nghUslf;fk;

0.0. Ma;T Kd;Diu

0.1. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G

0.2. Ma;T Nehf;fk;

0.3. Ma;Tf; fUJNfhs;

0.4. Ma;T vy;iy

0.5. Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;

0.6. Ma;T mZFKiwfs;

0.7. Ma;T Mjhuq;fs;

0.7.1. Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;

0.7.2. Jizik Mjhuq;fs;

0.8. Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;Gk; gFg;Gk;

0.9. Ma;T KbTfs;

0.10. njhlh; Ma;Tfs;

0.11. Jiz E}w;gl;bay;

1
0.0. Kd;Diu

jkpo; nkhop kpfTk; njhd;ik tha;e;j nkhop. jkpo;nkhopapy;

cs;s E}y;fs;> gz;ilf; fhy Kdpth;fs;> rpj;jh;fs;> Gyth;fs; kw;Wk;

mwptpayhsh;fshy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. jkpo;r; rpj;jh;fspy; Kjd;ikahdth;

mfj;jpa Kdpth;. ,th; nghjpif kiyapy; tho;e;J gy mhpa E}y;fis

kUj;Jtk;> khe;jphPfk; Nghd;wj; jiyg;Gfspy; gilj;Js;shh;. ,th;

tho;e;jf; fhyk; fp.K.6 kw;Wk; 7-Mk; E}w;whz;L vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

mfj;jpah; gy mhpa kUj;Jt> khe;jphPf E}y;fisg; gilj;jpUe;jhYk;

mitfspy; rpwg;ghd ,lj;ijg; ngWtJ [e;J fhtpaq;fs; MFk;. Ie;J

fhtpaq;fshtd> thj fhtpak;> G+uz fhtpak;> Qhd fhtpak;> khe;jphPf

fhtpak; kw;Wk; ,yl;rz fhtpak;. ,e;jf; fhtpaq;fspy; gy mhpar; rpj;j

itj;jpa Kiwfs;> jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> cg;Gfs;> cNyhfq;fs;>

khe;jphPfk;> trpak;> kdpjdpd; gphpTfs; Nghd;wit vLj;Jf;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jf; fhz;lq;fspy; tUk; nrhw;fspd;

gd;Kfj;jd;ikiaj; njhFj;J> mr;nrhw;fs; Fwpg;gpLk; nghUs; gw;wp

mwpar; nra;jy; kpfTk; gad; cilajhf mikAk; vd;gjhy; Ie;J

fhtpaq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mike;Js;sg; gQ;r fhtpa

epfz;L vd;w E}y; Ma;tpw;F vLj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

epfz;L vd;w gjj;jpw;F chpr;nrhy; gDty; vd;gJ nghUs;. tl

nkhopapy; tof;fpy; ,Ue;j Ntjj;jpw;Fg; nghUs; mhpa epfz;Lfs;

vOjg;gl;lJ. mjd;gpd; jkpo; nkhopapYs;s goq;fhy E}y;fspd;

nghUis mwpa epfz;L Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. rpj;jh;fs; kiwKfkhff;

$wpag; nghUs;fSf;fhd gy;NtW ngah;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk;

tz;zk; epfz;L vOjg;gl;lJ. epfz;L vd;gJ kiwnghUs;fis

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpo; epfz;Lfspy; jpthfu

2
epfz;Nl Kjypy; Njhd;wpajhFk;. mfj;jpahpd; gQ;r fhtpaq;fSf;fhd

kiwg;nghUis tpsf;FtjhfTk; mfj;jpahpd; mwptpd; khz;ig

ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjhfTk; ,e;epfz;L mike;Js;sJ. gQ;r fhtpa

epfz;bid MuhAk;NghJ> mfj;jpah; jd; khztuhfpag; Gyj;jpahplk;

$WtJNghy; ghly;fs; mike;jpUg;gjpypUe;J ,e;j epfz;il vOjpath;

mfj;jpah; $WtJNghy; ghly;fis mikj;Js;sJ njhpatUfpd;wJ.

mfj;jpah; $wpaj; nja;tq;fspd; ngah;fs;> irt topghl;L Kiwfs;>

G+irKiwfs;> topghl;L tpjpKiwfs;> khdpl th;f;fq;fs;> jhtu kw;Wk;

tpyq;fpd th;f;fq;fs;> mwptpay; njhopy;El;gq;fs;> ke;jpuq;fs;>

trpaKiwfs; kw;Wk; rpj;j itj;jpa Kiwfs; Nghd;witg; gw;wp

me;jhjp eilapy; ghly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;E}ypy; Gije;Js;s gy

mhpa cz;ikfs; ,t;tha;Ntl;by; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

0.1. Ma;Tj; jiyg;G

mfj;jpahpd; gQ;r fhtpa epfz;bid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

“gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L - Muha;r;rp” vd;gJ Ma;Tj; jiyg;ghf

mike;Js;sJ.

0.2. Ma;T Nehf;fk;

gQ;r fhtpa epfz;il cw;WNehf;fpg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ ,e;j epfz;by;

epfz;bd; Njhw;wk;> Mrphpah; tuyhW> E}y; mwpKfk;> nja;t-khdpl

th;f;fq;fs;> jhtu-tpyq;fpd th;f;fq;fs;> gy mhpa mwptpay;

cz;ikfs;> trpa Kiwfs;> rpj;j kUe;jpay; Nghd;witg; gw;wpaf;

Fwpg;Gfs; cs;sJ. ,e;epfz;L gpw jkpo; epfz;ilg;Nghy jdpg;ghlyhf

mikahky; me;jhjp Kiwapy; mike;Js;shjhy;> jdpahfg; gphpj;J

mwptJ rw;Wf; fbdkhf cs;sJ. ,e;E}ypy; cs;s ghly;fspy;

3
nghjpe;Js;s fUj;Jf;fisf; ftdKld; ntspf;nfhzh;e;J> Ma;T nra;J

mfj;jpahpd; ,iwahz;ik> jkpohpd; Qhdk;> epfz;L typAWj;Jk;

rkag;ghq;F> kdpj rKf mikg;G> mwptpay; fUj;Jf;fis etPd

mwptpay; Kiwapy; xg;gpLjy; Nghd;wtw;iw Ma;T nra;J ,d;iwa

kUj;Jtj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLk; tifapy; ntspf;nfhzh;tNj ,t;tha;Ntl;bd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.

0.3. Ma;Tf; fUJNfhs;

“gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L – Muha;r;rp” vDk; jiyg;gpy;> epfz;bd;

Njhw;wk;> tpsf;fk;> tiffs; tpsf;fg;gl;L> nja;t khdpl th;f;fg;

ngah;fSk; jhtu tpyq;fpd th;f;fg; ngah;fSk; epfz;by; Gjpa

nrhw;nghUs; Mf;fj;jpw;F tpj;jplyhk; vd;gijAk; ,e;epfz;by;

fhzyhFk; mwptpay; Jiwfs;> trpak;> rpj;jkUe;jpay; Nghd;wit

mwptpay; kw;Wk; kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;gijAk;

,jdbg;gilapy; ,d;iwa ,sk; mwptpayhsh;fs; ghujj;jpd; “gy;jhtug;

ngUf;fj;jpid” (plant biodiversity) jkJ nrhe;jkhf;fpf; nfhz;lhy; mjd;

%yk; jhtuq;fs;> %ypiffs; ghJfhf;fg;glyhk; vd;gijAk;

fUJNfhshff; nfhz;L ,t;tha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ.

0.4. Ma;T vy;iy

mfj;jpahpd; gQ;r fhtpaq;fspd; epfz;L Ma;tpw;Fhpa E}yhf

miktjhy; ,e;epfz;bd; gilg;ghsp> tuyhW> fhyk; kw;Wk; vl;L

fhz;lq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs;> nrhw;fs;> itj;jpa Kiwfs;>

jhtu tpyq;fpdg; ngah;fs;> mwptpay; ghh;itapy; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.

,t;tha;tpy; r.muq;fuhrd;> 2008-Mk; Mz;L gjpg;gpj;j gQ;r fhtpa

4
epfz;L vDk; E}ypYs;s 1060 ghly;fis Ma;T nra;J mjd;

kiwg;nghUs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

0.5. Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;

Gyth; K.rz;Kfk; gps;is vOjpa ‘epfz;L nrhw;nghUl; Nfhit’

(1982) vDk; E}y; epfz;Lfspy; nja;tg; ngah; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

tPuhl;rpkq;fyk; jkpo;gG
; yth; jp.rptd;gps;is ,aw;wpag; ‘gioaj;

jkpo; mfuhjp gpq;fy Kdpth; nra;j gpq;fye;ij vd;Dk; gpq;fy

epfz;L’ (2000) vDk; E}y; mfuhjp Nehf;fpy; mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

Kidth;.ng.khijad; vOjpa ‘jkpo; epfz;Lfs; tuyhw;Wg;

ghh;it’ (2005) vDk; E}y; jkpo; epfz;Lfspd; cUt cs;slf;f

Ma;thf mikfpd;wJ.

Nguhrphpah; Re;ju rz;Kfdhh; vOjpaj; ‘jkpo; mfuhjpf;fiy’

(2008) vDk; E}y; epfz;Lfspd;; tuyhWfisAk; tiffisAk; gw;wpg;

NgRfpd;wJ.

aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Y}h; MWKf ehtyh; vOjpa ‘kz;ly GUlh;

,aw;wpa #lhkzp epfz;L’ vDk; E}y; jkpo;r;nrhw;fspd; ngUf;fj;ij

thpirg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.

,t;thuha;r;rp kl;LNk Kjd;ik Muha;r;rpahf ,Ug;gjhy;

,t;tha;tpw;F Kd;E}y;> gpd;D}y; ,y;iy.

0.6. Ma;tpd; mZFKiwfs;;

'gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L - Muha;r;rp" vDk; jiyg;gpw;Fr; 'r%ftpay;"

(Sociological Approach) mZFKiwAk; Ma;Ntl;bidj; njhFj;Jk;

gFj;Jk; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ>

5
 1. gFg;gha;T Kiw (Analytical Method)

2. jpwdha;T Kiw (Criticism Method)

3. xg;gl
P ;L Kiw (Comparative Method)

4. tpsf;f Kiw (Descriptive Method)

Nghd;w mZFKiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

0.7. Ma;T Mjhuq;fs;

'gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L - Muha;r;rp" vd;Dk; Ma;tpw;F cjtpa

Mjhuq;fs;>

1. Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;

2. Jizik Mjhuq;fs;

vdg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

0.7.1. Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;

mfj;jpahpd; gQ;r fhtpa epfz;by; cs;s 1060 ghly;fis

r.muq;fuhrd; njhFj;J toq;fpAs;shh;. ,e;j 1060 ghly;fSk; Kjd;ik

Mjhuq;fshf mike;Js;sd.

0.7.2. Jizik Mjhuq;fs;

epfz;Lfs;> rpj;j kUj;Jtk; Fwpj;J ntspte;Js;s Ma;T E}y;fs;>

Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs;> Ma;NtLfs;> rpj;jkUj;Jt Ma;Tf;Nfhitfs;> khj

,jo;fs;> fUj;juq;fr; nrhw;nghopTfs;> gapyuq;fg; nghopTfs; Mfpad

Jizik Mjhuq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. Ma;Tg; nghUis ikakpl;l

nra;jpfs;> gpw mfuhjpfs;> fiyf; fsQ;rpaq;fs;> tho;tpaw;

fsQ;rpaq;fs;> rpj;j kUj;Jt E}y;fs; Nghd;wit Jizik

Mjhuq;fshf mike;Js;sd.

6
0.8. Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;Gk; gFg;Gk;

'gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L - Muha;r;rp" vd;wj; jiyg;gpd; fPo;

mike;Js;s ,t;tha;NtL> Ma;T mwpKfk;> Ma;T KbTfs; ePq;fyhf

MW ,ay;fshfg; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1. epfz;L Njhw;wk; - gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L Mrphpah; tuyhWk; E}y;

mwpKfKk;

2. nja;t - khdpl th;f;fq;fs;

3. jhtu - tpyq;fpd th;f;fq;fs;

4. mwptpay; ghh;itapy; gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L

5. trpak;

6. rpj;jkUe;jpay;

vd;gdthFk;. Ma;T mwpKfj;jpy; Ma;Tj; jiyg;G> Ma;T Nehf;fk;>

Ma;Tf; fUJNfhs;> Ma;T vy;iy> Ma;T Kd;Ndhbfs;> Ma;T

mZFKiwfs;> Ma;T Mjhuq;fs;> Kjd;ik Mjhuq;fs;> Jizik

Mjhuq;fs;> Ma;Ntl;bd; mikg;Gk; gFg;Gk; tpsf;fk; ngWfpd;wd.

“epfz;L Njhw;wk; - gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L Mrphpah; tuyhWk; E}y;

mwpKfKk;” vDk; Kjy; ,ayhdJ epfz;L tpsf;fk;> ngah;ff

; huzk;>

,yf;fzk;> ,yf;fpak;> fhg;gpak; Nghd;w thpirapy; epfz;L ,lk;ngw;w

jd;ik> epfz;L vd;w nrhy;ypd; Njhw;wk;> mikg;G> fhy thpirapy;

epfz;Lfspd; tsh;r;rpepiy> mfj;jpahpd; tuyhW> gQ;r fhtpa epfz;bd;

ngah;f;fhuzk;> mikg;G> ghly; vz;zpf;if> gonkhopfs;> Rtbr;

nra;jpfs;> Kuz;ghLfs;> mfj;jpah; Gyj;jpaid tpopf;Fk; jpwd;>

jiyg;Gg; nghUj;jk;> ghly; vz;zpf;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Fog;gq;fs;

Nghd;wtw;iw Muha;e;Js;sJ.

7
 “nja;t – khdpl th;f;fq;fs;” vDk; ,uz;lhtJ ,aypy;

nja;tq;fspd; ngah;fs;> nja;t topghl;bd; Jtf;fKk; KbTk;>

mfj;jpahpd; rka ntspg;ghL> mfj;jpahpd; rptgf;jp kw;Wk; vl;Lf;

fhz;lq;fspy; tUk; fhg;Gg; ghly;fspy; cs;s Mz; nja;tg; ngah;fs;>

ngz; nja;tg; ngah;fs;> gpw nja;tq;fspd; ngah;fs;> khdpl th;f;fq;fs;>

epfz;L top mwpayhFk; rhjpg; gphpTfs;> ehd;F tif Mz; rhjpfs;>

ehd;F tif ngz; rhjpfs;> epfz;L $Wk; khdpl th;f;fj;jpid gpw

E}y;fNshL xg;gpLjy;> fUTk; rhjpAk;> rhjp mbg;gilapy; epwk;>

fz;fspd; mikg;G> ehd;F rhjpg; ngz;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW

ngah;fs;> jpUkzg; nghUj;jk; Nghd;wit Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

“jhtu – tpyq;fpd th;f;fq;fs;” vd;gJ %d;whtJ ,ayhFk;.

,t;tpaypy; epfz;by; $wg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW tifahd jhtuq;fspd;

ngah;fs;> mtw;wpw;F toq;fg;gLk; nghJg;ngah;fs;> mwptpay; ngah;fs;>

jhtuq;fspd; kUj;Jtg; gad;fs;> tpyq;fpdq;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; NtW

ngah;fisg; gpw epfz;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s ngah;fNshL xg;gpl;L

,d;iwa mwptpayhUk; mwpAk; tz;zk; ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

“mwptpay; ghh;itapy; gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L ” vDk; ehd;fhtJ

,aypy; gj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l etPd mwptpay; fz;Lgpbg;GfSf;F gQ;r

fhtpa epfz;L ghly;fs; mbj;jskhf mike;Js;sJ Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

gz;ilaf; fyhr;rhu> r%f> mwptpaYf;F gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L Xh;

tuyhw;Wg; Ngioahf tpsq;FtJk; kNdhjj;Jt Kiwf;Fg; Ghpahj gy

Gjph;fSf;F tpilf; nfhLg;gjhf gQ;r fhtpa epfz;L ghly;fs;

mike;Js;sJk; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kUj;Jt epfz;Lfspd; thpirapy;

mfj;jpahpd; gQ;r fhtpa epfz;lhdJ jdpj;Jtk; ngw;W tpsq;FtJk;

8
,d;iwa etPd fhy kUj;JtKiw mfj;jpah; fhyj;jpNyNa tof;fj;jpy;

,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gJk; ,t;tpaypy; Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

“trpak;” vDk; Ie;jhtJ ,aypy; trpak; rhh;e;J ntspte;j

gy;NtW E}y;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s trpa KiwfSf;Fk; mfj;jpahpd;

gQ;r fhtpa epfz;by; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s trpa KiwfSf;Fk; cs;s

NtWghL Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;E}ypy; trpak; Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s

fUj;Jf;fSf;Fk; jiyg;Gf;Fk; nghUj;jkpy;yhj epiy

ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jfty;fs; midj;Jk; Kuz;fs; vd;w

jiyg;gpy; jdpNa jug;gl;Ls;sJ. jFjpahd FUtpd; topfhl;Ljy;

,y;yhky; ahUk; ,t;trpaj;ij Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk; vd;gJk;

,t;tpaypy; typAWj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

“rpj;j kUe;jpay;” vd;gJ MwhtJ ,ayhFk;. ,t;tpaypy; gQ;r

fhtpa epfz;bid Xh; nrhy;yfuhjpahf mfj;jpah; gilj;jpUe;jhYk;

mjpy; rpj;j itj;jpa Kiwfs; kw;Wk; mjw;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fs;

gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,f;Fwpg;ghdJ mfj;jpah; jdJ

kUj;Jt Kiwfis kPz;Lk; tYg;gLj;jNt ,e;epfz;il mikj;Js;shh;

vd;gJj; njhpfpd;wJ. epfz;by; kUe;J nra;Kiwfs; tpLglhky;

,Ug;gjw;fhf mfj;jpah; $wp ,Ue;jhYk; mk;kUe;J nra;Kiwfs;

,d;iwaf; fhyj;jpy; tof;fj;jpy; ,y;yhjitfshf cs;sd.

,k;Kiwfspy; Rz;zk;> nraePh;> cg;G vd;w tiffs; mjpfk;

$wg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it ahTk; vspjpy; nra;a Kbahj mhpa

KiwfshFk;. ,tw;Ws; nraePh; vd;gJ kUe;jy;y. kUe;Jfisr; nra;ag;

gad;gLk; cNyhfq;fs;> ,urk; Nghd;witfis cUf;fp> cUkhw;wk;

nra;aj; Njitahd mbg;gilahd nghUs; vd;gJk; ,t;tpaypy;

Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

9
0.9. Ma;T KbTfs;

,e;j MW ,ay;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; ,WjpapYk; mt;tpaypy;

Muhag;gl;ltw;wpd; KbTfs; njhFj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. xt;nthU

,aypYk; mt;tha;T KbTfspd; njhFg;G ‘KbTfs;” vdj; jiyg;gpl;Lf;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;T KbTfs; gFjpapy; nghJthd KbTfs;

njhFj;Jk; gFj;Jk; mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

0.10. njhlh; Ma;Tfs;

,t;tha;tpy; njhlh; Ma;Tf;fsq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

0.11. Jiz E}w;gl;bay;

Ma;tpw;Fj; Jiz nra;j Ma;T E}y;fs;> fl;Liuj; njhFjpfs;>

mfuhjpfs;> fsQ;rpaq;fs;> Ma;NtLfs;> kUj;Jt ,jo;fs;>

Ma;Tf;Nfhitfs;> Mq;fpy E}y;fs;> ,izajs Kfthpfs; Mfpad

mfu thpirapy; Jiz E}w;gl;baypy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

10