ME 306 : 2011 : Exercises 4

Cycles for Power and Refrigeration

For standard analysis, assume c
p
= 1.0 kJ/kg K and = 1.4.
Where appropriate, plot the cycle(s) to scale.
CA.1 A Carnot engine uses 1 kg of air as the working uid. The temperature limits are
300 K and 900 K, the minimum pressure is 1 bar and the volumetric compression
ratio is 20. Determine (a) eciency, (b) all state points, (c) work ratio, (d) work
done per cycle, (e) heat supplied per cycle, and (f) mean eective pressure.
CA.2 Repeat the previous exercise for a (a) Stirling cycle and (b) Ericsson cycle. Limit
the maximum pressure, maximum temperature, and minimum volume to that in
th previous exercise. Assume the regenerator to be an ideal one. Also determine
the heat transfer in the regenerator per cycle.
CA.3 Which is the more eective way to increase the eciency of a Carnot engine:
(a) to increase the temperature of the hot reservoir, keeping that of the cold
reservoir constant, OR (b) to decrease the temperature of the cold reservoir,
keeping that of the hot reservoir constant? Discuss from the point of view of
engineering.
CA.4 What are the expressions for the work done, heat absorbed, and the eciency
of the cycles shown? Assume the working uid to be an ideal gas with constant
specic heats.
3
2
1
2
1
3
1 2
3 4
(a) (b)
(c)
p
p
p
V
V V
s = const
CA.5 Undertake a standard analysis of the Brayton cycle. Derive expressions for the
eciency, work ratio, and specic output in terms of the parameters r
p
(pressure
1
ML406:2012 Wam-up xciss mako.
ratio) and (temperature ratio). Determine the value of r
p
which maximises
the specic output for a xed . Plot numerical values of , work ratio, and
w
sp
/c
p
T
1
against r
p
for dierent values of , for 3 r
p
20 and 3 5.
CA.6 A heat pump working on a reversed Carnot cycle is used to supply 80 kW of heat
for maintaining the rooms of a building at 20

C when the outside temperature

is 0

C. Determine (a) the COP of the system, (b) power consumed by the heat
pump, and (c) heat absorbed from the atmosphere outside. Determine the power
consumption if direct electric heating is used.
CA.7 Determine the COP of a Joule-cycle refrigerator if the environment is at 300 K,
the cold space is at 270 K, and (a) the compression ratio is 4, or (b) the compres-
sion ratio is 7. In either case, determine (c) power consumption in kW/tonne.
CA.8 An Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 7.8 operates from the suction condition
of 1 bar, 300 K. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of compression
and the standard eciency. Can you determine the temperature at the end of
expansion? Why?
CA.9 In an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 7, the suction temperature and
pressure are 300 K and 1 bar. Heat supplied during the constant volume process
is 700 kJ/kg. The air ow rate is 90 kg/hr. Determine (a) power output,
(b) mean eective pressure, and (c) eciency.
CA.10 Derive an expression for the eciency of a Diesel cycle in terms of the volu-
metric compression ratio (r
v
) and the cut-o ratio (r
c
).
CA.11 Determine the eciency of a Diesel cycle having a compression ratio of 18, if
the temperature at the beginning of compression is 300 K and that at the end
of expansion is 1000 K.
CA.12 Consider a standard Brayton cycle. For xed values of compressor inlet tem-
perature and turbine inlet temperature, determine the pressure ratio that max-
imises the specic output. For this pressure ratio, determine (a) specic output
in terms of = T
max
/T
min
, and (b) relation between compressor exit temperature
and turbine exit temperature.
CA.13 Consider a Brayton cycle with reheat. Let r
p
and be the pressure ratio for
the compressor and the temperature ratio for the cycle, respectively. Let r
p1
and
r
p2
be the pressure ratios of the two turbines. Determine the values of r
p1
and
r
p2
that maximise the specic output. For such an optimal-reheat cycle, what
is the best value of r
p
for xed ?
CA.14 Calculate the specic output and thermal eciency of the following ideal gas
turbine plants.
2
(a) Basic plant: r
p
= 8, compressor inlet at 300 K, turbine inlet at 1200 K.
(b) Reheat plant: Equal pressure ratio for each turbine and the same inlet
temperature for each turbine. Other details as in (a).
(c) Intercooled plant: Equal pressure ratio for each compressor and the same
inlet temperature for each compressor. Other details as in (a).
(d) Regenerative plant: With an ideal regenerator. Other details as in (a).
(e) A plant with reheat, intercooling, and regeneration, as specied in (a)(d).
(f) Compare and comment on the performance of the cycles from (a) to (e).
CA.15 Rework the previous exercise with compressor eciency of 0.80 and turbine
eciency of 0.90.
CA.16 A jet engine working on a clipped, standard Brayton cycle has compressor inlet
state of 1 bar 300 K and turbine inlet state of 6 bar, 1500 K. The turbine produces
just the right amount of power to drive the compressor. The turbine exhaust
is expanded through a nozzle to a pressure of 1 bar. The nozzle exit area is
1 m
2
. Determine (a) compressor exit temperature, (b) turbine exit temperature,
(c) turbine exit pressure, (d) nozzle exit velocity, (e) mass ow rate of the
working uid, (f) power output of the turbine, and (g) static thrust.
CA.17 Consider a Rankine cycle with saturated steam. Undertake a study of such
a plant with steam entering the turbine is dry and saturated at (a) 10 bar,
(b) 30 bar, (c) 50 bar, (d) 70 bar, and (e) 90 bar. In each case, compute eciency,
steam rate, and dryness fraction of steam at the exit of turbine. Compare and
comment. Assume that the condenser is at 0.06 bar in all cases.
CA.18 Consider a superheated steam plant working at 130 bar, with the condenser at
0.06 bar. Study the eect of superheating by determination of performance at
350 ( 50 ) 600

C.
CA.19 A water heater system is used to provide heat input to a low-temperature
Rankine cycle with ammonia as the working uid. Ammonia is superheated to
90

C at 19.62 bar and is condensed at 30

C after an isentropic expansion. The

properties of ammonia are as follows:
T p h
f
h
g
s
f
s
g
v
f

C bar kJ/kg kJ/kg kJ/kg K kJ/kg K m

3
/kg
30 11.6 323.16 1468.45 1.2035 4.9820 0.00168
The properties of superheated ammonia are:
3
p T h s v
bar

C kJ/kg kJ/kg K m
3
/kg
11.66 50 1529 5.1760 122.46
19.62 90 1607 5.1760 81.03
(a) Determine the eciency of the cycle. (b) If an ideal heat exchanger is used
to recover the superheat of the exhause ammonia, what will be the eciency?
CA.20 A Rankine cycle plant using steam has the following parameters: boiler exit:
45 bar, 450

C; condensation temperature: 30

C. Determine: (a) heat absorbed,

(b) heat rejected, (c) specic output, and (d) eciency.
CA.21 For the plant in the previous problem, if the turbine has an isentropic eciency
of 0.9, determine (a) specic output, and (b) eciency.
CA.22 A steam plant works on the Rankine cycle with reheat. Steam enters the
turbine at 35 bar, 350

C, and expands to 8 bar, where it passes through a

reheater, emerging at 350

C. It then expands to the condenser temperature

of 40

C. For the ideal cycle, compute (a) work done in HP and LP turbines,
(b) heat added in the boiler, (c) heat added in the reheater, (d) pump work,
and (e) eciency.
CA.23 In an ideal regenerative cycle, steam is generated at 45 bar, 450

C. It then
expands to 4 bar, where a fraction of the steam is extracted for feedwater heating.
Condensation is at 30

C. Determine (a) fraction of steam extracted, (b) specic

output, (c) total pump work, (d) enthalpy of feedwater entering the boiler, and
(e) eciency. (f) Compare (b)(e) with those for a cycle without regeneration,
and comment on the dierences.
CA.24 In a nuclear plant, dry saturated steam is supplied to the turbine. During
expansion, the steam is removed thrice from the turbine, the water separated in
separators, and dry saturated steam fed back into the turbine. The pressures at
which wet steam is taken to the separators are 20 bar, 5 bar, and 1 bar. The
water separated in each separator is discharged into the condenser. Determine
the state lines through the turbine, the steam rate, and the eciency of the
plant, if (a) the turbine and separators are ideal, and (b) the turbine has an
eciency of 0.8 and the separators have pressure drops of 1.0 bar, 0.5 bar, and
0.2 bar, respectively.
CA.25 A steam plant works between 50 bar, 300

C and 0.04 bar. The turbine is

isentropic. Determine the eciency of a simple Rankine cycle for this plant. It
is decided to use one feed-water heater in this plant to heat the feed water to
4
179.0

C. Determine the extraction pressure, extraction rate and cycle eciency

if (a) a contact heater is used, (b) a ash heater with a TTD of 3

C is used, and
(c) a drain-cooled heater with a TTD of 3

C and a drain-cooler eectiveness of

0.6 is used.
CA.26 A power plant is to be designed to operate on a regenerative cycle with two
contact heaters to heat the feed water to 198.3

C. The steam parameters are

60 bar, 400

C and 0.05 bar. If the plant produces 50 MW at generator terminals,

determine the eciency of the plant. Compare it with the eciency of a plant
without feed heating. You may assume equal heating in the two heaters.
CA.27* A power plant is designed for steam conditions of 90 bar, 550

C, and a con-
denser pressure of 0.07 bar. It is decided to heat the feed water to a temperature
of 210

C through a feed train of ve heaters. The top two heaters are of the ash
type. The third heater is a deaerator, and the last two heaters are of the drain
cooled type. The rise in enthalpy in the deaerator is restricted to 70 kJ/kg. All
other heaters have an equal rise in enthalpy. Determine (a) extraction pressures,
(b) extraction rates, (c) ratio of condenser ow to throttle ow, (d) eciency of
the cycle and (e) percentage gain in eciency over a similar cycle without regen-
eration. Assume that the terminal temperature dierences are 2

C, the drain
cooler eectiveness is 0.7, and that the extraction for the deaerator is obtained
from the second extraction by suitably throttling the ow to match the pressure
in the deaerator.
CA.28* A steam power plant has the following parameters:
(a) condenser pressure 0.05 bar, (b) boiler exit state 150 bar, 600

C, (c) boiler
inlet enthalpy 601.4 kJ/kg, (d) HP, LP turbine eciency 0.8, (e) reheater inlet
pressure 3 bar, (f) reheater exit state 2.4 bar, 500

C, (g) reheater ow 100% of

throttle ow, (h) condenser ow (equivalent) 83% of throttle ow, (i) caloric
value of fuel (coal) used 18.64 MJ/kg, (j) ash content of coal 36.3%, (k) net
output of plant 500 MW, (l) auxiliary energy consumption 3% of net output,
(m) mechanical eciency of turbine-generator 0.98, (n) generator eciency 0.96,
(o) boiler eciency 0.81, (p) apparent density of ash 849 kg/m
3
, (q) coal ob-
tained over a distance of 2000 km, and (r) eective coecient of friction during
transport 0.05. Determine (A) cycle eciency, (B) coal consumption rate in
tonnes/day, (C) power consumed in transport of coal, and (D) thickness of ash
cover per day if the ash from the boiler is spread over an area of 1 square km.
Comment on your answers.
CA.29* A steam plant has the following parameters: (a) boiler inlet enthalpy 750 kJ/kg,
(b) boiler exit state 230 bar, 600

C, (c) HP, IP, LP turbine eciencies 0.80,

(d) rst reheater inlet pressure 22 bar, (e) ow through rst reheater = throttle
5
ow, (f) IP turbine inlet state 20 bar, 500

C, (g) second reheater inlet pressure

2.5 bar, (h) ow through the second reheater = 78% of throttle ow, (i) LP
turbine inlet state 2.0 bar, 400

C, (j) condenser pressure 0.06 bar, (k) con-

denser ow (equivalent) = 67% of throttle ow, (l) caloric value of fuel (furnace
oil) 41 MJ/kg, (m) boiler eciency 0.82, (n) mechanical eciency of turbine-
generator 0.98, (o) generator eciency 0.96, (p) net output of plant 2000 MW,
(q) auxiliary energy consumption 5% of net output, and (r) temperature rise
of cooling water in condenser 8

C. Determine (A) plant eciency, (B) steam

generation rate in the boiler, (C) fuel consumption in tonnes/day, and (D) ow
rate of cooling water in the condenser.
CA.30 A Joule-cycle refrigerator works with the environment at 300 K, the cold system
at 250 K, and a compression ratio of 6. The working uid is air (assume ideal
gas behaviour). For the ideal cycle, determine (a) COP, (b) specic refrigeration
eect, and (c) power supply for a 12-tonne plant. (d) If the compressor and
turbine eciencies are 90% and 80%, what will be the answers?
CA.31 If, in the previous problem (with compressor and turbine eciencies as in (d),
an ideal regenerator is used, determine the pressure ratio one can work with,
assuming that the compressor exit temperature is xed at 400 K. (a) What are
the answers now? (b) If the regenerator is not ideal, how will you account for
its eectiveness? (c) Comculate the answers when the regnerator eectiveness
is 0.90. (d) What is the minimum value of the regenerator eectiveness below
which the refrigerator will not work?
CA.32 A vapour compression cycle with ammonia has 10

C as the evaporation tem-

perature and +35

C as the condensation temperature. Assume that the com-

pressor inlet state is dry saturated vapour and the condenser exit state is sat-
urated liquid. Determine (a) all state points, (b) COP, (c) power consumption
in kW/tonne. (d) Repeat the calculations for a low-temperature cycle with
evaporator and condenser temperatures as 20

C and +40

C.
CA.33 Repeat Exercise CA.32 with R-134a as the working uid. Compare the results
and comment.
CA.34 Repeat Exercises CA.32 and CA.33 with a compressor isentropic eciency of
80%.
CA.35 For air-conditioners, a common refrigerant is R22. Determine the COP of a
vapour compression cycle with R22 that has evaporation at +10

C, and con-
densation at +40

C. Assume that the compressor inlet state is dry saturated

vapour and the condenser exit state is saturated liquid. Determine (a) all state
6
points, (b) COP, and (c) power consumption in kW/tonne. Study the eect of
compressor eciency, by considering isentropic eciencies of 1.0 and 0.8.
CA.36 Revisit Exercises 1.8 to 1.11.
CA.37 The inlet state in a dual combustion cycle is 1 bar and 300 K. Its compression
ratio is 10. The maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle are 45 bar and
1800 K. Determine the cycle eciency.
CA.38 The inlet of a dual combustion cycle is 1 bar and 300 K. Its compression ratio is
8 and expansion ratio is 5.3. If the isobaric heat absorbed is twice the isochoric
heat absorbed, determine (a) cycle eciency and (b) MEP.
CA.39 The inlet conditions for an Otto cycle are 1 bar, 290 K. The pressures at be-
ginning and end of combustion are 15 bar and 40 bar respectively. Determine
(a) compression ratio, (b) standard eciency, and (c) MEP. If the relative ef-
ciency of an engine using this cycle is 50%, and the caloric value of the fuel
burnt is 42 MJ/kg, determine (d) eciency, and (e) specic fuel consumption.
CA.40 The fuel cut-o in a Diesel cycle takes place at 5% of the stroke. If the com-
pression ratio is 20, determine the standard eciency.
CA.41 A 25 cm37.5 cm sized Diesel engine has a clearance volume of 1200 cc. If the
cut-o is at 5% of the stroke, determine its standard eciency.
CA.42 The inlet state of a dual combustion cycle is 1 bar, 300 K. Its compression
ratio is 10. The maximum pressure and temperature in the cycle are 45 bar and
1600 K. Determine the standard eciency of the cycle.
CA.43 Get hold of an Indian auto magazine (e.g. Auto India). Near the end, you
will nd a list of vehicle models with some technical information (displacement,
power, RPM, etc..). Select a number of models (small and big, personal and
commercial, petrol and diesel). Compute the MEP at the max power. Try to
classify the vehicles according to the MEP. Comment on your tabulation.
CA.44 A 2-litre 4-stroke diesel engine is designed to run at 4500 RPM with a power
output of 45 kW. The volumetric eciency is 80%. The BSFC is 71 g/MJ and
the caloric value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg. The ambient conditions are 30

C,
1 bar. Determine the BMEP, brake thermal eciency and the air-fuel ratio.
CA.45 A two-stroke engine has a displacement of 150 cc. The maximum power is
19 kW at 11000 RPM. At the condition of maximum power, the BSFC is
110 g/MJ, and the air-fuel ratio is 12.0. The ambient conditions are 10

C and
1.03 bar, and the fuel has a caloric value of 44 MJ/kg. Determine the BMEP,
the brake thermal eciency, and the volumetric eciency.
7
CA.46 A four-stroke three-litre V6 petrol engine has a maximum power output of
100 kW at 5500 RPM, and a maximum torque of 236 N-m at 3000 RPM. The
minimum BSFC is 90 g/MJ at 3000 RPM, and the air ow rate is 0.068 m
3
/s.
The compression ratio is 8.9 and the mechanical eciency is 0.90. The en-
gine was tested under ambient conditions of 20

C and 1 bar, and the caloric

value of the fuel was found to be 44 MJ/kg. Determine (a) power output at
3000 RPM and the torque at 5500 RPM, (b) the BMEP and IMEP and both
speeds, (c) volumetric eciency and air/fuel ratio at 3000 RPM. (d) Compare
the brake thermal eciency at 3000 RPM with the standard eciency.
CA.47 The block diagram of a combined (Brayton-Rankine) cycle plant is shown in
Figure 1. The gas-turbine plant uses air as the working uid (standard analysis).
1
2 3
4 5
6
7
8 9
11 12
10
13
14
15

W
gc

W
gt

W
st

W
cp

W
fp

Q
cc

Q
sh

Q
c
m
s
m
e
m
g
GC
CC
GT
ST
SH
HRSG
C
CP FP
CH
Figure 1: Block diagram of a combined-cycle plant
The exhaust of the gas turbine is used to generate saturated steam in the HRSG,
and a separately red superheater is used to provide some superheat to the
steam. The steam turbine has an extraction, which is used in a contact heater.
Carefully study the temperature proles in the HRSG, shown in Figure 2. There
is a pinch point (511), and T
pinch
= T
5
T
11
is an important parameter.
8
11
12
4
5
6
10
T
pinch
Figure 2: Pinch temperature-dierence in the HRSG
If m
g
, p
1
, T
1
,
gc
, p
3
, T
3
,
gt
, T
pinch
, p
6
, p
7
, p
13
, T
13
, p
14
,
st
,
cp
, and
fp
are speci-
ed, explain how you will obtain
(a) all state points, ow rates and interactions indicated in Figure 1,
(b) net power output and (c) eciency of the combined cycle.
Hint: a nice order is:
States 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, 12, 11, 5, m
s
(First Law on the evaporator part of HRSG),
states 14, 15, 7, 8, 9, 10, 6 (First Law on the remaining part of HRSG), m
e
, net
power output, total heat supply, eciency.
Now, do the calculations for the following data: m
g
= 1000 kg/s, p
1
= 1 bar,
T
1
= 30

C,
gc
= 0.80, p
3
= 14 bar, T
3
= 1100

C,
gt
= 0.85, T
pinch
= 20

C,
p
6
= 1 bar, p
7
= 0.1 bar, p
13
= 70 bar, T
13
= 350

C, p
14
= 15 bar,
st
= 0.8,

cp
= 1.0, and
fp
= 1.0.
9