TUTORIAL SHEET - 4 (UNIT-IV) Q12.
Define degree of reaction and derive the following expression
Impulse Reaction Turbine, Regenerative Feed heating Cycles
Q1.(a) Derive the expression for efficiency in case of reaction turbine
and explain why reaction turbine is called 50% reaction turbine.
(RTU 2018, 8 marks)
(b) How enthalpy can dropped by various stages of reaction turbine?
Explain. (RTU 2018, 8 marks)
Q2.(a) What do you understand by regenerative feed heating cycle?
(RTU 2018, 8 marks)
(b) Explain the difference between ideal and actual regenerative
cycles by showing the process on T-s and h-s diagram. (RTU 2018, 8
marks)
Q3.(a) Explain stage velocity and force diagram for an impuse
reaction turbine with neat sketch. (RTU17, 8marks)
(b) What is the condition of maximum gross stage efficiency in
Parsons reaction turbine? (RTU17, 8marks)
Q4.(a) Discuss the saving in heat rate from regenerative heating.
(RTU17, 4marks)
(b)Dry and saturated steam enters a steam turbine at 40 bar and
exhausts at 0.07 bar. It is planned to use a regenerative feed heating
system employing three heaters. (i) Design suitable extraction points
and estimate the mass of steam taken by the heater per kg of feed. (ii)
Find efficiency of the regenerative cycle. (RTU17, 12marks)
Q5.(a) What do you understand by “Degree of reaction”? (RTU16,
4marks)
(b)At a particular ring of a reaction turbine the blade speed is 67m/s
and the flow of steam is 4.54kg/s, dry saturated, at 1.373bar. Both
fixed and moving blades have inlet and exit angles of 35 0 and 200
respectively. Determine : (i) power developed by the pair of rings (ii)
the required blade height which is to be one tenth of the mean blade
ring diameter. (iii) The heat drop required by the pair if the steam
expands with an efficiency of 80%. (RTU16, 12marks)
Q6(a). What do you understand by regenerative feed heating cycle?
(RTU16, 4marks)
(b)Explain the difference between ideal and actual regenerative
cycles by showing the process on T-s and h-s diagram. Why actual
regenerative cycle differs from ideal regenerative cycle? . (RTU16,
12marks)
Q7.(a) Prove that the diagram or blade efficiency of a single stage
reaction turbine is given by- ηb=2 – { 2/(1 + 2 − )}
Where R=50% and Cf1=Cf2. Further prove that the maximum blade
efficiency is given by ηb=2cos2α/1+ cos2α (RTU15, 10marks)
(b). Define degree of reaction. Deduce an expression for work done
per stage of reaction turbine.(RTU15, 6marks)
Q8.(a) What are open and closed feed water heaters? Mention their
merits and demerits. How are the number of heaters and the degree
of regeneration get optimized. (RTU15, 8marks)
(b). Discuss briefly the advantages of using regenerative feed heating
in steam power plant. Also show that the ideal efficiency of a
regenerative cycle is greater than the corresponding Rankine cycle
efficiency. (RTU15, 8marks)
Q9. The following particulars refer to one stage of an impulse-
reaction turbine :- Mean diameter = 96cm, r.p.m. = 3000, Nozzle
outlet angle = 20 0, Nozzle height = 12cm, Blade height = 12cm,
specific volume of steam at nozzle outlet = 4.4m3/kg and at blade
outlet = 4.8m3/kg, Steam velocity at nozzle outlet = 275m/s, Power
developed by blade = 265 kW. Calculate the heat drop in the stage,
the degree of reaction, the outlet angle of moving blades & the gross
stage efficiency. Assume that the expansion efficiency is 0.94 and
that the carry over coefficient is 0.81. Neglect the effect of nozzles
and blade thickness. (RTU 2013)
Q10.With the help of T-S and sysmtematic diagram explain the
principle of regenerative cycle and calculate the expression for its
thermal efficiency, also discuss advantages and disadvantages.
(RTU 2013)
Q11. How do open feed water heaters differ from closed feed water
heater? (RTU 2011)
for maximum blade efficiency in 50% reaction turbine,
η=(2Cos2α1)/(1+Cos2α1), Where, α1 is nozzle angle at inlet.
(RTU2010)
Q13. Steam at 150 bar and 550 ºC enters into a steam turbine. After
expansion to 45 bar, the steam is reheated to 550 ºC and sent to
another turbine.Two open heaters are placed optimally. The
condenser pressure is 0.1 bar. Determine efficiency. (RTU 2010)
Q14. The following particulars refer to a stage of Parson’s steam
turbine computing one ring of fixed blades & one ring of moving
blades. Mean diameter of blade ring = 70 cm, rpm = 3000, steam
velocity at exit from blades = 160 m/s, blade outlet angle = 20°,
steam flow through blades = 7 kg/s. Draw the velocity diagram &
find the following: (a) Blade inlet angle, (b) Tangential force on the
ring of moving blades, (c) Power developed in stage. (β 1=520 ,
Ft=1347.5 N, P=148.22 kW)
Q15. Steam flows into the nozzle of an impulse reaction turbine stage
from the blade of the preceding stage with a velocity of 100 m/sec &
issues from the nozzle with a velocity of 325 m/sec at an angle of 20°
to the wheel plane. Calculate the gross stage efficiency for the
following data : Mean blade velocity = 180 m/s, Expansion efficiency
for nozzle & blade=0.9, Carry over factor for nozzles and blades=0.9,
degree of reaction= 0.26, Blade outlet angle=28° (ηgs=82.1 %)
Q16.The outlet angle of the blade of Parson’s turbine is 20° and the
axial velocity of flow of steam is 0.5 times the mean blade velocity.
Draw the velocity diagram for a stage consisting of one end fixed and
one moving row of blades, given that the mean diameter is 71cm and
the speed of rotation is 3000 rpm. Calculate the inlet angle of blades
if the steam is to enter the blade channels without stock. If the blade
height be 6.4cm, the mean steam pressure 5.5 bar, the steam dry and
saturated (vs = 0.3427 m3/kg); find the power developed in the stage.
(β1=550, P=491.91 kW)
Q17. A 50% impulse reaction turbine runs at 3000rpm. The angles at
exit of fixed bladings and inlet of moving bladings are 20°
respectively. At a particular stage , the mean ring diameter is 0.7m
and the steam condition is 1.5bar and 0.96 dry. Calculate (i)the
required height of bladings to pass 50kg/s of steam & (ii)the power
developed by the stage. Solve the problem analytically.(l=18.32cm,
P=3116.4kW)
Q18. A steam turbine plant equipped with a single regenerative feed
heater operates under the following conditions : Initial steam pressure
= 16.5 bar, Initial super heat = 93 0C , Extraction pressure = 2 bar,
Exhaust pressure = 0.05 bar. Compare the regenerative and non-
regenerative cycle with respect to the following : (a) Thermal
efficiency, (b) Steam consumption in kg per KWH and (c) Condenser
duty (Steam condensed per kWh). It may be assumed that the
expansion is isentropic; that the feed water is heated to the steam
saturation temperature in heater. (η=33.17% & 31.45%,
ssc=4.31kg/kWh & 3.97kg/kWh, 3.67kg/kWh & 3.97kg/kWh)
Q19. A steam turbine operates under the following conditions: Initial
0
pressure=21bar, Initial superheat=110 C, Final
P=pressure=0.035bar. Steam is bled off from the turbine stages at a
pressure of 4.9, 1.4 and 0.28 bar for heating the main condensate. The
expansion in the turbine is adiabatic and frictionless. It may be
assumed that the condensate is heated in each heater upto the
saturation temperature of steam in that heater and also that the drain
water from each heater is cascaded through a trap to the next heater
on the low pressure side of it. The combined drain from the heater
operating at 0.28 bar are cooled in a drain cooler to the condenser
temperature. By sketching the system and showing the process on T-s
diagram, Calculate- (i) Mass of steam from each heater per kg of
steam entering the turbine (ii) Thermal efficiency of cycle (iii)
Thermal efficiency of corresponding Rankine cycle. (m=0.084, 0.077
& 0.05235 kg/kg of entering steam, η=37.59%, η=34.68%)
 TUTORIAL SHEET-5 (UNIT-V)
Reheat, Water Extraction, By Product, Binary Vapor Cycles &
Condensers
Q1(a) What the advantages and disadvantages of reheating steam?
(RTU 2018, 8 marks)
(b) Explain the principles of operation of different types of jet
condensers. Describe with a sketch a low level jet condenser of the
counter flow type. (RTU 2018, 8 marks)
Q2.(a) Explain the working of binary vapour cycle with the help of
diagrams. (RTU 2018, 8 marks)
(b) What do you know about: (i) Pass-Out turbine (ii) Condensers
(iii) By Product power cycle (RTU 2018, 8 marks)
Q3(a). Explain with neat sketch Reheat-Regenerative feed heating
cycle. Also drar T-s and h-s diagram.(RTU17, 8marks)
(b). Steam is supplied to a turbine at a pressure of 32bar and a
temperature of 410 0C. If the steam is reheated at 5.5bar to a
temperature of 395 0C and than expands isentropically to a pressure
of 0.08bar. What is the dryness fraction at the end of expansion and
thermal efficiency of the cycle? (RTU17, 8marks)
Q4(a). With the help of diagram explain Regenerative water
extraction cycle. Derive expression for its efficiency. (RTU17,
8marks)
(b). Draw neat sketch of the following : (i)Pass out turbine (ii)Binary
vapor cycle (RTU17, 8marks)
Q5(a). What are the advantages and disadvantages of Reheating of
steam? (RTU16, 4marks)
(b). In a condenser test the following observations were made :
Vacuum=69cm of Hg, Barometer=75 cm of Hg, Mean temperature of
condenser=35 0C, Hot well temp.=28 0C, Amount of cooling
water=50000kg/hr, Inlet temperature=17 0C, Outlet temp.=30 0C,
Amount of condensate per hour=1250 kg. Find :-
(i)The amount of air present per m3 of condenser volume (ii)The
state of steam entering the condenser (iii)The vacuum efficiency. R
for air=287J/kgK (RTU16, 12marks)
Q6(a). Explain the working of binary vapor cycle with a neat sketch.
(RTU16, 8marks)
(b). What is condenser? Name the different types of condenser.
Describe the operation of surface condenser. (RTU16, 8marks)
Q7(a). Mention the effects of reheating in a steam power plant on :
(i)The efficiency (ii)The work ratio (iii)The specific steam
consumption and (iv)Condition of steam at exit.
Explain why reheat cycle is not used for low pressure boilers.
(RTU15, 8marks)
(b). How and where back pressure and pass out turbines are used?
Give the schematic layout of such plants. (RTU15, 8marks, RTU11)
Q8(a). Explain the working of binary vapor power cycle with neat
sketch. (RTU15, 8marks)
(b). Steam at 28bar and 50 0C superheat is passed through a turbine
and expanded to a pressure where the steam is dry and saturated. It is
than reheated at constant pressure to its original temperature and than
expanded to the condenser pressure of 0.2bar. The expansion being
isentropic, Find : (i) Work done per kg of steam and (ii) Thermal
efficiency with and without reheat (RTU15, 8marks)
Q9. The steam is supplied to a three stage turbine at 30bar and 350
0
C. This steam leaves the first stage at 7bar. Second stage at 1bar and
finally at 0.1bar. If each stage has an efficiency of 0.7, Determine:
(i) Rankine efficiency (ii)Final condition of steam (iii)Reheat factor
(iv) Overall efficiency (RTU13, 16marks)
Q10. With the help of T-s and schematic diagram explain the
principle of reheat cycle and calculate the expression for its thermal
efficiency, also discuss advantages and disadvantages. (RTU13,
16marks)
Q11. Steam at 100bar and 500 0C enters into a steam turbine.
Condenser pressure is maintained at 0.07bar. Reheating of to the
initial temperature is done at 30bar pressure. Two open heaters are
placed optimally, find the efficiency? (RTU12, 8marks)
Q12. Steam at 150bar and 550 0C enters into steam turbine condenser
pressure is 0.1bar reheating has done at 40bar to the initial
temperature. Find the difference in efficiency if condenser pressure is
reduced to 0.06bar. (RTU12, 8marks)
Q13. Describe back pressure turbine with neat sketch and also show
its representation on h-s diagram? (RTU 2011,2012)
Q14. Explain pass out turbine. Discuss its merits and demerits and
also application areas. (RTU 2010)
Q15. A steam power plant equipped with regenerative as well as
reheat arrangement is supplied with steam to the H.P. turbine at 80bar
and 470 0C. For feed heating, a part of steam is extracted at 7bar and
the remainder of steam is reheated to 350 0C in a reheater and then
expanded in L.P. turbine drown to 0.035bar. Determine the following
:- (i)Amount of steam bled off for feed heating (ii) Amount of steam
in L.P. turbine (iii) Heat supplied in boiler and reheater (iv) Output of
the turbine (v) cycle efficiency (m1=0.2243kg/kg of entering steam,
0.7757 kg/kg of entering steam, 2633kJ/kg & 348.75 kJ/kg,
1333.85 kJ/kg , 44.73%)
Q16. Steam enters a turbine employed with regenerative water
extraction at 50bar and 400 0C and expands upto pressure 3bar from
where whole of the steam is passed through a separator. The steam
comes out from the separator as dry and saturated and expands upto
pressure 0.5bar from where again passes through a separator. From
separator steam comes out as dry and saturated and expands upto
condenser pressure 0.05 bar. The internal efficiency ratio of the
turbine is 0.9. Extracted water particles in the separator is used for
feed heating. Compare the work done and thermal efficiency with
and without regenerative water extraction. (Wwith=1074.8 kJ/kg,
Wwithout=1053 kJ/kg, ηwith=34.87%, ηwithout=34.16%)
Q17. In a binary vapor cycle, the steam cycle operates between
pressure of 30bar and 0.07bar and uses a superheat temperature of 35
0
C. The mercury cycle works between the pressure of 12.68bar and
0.07bar, the mercury vapor, entering the turbine, being in a dry and
saturated condition. Compute the efficiency of the combined cycle
assuming expansion in both cycle as isentropic. Data for mercury :
Pressure Saturation hfm hg sfm sg (kJ/kg)
(bar) Temp.(0C) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg)
0.07 236.5 32.395 326.667 0.08548 0.662906
12.68 537.5 71.9796 360.704 0.145798 0.50185
ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS
UNIT-4 (Continued………) : Simple Rankine cycle and Use of
Steam table & Mollier chart
Q.22 Dry and saturated steam at pressure 11bar is supplied to a
turbine and expanded isentropically to pressure 0.07bar. Calculate: (i)
Heat supplied (ii) Total change of entropy (iii)Heat rejected (iv)
theoretical thermal efficiency (v) Overall actual output and thermal
efficiency, If ηt=80%, ηm=95%, ηg=96%, ηp=80%. (2616.9kJ/kg,
5.994 kJ/kg, 1872kJ/kg, 28.46%, 565.59kJ/kg and 20.75%)
Q.23 A steam turbine receives steam at pressure 20bar and superheat
88.6 0C. the exhaust pressure is 0.07bar and the expansion of steam
takes place isentropically. Using steam table only, calculate : (i) heat
supplied, assuming that the feed pump supplies water to the boiler at
20bar (ii) heat rejected (iii)Net workdone (iv) turbine work (v)
thermal efficiency (vi) Theoretical steam comsumption. (2860kJ/kg,
1938.52kJ/kg, 921.487kJ/kg, 923.48kJ/kg, 32.28%, 3.898kg/kWh)