodium and palladium. The idea is to create a structure that exposes the maximum
surface area of catalyst to the exhaust stream, while also minimizing the amount of catalyst
required (they are very expensive).

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♦ Pollutants Produced by a Car Engine:

In order to reduce emissions, modern car engines carefully control the amount of fuel
they burn. They try to keep the air-to-fuel ratio very close to the stoichiometric point, which
is the calculated ideal ratio of fuel. Theoretically, ratio the fuel will be burned using all of the
oxygen in the air. For gasoline, the stoichiometric ratio is about 14:7:1, meaning that for each
pound of gasoline, 14.7 pounds of air will be burned. Sometimes the mixture can be lean (an
air-to-fuel ratio higher than 14.7), and other times the mixture can be rich (an air-to-fuel ratio
lower than 14.7).

» The main emissions of a car engine are:

► Nitrogen gas (N2) - Air is 78%, nitrogen gas and most of this passes right through the
car engine.

► Carbon dioxide (CO2) - This is one product of combustion. The carbon in the fuel
bonds with the oxygen in the air.

► Water vapour (H2O) - This is another product of combustion. The hydrogen in the
fuel bonds with the oxygen in the air.

These emissions are mostly benign (although carbon dioxide emissions are believed to
contribute to global warming). But because the combustion process is never perfect, some
smaller amounts of more harmful emissions are also produced in car engines.

► Carbon monoxide (CO) - a poisonous gas that is colourless and odourless

► Hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – produced mostly from

unburned fuel.

► Sunlight breaks these down to form oxidants, which react with oxides of
nitrogen to cause ground level ozone (O3), which is a major component of smog.

► Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, together called NOx) – contributes to smog and acid
rain, and causes irritation to human mucus membranes.

These are the main regulated emissions, and also the ones that catalytic converters are
designed to reduce.

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3.2 WAYS OF CONVERSION:

# 2-way pellets (bead) type-

This type of converter either oxides or reduces but not both at one time, so most often not
used now a days.

# 3-ways / dual / hybrid type –

First of all exhaust gases passes through TWC where it reduces NOx & partly oxidizes
HC/CO. then pump provides sufficient air form oxidation Purpose. Then it passes through
COC, where final oxidation of HC/CO. Then pump provides sufficient air from oxidation
purpose. Then it passes through COC, where final oxidation of HC/Co takes place.

3.3FUEL AFFECTED INPERFORMANCE OF CATALYTIC

CONVERTER:

♦ Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) –

CIDI engines have highest thermal efficiency of any proven automobile power plant. This
increases fuel economy up to 35%. They are expected to deliver a fuel economy of up to
80mpg in vehicles being developed under “ partnership for a new generation of vehicles
(PNGV) “ the joint venture of automobile giants like Chrysler corp., ford motor co.,
Lawrence Livermore national lab, loss Alamos national lab, dark ridge national, and sandia
national lab.

The primary technical barrier is emissions, learn burning CIDI engines have high
concentrations of O2, and so reduction of NOx, is not possible with a high standard catalyst.
So they have prepared a full size (110 cubic inch) converter & tested with a CIDI engine on a
dynamometer. Test results have demonstrated a NOx reduction of 40% more than double the
reduction realized with commercially available catalysts.

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♦ Unleaded Petrol:
Lead has been recognized as a health hazard. To reduce knocking (detonation) and as an
octane improve 1 part of Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) – [(C2H5) 4PB] is added in 1300 parts of
gasoline. About 85% of lead entering the atmosphere comes from TEL.

Vehicles with catalytic converter must utilize and unleaded fuel. The lead itself plates the
catalyst to form a coating that prevents the exhaust gas pollution reacting and therefore
reacting with the catalyst.

Manufacturers prevent the use of leaded fuel in a vehicle by the design of the filler tube
leading down to the fuel tank. There is a special filler tube which has restriction placed at its
opening which prevents the entry of large leaded fuel delivery nozzles at gasoline pumps.

Lead gradually gets accumulated in the body, after certain level it causes a variety of heart,
lungs, liver brain, etc.

As an alternative to TEL as octane improver, either of the following can be added –

1 part of Ethyl iodide (EI) – [(C2H5) 1] in 25 parts of gasoline.

1 part of Ethyl alcohol [C2H5OH] in the parts of gasoline.

It causes diseases like gastro intestinal damage, liver kidney damage, and abnormality in
fertility and pregnancy, mental development of children affected various skin disease, etc.

3.4 PRECAUTIONS:
If gases are too hot, by pass valve sends exhaust gases around the catalytic converter directly
to the muffler.
(1) Failure to correct any of the conditions above will cause your new catalytic converter to
fail. The warranty of your new converter does not cover damage described above.
Tampering with or removing a catalytic converter from your vehicle is illegal and can
result in expensive fines.
(2) Use unleaded petrol only even one time leaded petrol will damage the catalytic converter
permanently.

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(3) Consult an authorized service outlet at the earliest when, engine miss firing or runs
irregularly, following cold start, a significant loss of power is noticed.
(4) In the event of above symptoms, drive a car low speed without rapid acceleration. If the
vehicle is continuously run with misfiring, it may cause overheating of shell, carpet etc.
resulting into fire.
So, don’t drive the vehicle with misfiring.

3.5 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

 Advantages:

» It gives more power

» It gives better performance
» It gives reduced fuel consumption
» Reducing amount of CO, HC and NOx, particulate emission, it leads to pollution
free environment. It is having long life.
» It has to be replaced after 50,000 miles. Here no lead is used so TEL is formed,
which is very harmful to health.

 Disadvantages:
» Cost is high.
» Volume required is high.
» Some amount of weight is added.
» There is over temperature problem.
» Heat shields required otherwise areas around it will be severely due to thermal
stresses.
» Catalytic material is lost.
» Unleaded fuel is required otherwise lead will be replace the catalyst and so no
reactions will be carried out.

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 CHAPTER-4
CATALYTIC CONVERTER NEWS

4.1 DIRECT FIT CATALYTIC CONVERTERS

# Emission Control System

The purpose of the emission control system is just that; it controls the emissions and exhaust
from your vehicle. The idea is to turn the harmful gases your car manufactures into harmless
ones that don’t ruin the environment, or us. Some of the problem gases are: hydrocarbons
(unburned), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, phosphorus
lead and other metals.

To prevent the engine from polluting the environment with these gases, we include a catalytic
converter in our emission system. The catalytic converter is installed in the exhaust line,
between the exhaust manifold and the muffler, and makes use of chemicals that act as a
catalyst. Basically, the harmful gases enter the catalytic converter, a kind of stainless steel
container. The converter is lined with chemicals such as aluminium oxide, platinum and
palladium. These chemicals cause the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons to change into
water vapour and carbon dioxide. Some converters have a third lining of chemicals, platinum
and rhodium, that reduce nitrogen oxides (three-way, dual bed catalytic converter).

The reason that leaded gas cannot be used in an engine with a catalytic converter is that the
lead coat the chemicals in the chemical lining cant’s come in contact with the pollutants.

One Step Closer to Ultra low-Emission Automobiles

A new application of a chemical process called sol-gel technology shows promise for making
automobile catalytic converters dramatically more efficient in reducing harmful air pollution
emissions by targeting the first minute-and-a-half in which the car is running after a cold
start, according to research presented at a meeting of the American Chemical Society

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Most catalytic converters turn harmful combustion products such as hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into benign water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. But during
the first 90 seconds, while the catalytic converter has not reached optimum operating
condition and maximum conversion efficiency, up to 70 percent of the total air pollutants
discharged during a normal driving cycle are exhausted to the atmosphere.

This brief window of pollution emission has been targeted as the point of attack by Chaitanya
Narula and his colleagues in the chemistry department of the Ford Motor Company Research
Laboratory in Dearborn, MI, to meet upcoming goals for ultra low automobile emissions.

# Suicides by Motor Vehicles

It has been suggested that the introduction of strict controls on exhaust emissions may have a
beneficial, decreasing, effect on the rate of suicides using this method. This has been
supported by a number of patient studies. In England and Wales, in 1992, the suicide rate
using MVEG dropped dramatically, from a high of 23.9 deaths per million in 1991 to 15.95
per million in 1992.

However, suicides from all other methods remained relatively constant around 53.0 deaths
per million. At the same time the percentage of cars with catalytic converters increased
almost tenfold, from 0.4% in 1991 to 3.9% of the fleet in 1992.

As the alternative methods of suicide have remained little changed it appears that there is
little or no substitution occurring and that catalytic converter may be saving lives.

# New China Auto Emissions Standards

To protect the environment, the Chinese government has tightened auto emissions regulations
and has encourages the increased practice of recycling materials. Starting in 2000, to
eliminate the use of leaded gasoline and to reduce vehicle, catalytic converters will be
installed in passenger cars and mini-buses. It will be mandatory after this date that all
vehicles are equipped with catalytic converters.

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4.2 CATALYTIC CONVERTER LAWS:

In 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued new guidelines for the
construction, efficiency and installation of aftermarket catalytic converters. All Clean air
converters listed in this catalog have been designed, tested and manufactured to meet this
policy.

In addition, clean air converter listed in this catalog is appropriate for use under the current
requirements of the California Air Resources Board (C.A.R.B.).

# E.P.A. guidelines state that replacement converters may be installed only in the following
situations:

1. The vehicle is missing a converter

2. A state or local inspection program has determined that the existing converter needs
replacement.

3. Vehicles manufactured prior to 1996 must have more than 50,000 miles, and a legitimate
need for replacement must be established and documented.

4. In cases of OBD Il-equipped vehicles (1996 and later), the O.E. manufacturer's 8-
year/80,000-mile warranty must have expired and a legitimate need for replacement must
have expired and a legitimate need for replacement must be established and documented.

NOTE: Federal law prohibits removal or replacement of a properly functioning O.E Converter.

# When replacement of the converter is appropriate (as outlined above),

the E.P.A. further requires that:

1. It is installed in the same location as the original.

2. It be the same type as the original (i.e., two-way, three-way, three-way plus air/three-
way plus oxidation).
3. It be the proper model for the vehicle application as determined and specified by the
manufacturer.

4. It is properly connected to any existing air injection components on the vehicle.

5. It is installed with any other required converter for a particular application.

6. It is accompanied by a warranty information card to be completed by the installer.

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 CHAPTER -5
CONCLUSION
Environment, ecological and health concern result in increasingly stringent emissions from
vehicle engines. Among all the types of technologies developed so far, use of catalytic
converters is the best way to control auto exhaust emission. The economical reasons, limited
resources of platinum group (noble) metal and some operating limitations of platinum group
metal based catalytic converters have motivated the investigation of alternative catalyst

materials.

An estimate of the total operational time during the last ten years of use of commercial
catalytic converter is about 1.2 X 108 hr. Some converters have exceeded 10,000 hr of
operational life. We are not aware of any instance in which a health problem has been
reported connected with catalytic converter equipped internal combustion engines. In the
contrary, the cited evidence shows that health benefits are derived from the use of catalytic
converter. According to our own and according to all commercial experiences which have
come to our attention, we see no cause to doubt the safety of the operation of catalytic
converter purifiers on mobile and stationary internal combustion engines. The question of
possible adverse effects of sulfat3 emissions has been raised only relatively recently, and no
systematic study of any such effects with commercial equipment appears to have been
completed. However, during the years of use of catalytic converter purifiers in confined
spaces no irritation or other health problems, and this would include sulphate effects have
been reported to us. Particularly significant in this respect is the widespread use of catalytic
converter purifiers on diesel locomotives in underground mines, in spite of relatively high
sulphur content of diesel fuel.

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6. REFERENCE

LINKS;

http://www.synergycatalyst.com/catalyst-coating-technology/

https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_T
xtbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kineti
cs/Case_Studies%3A_Kinetics/Catalytic_Converters

https://www.google.co.in/search?rlz=1C1CHBF_enIN813IN813&ei=r3yWW9y9I8vL
vgSf5rs4&q=catalytic+converter+principle&oq=catalytic+converter+princi&gs_l=ps
y-ab.3.0.0j0i22i30k1.9301.12920.0.15242.7.7.0.0.0.0.308.1753.2-
4j2.6.0....0...1c.1.64.psy-ab..1.6.1749...35i39k1j0i67k1.0.ZbFyRw2JPIs#

BOOKS;

Automobile catalytic converter; Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York;

Kathleen C. Taylor

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